The Polish terror: spy mania and ethnic cleansing in the great terror
2004; Routledge; Volume: 56; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/0966813041000235137
ISSN1465-3427
Autores Tópico(s)Polish-Jewish Holocaust Memory Studies
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes This account is taken from Vasilii Grishaev, Dvazhdy Ubitye (Barnaul, Izdatel'stvo Altaiskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 1999), pp. 192–193. See J. Arch Getty & Oleg Naumov, The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self‐Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939 (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1999), or Robert Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment (London, Pimlico, 1992). Khlevniuk has written the definitive account of the Soviet leader's fear of war and its connection to the Great Terror; see Oleg Khlevniuk, ‘The Objectives of the Great Terror, 1937–1938’, in David Hoffman (ed.), Stalinism: The Essential Readings (Malden, Blackwell, 2003), pp. 99–122. British Foreign Office: Russia Correspondence, reel 4 (1938), vol. 22294, p. 132 (hereafter cited as BFORC ). ‘Tov. Stalin ob ugroze voiny i o Kitae’, Krest'yanskaya gazeta, 2 August 1927, p. 1. V. Danilov et al., Tragediya sovetskoi derevni, vol. 1 (Moscow, Rosspen, 1999), pp. 22–23. ‘Zhalkii raschet’, Pravda, 9 June 1927, p. 1. ‘More Soviet Death Sentences’, The Times, (London), 6 June 1927, p. 12. ‘Protokol 120: Oprosom chlenov Politbyuro ob Ukraine i Belorussii’, in O.N. Ken & A.I. Rupasov, Politbyuro TsK VKP(b) i otnosheniya SSSR s zapadnymi sosednimi gosudarstvami (St Petersburg, Evropeiskii Dom, 2000), p. 514. ‘Protokol 119: O pol’skikh seleniyakh v pogranichnykh oblastyakh', in Ken & Rupasov, Politbyuro TsK VKP(b) …, pp. 508–510. Josef Stalin, Stalin's Letters to Molotov (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1995), p. 208. Terry Martin, ‘The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing’, The Journal of Contemporary History, 70, 4, 1998, p. 860. For more on Polish politics at this time see Richard Watt, Bitter Glory, Poland and its Fate: 1918–1939 (New York, Hippocrene Books, 1982). Marc Jansen & Nikita Petrov, Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940 (Stanford, Hoover Institution Press, 2002), p. 24. Ibid., p. 35. Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial'noi i Politicheskoi Istorii (hereafter RGASPI), f. 17, op. 120, d. 184, l. 2. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 120, d. 181, ll. 2–14. Alexander Dallin & Fridrikh Firsov, Dimitrov and Stalin, 1934–1943. Letters from the Soviet Archive (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 28–32. William Chase, Enemies within the Gates (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2001), p. 412. Josef Stalin, ‘The Communist Party of Poland: Speech at a Meeting of the Polish Commission of the Comintern, July 3, 1924’, Works, vol. 6 (Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1953), p. 278. Watt, Bitter Glory …, p. 235. All these accounts come from F. I. Firsov & I. S. Yarborovskaya, ‘Komintern i kommunisticheskaya partiya Pol’shi', Voprosy istorii KPSS, 1988, 12, pp. 41–42. ‘Ezhov’s report to a conference of regional party secretaries, 5 September, 1935', quoted in Getty & Naumov, The Road to Terror …, p. 201. Jansen & Petrov, Stalin's Loyal Executioner …, p. 40. ‘Letter from Manuilsky to Ezhov 3 January 1936’, in Chase, Enemies within the Gates, p. 105. ‘The 28 January 1936 resolution of the ECCI Secretariat on the Polish CP’, quoted in ibid., p. 122. Walter Laqueur, Stalin: The Glasnost Revelations (New York, Scribner's, 1990), p. 108. Chase, Enemies within the Gates, p. 228. ‘The ECCI Resolution on the Dissolution of the Polish CP, 28 November 1937’, quoted in ibid., pp. 287–289. Aleksei Polyansky, Ezhov: Istoriya ‘zheleznogo’ stalinskogo narkoma (Moscow, ‘Veche’ ‘Aria‐AiF’, 2001), pp. 343, 348. N. Petrov & K. Skorkin, Kto Rukovodil NKVD 1934–1941 (Moscow, Zven'ya, 1999), pp. 390–391. Polyansky, Ezhov …, p. 343. ‘Statements made by Ezhov before a Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, February 3, 1940’, quoted in Boris Starkov, ‘The Trial that Was Not Held’, Europe‐Asia Studies, 46, 8, 1994, p. 1305. See ‘Politburo resolution to expel Rudzutak and Tukhachevsky’, quoted in Getty & Naumov, The Road to Terror …, p. 448. For more general treatments of the Red Army purge see Roger Reese, ‘The Red Army and the Great Purges’, in J. Arch Getty & Roberta Manning (eds), Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1993). Vsesoyuznaya perepis'naseleniya 17 dekabrya 1926 g:kratkiesvodki, vol. 17 (Moscow, Izd. TsSU Soyuza SSR, 1927), p. 14. Document 142, Danilov et al., Tragediya sovetskoi derevni, vol. 4, pp. 387–388. For more specific information on the special settlements and the various types of penal detention in the Soviet Union see J. Otto Pohl, The Stalinist Penal System: A Statistical History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930–1953 (Jefferson, McFarland, 1997). Document 224, Danilov et al., Tragediya sovetskoi derevni, vol. 4, p. 550. Fond r‐9479, 4th Special Department of Ministry of Internal Affairs USSR (Cambridge, State Archival Service of Russia and Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace in association with Chadwyck‐Healey Ltd, 1999), d. 30, l. 4. Document 224, Danilov et al., Tragediya sovetskoi derevni, vol. 4, p. 551; and Fond r‐9479, d. 33, l. 2. Document 1, E. Gribanova (ed.), Iz istorii Polyakov v Kazakhstane (Almaty, Archive of the President of Kazakhstan, 2000), pp. 5–17. ‘Svidenie o spetspereselentsakh polyakov i nemtsev, pribyvshikh iz ukrainskoi SSR’, in Gribanova (ed.), Iz istorii Polyakov …, pp. 25–26. ‘Spravka sel’skokhozyaistvennogo otdela severo‐kazakhstanskogo obkoma VKP(b), 15 dekabrya 1936', in ibid., pp. 38–39. Document 6, in ibid., pp. 25–26. BFORC, reel 4 (1938), vol. 22294, p. 95. These figures on total population come from Vsesoyuznaya perepis'naseleniya 1937 g.: Kratkie itogi (Moscow, Institut Istorii SSSR, 1991), p. 94; and Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1939 g.: Osnovnye itogi (St Petersburg, BLITS, 1999), pp. 55, 58; the figures on arrests come from N. Petrov & A. Roginsky, ‘Pol’skaya operatsiya NKVD 1937–1938 gg.', Repressii protiv polyakov i pol'skikh grazhdan (Moscow, Memorial, 1997), pp. 40–41. On the Far Eastern deportation see Michael Gelb, ‘An Early Soviet Ethnic Deportation: The Far‐Eastern Koreans’, Russian Review, 54, 3, 1995, pp. 389–412. For a comprehensive overview of all ethnic deportations of the Stalin era see Pavel Polyan, Ne po svoei vole: istoriya i geografiya prinuditel'nykh migratsii v SSSR (Moscow, Memorial, 2001). ‘Operativnyi prikaz NKVD SSSR No. 00485 “Ob operatsii po repressirovaniyu chlenov pol’skoi voennoi organizatsii v SSSR” ', A. I. Kokurin & N. V Petrov (eds), Gulag (Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei) 1918–1960 (Moscow, Mezhdunarodnyi Fond “Demokratiya”, 2000), pp. 104–106. Petrov & Roginsky, ‘Pol’skaya operatsiya NKVD …', p. 40. Jansen & Petrov, Stalin's Loyal Executioner …, p. 93. ‘Operativnyi prikaz NKVD SSSR No. 00447 “Ob operatsii po repressirovaniyu byvshikh kulakov, ugolovnikov i drugikh antisovetskikh elementov” ’, Kokurin & Petrov (eds), Gulag …, pp. 96–104. Archive of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation, ‘The case of Pyatnitsky’, ll. 46–47, quoted in Starkov, ‘The Trial that Was Not Held’, pp. 1303–1304. The members of the troikas were specified in section five of order 00447, Kokurin & Petrov (eds), Gulag …, pp. 102–103. ‘Operativnyi prikaz NKVD SSSR No. 00485’, Kokurin & Petrov (eds), Gulag …, p. 106. Petrov & Jansen, Stalin's Loyal Executioner, p. 138. ‘Prikaz Narodnogo Komissara Vnutrennikh Del Soyuza SSSR za 1938 god ob obrazovanii osobykh troek dlya rassmotreniya del na arrestovannykh v poryadke prikazov NKVD SSSR No. 00486 i dr.’, Ot Cheka do FSB (Tver, Tverskoe oblastnoe knizhno‐zhurnal'noe izadatel'stvo, 1998), pp. 167–168. This calculation was made using data from Petrov & Roginsky, ‘Pol’skaya operatsiya NKVD …', pp. 37, 40. Ibid., pp. 40–41. Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1937 g.: Kratkie itogi, p. 94. Petrov & Roginsky, ‘Pol’skaya operatsiya NKVD …', p. 43. Ibid., p. 37. This calculation was made using Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1937 g.: Kratkie itogi, p. 94; and Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1939 g.: Osnovnye itogi, pp. 55, 58. Calculations made using Petrov & Roginsky, ‘Pol’skaya operatsiya NKVD …', p. 40; Getty & Naumov, The Road to Terror …, pp. 589–591. Petrov & Roginsky, ‘Pol’skaya operatsiya NKVD …', pp. 32–33. Harvard University Refugee Interview Project, vol. 34, no. 438, pp. 4, 11–12, 24, 26–27. Feliks Chuev, Sto Sorok Besed s Molotovym: Iz dnevnika F. Chueva (Moscow, Terra, 1991), p. 395. Leon Maks, Russia by the Back Door (London, Sheed and Ward, 1954). See O. Gorlanov & A. Roginsky, ‘Ob arestakh v zapadnykh oblastyakh Belorusii i Ukrainy v 1939–41’, in Repressii protiv polyakov i pol'skikh grazhdan, pp. 77–114; and N. Lebedeva, ‘Rasstrely i deportatsii Pol’skogo naseleniya v SSSR v 1939–1941 gg.' in Pol'skaya ssylka v Rossii XIX–XX vekov: Regional'nye tsentry (Kazan, Kazan'skii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet, 1998), pp. 241–245. On the wartime massacres see Timothy Snyder, ‘The Causes of Ukrainian–Polish Ethnic Cleansing, 1943’, Past & Present, 179, 1, May 2003, pp. 197–234. On the 1944–46 deportations see Volodimir Serhiychuk, Deportasiya Polyakiv z Ukrainy (Kiev, Ukrainska Vidavnicha Spilka, 1999). See P. Aptekar, ‘Vnutrennie voiska NKVD protiv pol’skogo podpolya', in Repressii protiv polyakov i pol'skikh grazhdan, pp. 197–207.
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