The South China Sea: Oil, Maritime Claims, and U.S.–China Strategic Rivalry
2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 35; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/0163660x.2012.666495
ISSN1530-9177
Autores Tópico(s)Maritime Security and History
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. On the legality of the claims, see Mark J. Valencia, Jon M. Van Dyke, and Noel A. Ludwig, Sharing the Resources of the South China Sea (University of Hawaii Press, 1999), pp. 39-59; and R. Haller-Trost, The Spratly Islands: A Study on the Limitations of International Law, Centre of South-East Asian Studies, University of Kent at Canterbury, Occasional Paper No. 14, October 1990. 2. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “China,” May 2011, http://205.254.135.7/countries/cab.cfm?fips=CH; and “BP Energy Outlook 2030,” January 2011, http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2011/STAGING/local_assets/pdf/2030_energy_outlook_booklet.pdf. 3. “Vietnam: Vietsovpetro finds more oil at Bach Ho field offshore Vietnam,” Energy-Pedia News, June 29, 2011, http://www.energy-pedia.com/news/vietnam/vietsovpetro-finds-more-oil-at-bach-ho-field-offshore-vietnam. 4. “Vietnam Market for Oil and Gas Machinery and Services,” U.S. Commercial Service-Vietnam, March 2011, http://export.gov/vietnam/static/BP-Oil%20and%20Gas%20Machinery%20and%20Services_Latest_eg_vn_030123.pdf. 5. Alex Watts, “Tensions rise as Vietnam accuses China of sabotage,” The Sydney Morning Herald, June 2, 2011, http://www.smh.com.au/world/tensions-rise-as-vietnam-accuses-china-of-sabotage-20110601-1fgno.html. 6. “China reprimands Vietnam over offshore oil exploration,” Reuters, May 28, 2011, http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFL3E7GS07E20110528. 7. “Philippines to seek more oil in West Philippine Sea,” Agence France-Presse, June 29, 2011, http://globalnation.inquirer.net/5034/philippines-to-seek-more-oil-in-west-philippine-sea. 8. “Philippines protests China's Spratly claim at UN,” Agence France-Presse, April 14, 2011, http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20110414-331090/Philippines-protests-Chinas-Spratly-claim-at-UN. 9. Teresa Cerojano, “Beijing counters Manila's UN protest, says Philippines ‘started to invade’ Spratlys in 1970s,” Associated Press, April 19, 2011, http://arabnews.com/world/article366262.ece. 10. TJ Burgonio, “Navy flagship to patrol PH waters only, says Palace,” Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 21, 2011, http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/16678/navy-flagship-to-patrol-ph-waters-only-says-palace. 11. “Philippines pulls markers from disputed waters,” channelnewsasia.com, June 15, 2011, http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1135238/1/.html. 12. “Philippines to boost Spratly patrols,” channelnewsasia.com, April 15, 2011, http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1122961/1/.html. 13. Daniel Ten Kate, “South China Sea Oil Rush Risks Clashes as U.S. Emboldens Vietnam on Claims,” Bloomberg, May 27, 2011, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-26/s-china-sea-oil-rush-risks-clashes-as-u-s-emboldens-vietnam.html. 14. Indrani Bagchi, “China harasses Indian naval ship on South China Sea,” Times of India, September 2, 2011, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-02/india/30105514_1_south-china-sea-spratly-ins-airavat. 15. Ananth Krishnan, “South China Sea projects an infringement on sovereignty, says China,” The Hindu, September 19, 2011, http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2468317.ece?css=print. 16. “India, Vietnam sign oil exploration agreement, ignoring China's objections,” Associated Press, October 12, 2011, http://maritimesecurity.asia/free-2/south-china-sea-2/india-vietnam-sign-oil-exploration-agreement-ignoring-china%E2%80%99s-objections/. 17. Sachin Parashar, “New Delhi tries to snap Beijing's string of pearls,” The Times of India, October 20, 2011, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-20/india/30302032_1_nguyen-phu-trong-thein-sein-naypyidaw. 18. Seth Mydans, “U.S. and Vietnam Build Ties With an Eye on China,” The New York Times, October 12, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/13/world/asia/13vietnam.html. 19. Will Clem, “Patrol boats to escort fishing vessels in disputed Spratlys,” South China Morning Post, April 3, 2010, http://www.viet-studies.info/kinhte/patrol_boats_to_escort_fishing.htm. 20. “Unilateral fishing ban likely to fuel tension,” South China Morning Post, May 17, 2010. 21. Wang Qian, “Maritime Forces to be Beefed up Amid Disputes,” China Daily, June 17, 2011, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-06/17/content_12718632.htm. 22. “Navy arrests illegal Vietnamese fishing boats,” Antaranews.com, February 12, 2011, http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/67994/navy-arrests-illegal-vietnamese-fishing-boats. 23. “Ten Vietnamese fishing boats caught poaching in RI waters,” Antaranews.com, April 23, 2010, http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1272030822/ten-vietnamese-fishing-boats-caught-poaching-in-ri-waters. 24. Office of the Secretary of Defense, “Annual Report to Congress–Military Power of the People's Republic of China 2008,” http://www.mcsstw.org/www/download/China_Military_Power_Report_2008.pdf. 25. Cui Xiaohuo and Peng Kuang, “Navy chief lists key objectives,” China Daily, April 16, 2009, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2009-04/16/content_7681478.htm; also see “China planning huge navy upgrade,” channelnewsasia.com, April 16, 2009, http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/422735/1/.html. 26. Kenji Minemura, “China's 1st aircraft carrier sets sail for sea tests,” Asahi Shimbun, August 10, 2011, http://ajw.asahi.com/article/asia/china/AJ201108105890; and Sam LaGrone, “China reveals aircraft carrier ambitions,” Jane's Navy International, December 23, 2010, http://www.janes.com/products/janes/defence-security-report.aspx?id=1065926372. 27. On China's military capabilities, see Office of the Secretary of Defense, “Annual Report to Congress–Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2010,” http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2010/2010-prc-military-power.pdf. 28. Toshi Yoshihara and James R. Holmes, Red Star over the Pacific: China's Rise and the Challenge to U.S. Maritime Strategy (Naval Institute Press, 2010), pp. 141-142. 29. See Thom Shanker and Mark Mazzetti, “China and U.S. Clash on Naval Fracas,” The New York Times, March 10, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/world/asia/11military.html. 30. “New attack sub docked at China's navy base in Hainan Island,” Mainichi News, October 21, 2010, http://www.china-defense-mashup.com/new-attack-sub-docked-at-chinas-navy-base-in-hainan-island.html. 31. Mark Mcdonald, “U.S. navy provoked South China Sea incident, China says,” The New York Times, March 10, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/world/asia/10iht-navy.4.20740316.html. 32. Nong Hong and Wenran Jiang, “China's Strategic Presence in the Southeast Asian Region,” in Maritime Capacity Building in the Asia Pacific Region, ed. Andrew Forbes (Department of Defence, Australia, 2010), pp. 141-156. 33. Bernard D. Cole, The Great Wall at Sea: China's Navy in the Twenty-First Century (Naval Institute Press, 2nd edition, 2010), pp. 174, 177; and Yu Wanli, “The American Factor in China's Maritime Strategy,” in China, the United States, and 21st Century Sea Power, eds. Andrew S. Erickson, Lyle J. Goldstein, and Nan Li (Naval Institute Press, 2010), p. 483. 34. Cole, p. 178. 35. Peter Howarth, China's Rising Sea Power: the PLA Navy's Submarine Challenge (Frank Cass, 2006), p.175. 36. See Richard Fisher, Jr., “New Chinese Missiles Target the Greater Asian Region,” International Assessment and Strategy Center, July 24, 2007, http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.165/pub_detail.asp; also Mark Stokes and Dan Blumenthal, “Why China's missiles should be our focus,” The Washington Post, January 2, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/31/AR2010123102687.html. 37. See Yoichi Kato,” China's new missile capability raises tensions,” Asahi.com, January 27, 2011, http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201101260340.html; also “‘Carrier killer’ won't stop US: admiral,” Taipei Times, February 16, 2011, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/02/16/2003496000. 38. Office of the Secretary of Defense, “Annual Report to Congress–Military Power of the People's Republic of China 2009,” http://www.defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/China_Military_Power_Report_2009.pdf. 39. Mark Landler and Sewell Chan, “Taking Harder Stance Toward China, Obama Lines Up Allies,” The New York Times, October 25, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/world/asia/26china.html. 40. John Pomfret, “Beijing claims ‘indisputable sovereignty’ over South China Sea,” The Washington Post, July 31, 2010, http://moralagency.wordpress.com/2010/08/01/beijing-claims-indisputable-sovereignty-over-south-china-sea/. 41. See Li Jinming and Li Dexia, “The Dotted Line on the Chinese Map of the South China Sea: A Note,” Ocean Development & International Law 34 (2003): pp. 287-295, http://community.middlebury.edu/~scs/docs/Li%20and%20Li-The%20Dotted%20Line%20on%20the%20Map.pdf. 42. Craig Whitlock, “U.S. to end ban on Indonesia's special forces, angering human rights groups,” The Washington Post, July 23, 2010. 43. Daniel Ten Kate and Susan Li, “Indonesia Rejects China Stance that U.S. Stay Out of Local Waters Dispute,” Bloomberg, September 22, 2010, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-22/indonesia-rejects-china-stance-that-u-s-stay-out-of-local-waters-dispute.html. 44. Keith B. Richburg, William Wan, and William Branigin, “China warns U.S. in island dispute,” The Washington Post, June 23, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/china-warns-us-in-island-dispute/2011/06/22/AGTiVxfH_story.html. 45. Hillary Clinton, “Remarks With Philippines Foreign Secretary Albert del Rosario After Their Meeting,” June 23 2011, http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/06/166868.htm. 46. Lachlan Carmichael and Shaun Tandon, “U.S. says it will provide hardware to Philippines,” DefenseNews, June 23, 2011, http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=6906530&c=POL&s=TOP. 47. “US to boost Philippine intelligence, DFA says,” Agence France-Presse, June 25, 2011, http://globalnation.inquirer.net/4845/us-to-boost-philippine-intelligence-dfa-says. 48. U.S. secretaries of defense have visited Vietnam as well–William Cohen in March 2000, Donald Rumsfeld in June 2006, and Robert Gates in 2010. Also, Vietnamese defense ministers have come to Washington–Pham Van Tra in 2003 and Phung Quang Thanh in December 2009. 49. Margie Mason, “Former Enemies US, Vietnam Now Military Mates,” Associated Press, August 8, 2010, http://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2010-08-07-1453818316_x.htm. 50. “U.S., Vietnam Start Military Relationship,” DefenseNews, August 1, 2011, http://defensenews.com/story.php?i=7264252&c=AME&s=TOP. 51. Ben Packham, “2500 US Marines on Australian Soil to Increase Defence Ties,” The Australian, November 17, 2011, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/obama-in-australia/us-president-touches-down-at-fairbairn-airforce-base/story-fnb0o39u-1226197111255. 52. See Jackie Calmes, “Obama's Trip Emphasizes Role of Pacific Rim,” The New York Times, November 18, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/19/world/asia/obamas-trip-sends-message-to-asian-leaders.html?_r=1. 53. Dai Bingguo, “Embrace New Opportunities for China-ASEAN Cooperation,” January 22, 2010, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjdt/zyjh/t653431.htm. 54. Dai Bingguo, “China's Peaceful Development Is Good for America,” The Wall Street Journal, May 10, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703730804576312041320897666.html. 55. “China, Vietnam agree to boost forward-looking bilateral relations,” Xinhua, September 6, 2011, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-09/06/c_131106560.htm. 56. “China vows to properly handle problems in relations with Vietnam,” Xinhua, October 11, 2011, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-10/11/c_131185528.htm. 57. “China and Vietnam to strengthen military ties: report,” Reuters, October 15, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/15/us-china-vietnam-idUSTRE79E0IR20111015. 58. “Vietnam Halts Anti-China Protests,” BBC News, August 18, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14574075. Additional informationNotes on contributorsLeszek BuszynskiLeszek Buszynski is a Visiting Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at the Australian National University
Referência(s)