Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Review of hepatitis C in Japan

1991; Wiley; Volume: 6; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1440-1746.1991.tb00876.x

1440-1746

Kendo Kiyosawa, Seiichi Furuta,

Hepatitis B Virus Studies

Journal of Gastroenterology and HepatologyVolume 6, Issue 4 p. 383-391 Review of hepatitis C in Japan KENDO KIYOSAWA, Corresponding Author KENDO KIYOSAWA The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, JapanK. Kiyosawa, The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390, Japan.Search for more papers by this authorSEIICHI FURUTA, SEIICHI FURUTA The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, JapanSearch for more papers by this author KENDO KIYOSAWA, Corresponding Author KENDO KIYOSAWA The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, JapanK. Kiyosawa, The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390, Japan.Search for more papers by this authorSEIICHI FURUTA, SEIICHI FURUTA The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, JapanSearch for more papers by this author First published: August 1991 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.1991.tb00876.xCitations: 24AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES 1 Prince A. M., Bortman B., Grady G. F. et al. Long-incubation post-transfusion hepatitis without serological evidence of exposure to hepatitis B virus. Lancet 1974; ii: 241–6. 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91412-3 CASGoogle Scholar 2 Feinstone S. M., Kapikian A. Z., Purcell R. H., Alter H. J. & Holland P. V. Transfusion-associated hepatitis not due to viral hepatitis type A or B. N. Engl. J. Med. 1975; 297: 767–70. 10.1056/NEJM197504102921502 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 3 Tabor E., Gerety R. J., Drucker J. A. et al. Transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis from man to chimpanzee. Lancet 1978; i: 463–6. 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)90132-0 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar 4 Alter H. J., Purcell R. H., Holland P. V. & Popper H. Transmissible agent in non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet 1978; i: 459–63. 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)90131-9 Google Scholar 5 Yoshizawa H., Akahane Y., Itoh Y. et al. Viruslike particle in a plasma fraction (fibrinogen) and in the circulation of apparently healthy donors capable of inducing non-A/non-B hepatitis in humans and chimpanzees. Gastroenterology 1980; 79: 512–20. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 6 Tateda A., Kikuchi H., Numazaki Y., Shirachi R. & Ishida N. Non-B hepatitis in Japanese recipients of blood transfusions: Clinical and serologic studies after the introduction of laboratory screening of donor blood for hepatitis B surface antigen. J. Infect. Dis. 1979; 139: 511–8. 10.1093/infdis/139.5.511 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 7 Kiyosawa K., Akahane Y., Nagata A., Koike Y. & Furuta S. The significance of blood transfusion in non-A, non-B chronic liver disease in Japan. Vox Sang. 1982; 43: 45–52. 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1982.tb01116.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 8 Kiyosawa K., Akahane Y., Nagata A. & Furuta S. Hepatocellular carcinoma after non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1984; 79: 777–81. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 9 Okuda K., Fujimoto I., Hanai A. & Urano Y. Changing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan. Cancer Rec. 1987; 47: 4967–72. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 10 Shirachi R., Shiraishi H., Tateda A., Kikuchi K. & Ishida N. Hepatitis ‘C’ antigen in non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Lancet 1978; ii: 853–6. 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)91567-2 CASGoogle Scholar 11 Vitvitski L., Trepo C., Prince A. M. & Brotman B. Detection of virus-associated antigen in serum and liver of patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet 1979; ii: 1263–7. 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)92280-3 Google Scholar 12 Kabiri M., Tabor E. & Gerety R. J. Antigen-antibody system associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Lancet 1979; ii: 221–4. 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)90237-X CASGoogle Scholar 13 Bradley D. W., Cook E. H., Maynard J. E. et al. Experimental infection of chimpanzees with antihemophilic (Factor VIII) materials: Recovery of virus-like particles associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis. J. Med. Virol. 1979; 3: 253–69. 10.1002/jmv.1890030403 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 14 Yoshizawa H., Itho Y., Iwakiri S., Miyakawa Y. & Mayumi M. Demonstration of two different types of non-A, non-B hepatitis by reinjection and cross-challenge studies in chimpanzees. Gastroenterology 1981; 81: 107–13. 10.1016/0016-5085(81)90659-4 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 15 Prince A. M., Huima T., Williams B. A. A., Bardina L. & Brotman B. Isolation of a virus from chimpanzee liver cell cultures inoculated with sera containing the agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet 1984; ii: 1071–5. 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91509-5 CASGoogle Scholar 16 Seto B., Coleman W. G., Iwarson S. & Gerety R. J. Detection of reverse transcriptase activity in association with the non-A, non-B hepatitis agent(s). Lancet 1984; ii: 941–3. 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91163-2 Google Scholar 17 Abe K., Kurata T. & Shikata, T. Non-A, non-B hepatitis: Visualization of virus-like particles from chimpanzee and human sera. Arch. Virol. 1989; 104: 351–5. 10.1007/BF01315557 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 18 Shimizu Y. K., Feinstone S. M., Purcell R. H., Alter H. J. & London W. T. Non-A, non-B hepatitis: Ultrastructural evidence for two agents in experimentally infected chimpanzees. Science 1979; 205: 197–200. 10.1126/science.451589 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 19 Wong D. C., Purcell R. H., Sreevivasan M. A., Prasad S. R. & Pavri K. M. Epidemic and endemic hepatitis in India: Evidence for non-A, non-B hepatitis virus aetiology. Lancet 1980; ii: 876–9. 10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92045-0 Google Scholar 20 Khuroo M. S. Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis: Possibility of another human hepatitis virus distinct from post-transfusion hepatitis non-A, non-B type. Amer. J. Med. 1980; 68: 818–25. 10.1016/0002-9343(80)90200-4 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 21 Barayan M. S., Andjaparidze A. G., Sevinskaya S. S. et al. Evidence for a virus in non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal–oral route. Intervirology 1983; 20: 23–31. 10.1159/000149370 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 22 Kane M. A., Bradley D. W., Shrestha S. M. et al. Epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis in Nepal: Recovery of a possible etiologic agent and transmission studies in marmosets. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 1984; 252: 3140–5. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 23 Myint H., Soe M. M., Khin T., Myint T. & Tin K. M. A clinical and epidemiological study of an epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis in Rangoon. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1985; 34: 1183–9. 10.4269/ajtmh.1985.34.1183 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 24 Purcell R. H. & Tichurst J. R. Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: Epidemiology and clinical characteristics. In: A. J. Zuckerman, ed., Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York . 1988; pp. 131–7. Google Scholar 25 Yoshizawa H., Itoh Y., Iwakiri S., Miyakawa Y. & Mayumi M. Non-A, non-B (Type 1) hepatitis agent capable of inducing tubular ultrastructures in the hepatocyte cytoplasm of chimpanzees: Inactivation by formalin and heat. Gastroenterology 1982; 82: 502–6. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 26 Feinstone S. M., Mihalik K. B., Kamimura T., Alter H. J., London W. T. & Purcell R. H. Inactivation of hepatitis B and non-A, non-B hepatitis by chloroform. Infect. Immun. 1983; 41: 816–21. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 27 Bradley D. W., McCaustland K., Cook E. H. Post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis in chimpanzees: Physiochemical evidence that the tubule forming agent is a small, enveloped virus. Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 773–9. 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90150-7 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 28 He L-F., Allin D., Popkin T. & Purceil R. H. Determining the size of non-A, non-B hepatitis virus by filtration. J. Infect. Dis. 1987; 156: 636–40. 10.1093/infdis/156.4.636 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 29 Choo Q. L., Kuo G., Weiner A. J., Overby L. R., Bradley D. W. & Houghton M. Isolation of cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989; 244: 359–62. 10.1126/science.2523562 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 30 Kuo G., Choo Q. L., Alter H. J. et al. An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science 1989; 244: 362–4. 10.1126/science.2496467 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 31 Arima T., Nagashima H., Murakami S. et al. Cloning of a cDNA associated with acute and chronic hepatitis C infection generated from patients serum RNA. Gastroenterol. Jpn. 1989; 24: 540–4. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 32 Arima T., Takamizawa T., Mori A., Murakami S., Kaji C. & Fujita J. A lambda gt11-clone specific for chronic hepatitis C generated from pooled serum presumably infected by hepatitis C virus. Gastroenterol. Jpn. 1989; 24: 545–8. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 33 Alter H. J., Purcell R. H., Shih J. W., Melpolder J. C., Houghton M., Choo Q. L. & Kuo G. Detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus in prospectively followed transfusion recipients with acute and chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1989; 321: 1494–500. 10.1056/NEJM198911303212202 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 34 Miyamura T., Saitoh I., Katayama T., Kikuchi Shu., Tateda A., Houghton M., Choo Q-L. & Kuo G. Detection of antibody against antigen expressed by molecularly cloned hepatitis C virus cDNA: Application to diagnosis and blood screening for post-transfusion hepatitis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1990; 87: 983–7. 10.1073/pnas.87.3.983 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 35 Watanabe J., Minegishi K., Mitsumori T. et al. Prevalence of anti-HCV antibody in blood donors in the Tokyo area. Vox Sang. 1990; 59: 86–8. 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1990.tb05015.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 36 Janot C., Courouce A. M. & Maneiz M. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in French blood donors. Lancet 1989; ii: 796–7. 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90851-9 CASGoogle Scholar 37 Shirchia G., Bellobuono A., Gievanetti A. & Marconi M. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in Italian blood donors. Lancet 1989; ii: 797. 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90852-0 Google Scholar 38 Kuhnl P., Seidl S., Stangel W., Beyer J., Sibrowski W. & Flik J. Antibody to hepatitis C virus in German blood donors. Lancet ii: 324. Google Scholar 39 Stevens C., Taylor P. E., Pindyck J. et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus: A preliminary study in volunteer blood donors. JAMA 1990; 263: 49–53. 10.1001/jama.1990.03440010047028 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 40 Tanaka E., Kiyosawa K., Sodeyama T. et al. Anti-HCV and long-term prognosis in patients with non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Jpn. J. Gastroenterol. 1990; 87: 1003–9. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 41 Bradley D. W., Krawczynsky K., Ebert J. W. et al. Parenterally transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: Virus-specific antibody response patterns in hepatitis C virus-infected chimpanzees. Gastroenterology 99: 1054–60. Google Scholar 42 Esteban J. I., Esteban R., Viladomiu L. et al. Hepatitis C virus antibodies among risk group in Spain. Lancet 1989; ii: 294–6. 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90485-6 Google Scholar 43 Poel C. L. V., Reesinkh W., Lelie P. N. et al. Anti-hepatitis C antibodies and non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis in the Netherlands. Lancet 1989; ii: 297–8. Google Scholar 44 Muto Y., Sugihara L., Ohnishi H., Moriwaki H. & Nishioka K. Anti-hepatitis C virus antibody prevails in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterol. Jpn. 1990; 25: 32–5. 10.1007/BF02785327 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 45 Saitoh I., Miyamura T., Ohbayashi A. et al. Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 1990; 87: 6547–9. 10.1073/pnas.87.17.6547 Google Scholar 46 Kiyosawa K., Sodeyama T., Tanaka et al. Inter-relationship between blood transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: Analysis by detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 1991 (in press). Google Scholar 47 Nishioka K., Watanabe J., Furuta S. et al. A high prevalence of antibody to the hepatitis C virus in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan. Cancer 1991 (in press). Google Scholar 48 Ohkoshi S., Kojima H., Tawaraya H. et al. Prevalence of antibody against non-A, non-B hepatitis virus in Japanese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1990; 81: 550–3. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1990.tb02605.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 49 Bruix J., Barrera J. M., Calvet X. et al. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in Spanish patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic cirrhosis. Lancet 1989; ii: 1004–6. 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91015-5 Web of Science®Google Scholar 50 Colombo M., Kuo G., Choo Q-L. et al. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in Italian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1989; ii: 1006–8. 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91016-7 Google Scholar 51 Reggendorf M., Deinhart F., Rasshofer R. et al. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus. Lancet 1989; ii: 324–5. 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90501-1 Google Scholar 52 Di Bisceglie A. M., Alter H. J., Kuo G., Houghton M. & Hoofnagle J. H. Detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus in patients with various chronic liver diseases. Hepatol. 1989; 10: 581. Google Scholar 53 Lenzi M., Ballardini G., Fusconi M. et al. Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis and hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet 1990; 335: 258–9. 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90070-L CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 54 Nakatsuji Y., Seki T., Tanaka E. et al. Prevalence of anti-HCV antibody in autoimmune hepatitis patients: Comparison of the results assayed using three different anti-HCV assay kits. Acta Hepatol. Jpn 1990; 31: 978–9. 10.2957/kanzo.31.978 Google Scholar 55 Seki T., Kiyosawa K., Inoko H. & Ohta M. Association of autoimmune hepatitis with HLA-Bw54 and DR4 in Japanese patients. Hepatology 1990; 12: 1300–4. 10.1002/hep.1840120609 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 56 McFarlane L. G., Smith H. M., Johnson P. J., Bray G. P., Vergani D. & Williams R. Hepatitis C virus antibodies in chronic active hepatitis: Pathogenic factor or false-positive results Lancet 1990; 335: 754–7. 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90870-B PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 57 Tanaka E., Kiyosawa K., Sodeyama T. et al. Significance of antibody to hepatitis C virus in Japanese patients with viral hepatitis: Relationship between anti-HCV antibody and the prognosis of non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. J. Med. Virol. 1991; 33: 117–22. 10.1002/jmv.1890330210 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 58 Tremolada F., Benvegnu L., Csarin C., Pontisso P., Tagger A. & Alberti A. Antibody to hepatitis C virus in hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1990; 335: 300–1. 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90129-S Web of Science®Google Scholar 59 Kiyosawa K., Tanaka E., Sodeyama T., Furuta K., Usuda S., Yousuf M. & Furuta S. Transition of antibody to hepatitis C virus from chronic hepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1991; 81: 1089–91. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1990.tb02517.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 60 Weiner A. J., Kuo G., Bradley D. W. et al. Detection of hepatitis C viral sequences in non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet 1990; 335: 1–3. 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90134-Q CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 61 Kiyosawa K., Gibo Y., Sodeyama T. et al. Possible infectious causes in 651 patients with acute viral hepatitis during a 10-year period (1976–1985). Liver 1987; 7: 163–8. 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1987.tb00337.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 62 Oguti H., Terashima M., Tokunaga S. et al. Prevalence of anti-HCV in patients on long-term hemodialysis. Jpn. J. Nephrol. 1990; 32: 313–7. Google Scholar 63 Tamura I., Kobayashi Y., Koda T. et al. Hepatitis C virus antibodies in haemodialysis patients. Lancet 1990; 335: 1409. 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91296-M PubMedGoogle Scholar 64 Yamaguchi K., Nishimura Y., Fukuoka N. et al. Hepatitis C virus antibodies in haemodialysis patients. Lancet 1990; 335: 1409–10. 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91296-M PubMedGoogle Scholar 65 Jeffers L. J., Perez G. O., De Medina M. D. et al. Hepatitis C infection in two urban hemodialysis units. Kidney International 1990; 38: 320–2. 10.1038/ki.1990.203 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 66 Wjestal R., Hermodsson S., Iwarson S. & Norkrans G. Mother to infant transmission of hepatitis C virus infection. J. Med. Virol. 1990; 30: 178–80. 10.1002/jmv.1890300306 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 67 Giovannini M., Tagger A., Ribero M. L. et al. Maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus and HIV infections: A possible interaction. Lancet 1990; 335: 1166. 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91174-9 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 68 Reesink H. W., Ip H. M. I., Wong V. C. W. et al. Lack of evidence for maternal-infant transmission of the hepatitis C virus (HCV): Abstract of the 1990 International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. Abstract No. 430, 1990 April, Houston. Google Scholar 69 Fortuny C., Ercilla M. G., Barerra J. M. et al. HCV vertical transmission. Prospective study in infants born to HCV seropositive mothers: Abstract of the 1990 International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. Abstract No. 428, 1990 April, Houston. Google Scholar 70 Alter M., Coleman P. J., Alexander J. et al. Importance of heterosexual activity in the transmission of hepatitis B and non-A, non-B hepatitis. JAMA 1989; 262: 1201–5. 10.1001/jama.1989.03430090063034 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 71 Everhart J. E., Di Bisceglie A. M., Murray L. M., Alter H. J., Kuo G. & Hoofnagle J. Risk for non-A, non-B (Type C) hepatitis through sexual or household contact with chronic carriers. Ann. Intern. Med. 1990; 112: 544–5. 10.7326/0003-4819-112-7-544 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 72 Kiyosawa K., Sodeyama T., Akahane Y. et al. Infection of non-A, non-B acute viral hepatitis in hospital employees. Jpn. J. Gastroenterol. 1989; 86: 32–8. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 73 Hoofnagle J. H., Mullen K. D., Jones D. B. et al. Treatment of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis with recombinant human alpha interferon: A preliminary report. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 1575–8. 10.1056/NEJM198612183152503 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 74 Thomson B. J., Doran M., Lever A. M. L. & Webster A. D. B. Alpha interferon therapy for non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted by gammaglobulin replacement. Lancet 1990; i: 539–41. Google Scholar 75 Kakumu S., Arao M., Yoshioka K. et al. Recombinant human-interferon therapy for chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis: Second report. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1989; 85: 655–9. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 76 Omata M., Ito Y., Yokosuka O. et al. Histological changes of the liver by treatment of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis with recombinant leucocyte interferon alpha: Comparison with histological changes in chronic hepatitis B. Digest. Dis. Sci. 1989; 34: 330–7. 10.1007/BF01536251 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 77 Kiyosawa K., Sodeyama T., Nakano Y. et al. Treatment of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis with human interferon beta: A preliminary study. Antiv. Res. 1989; 12: 151–62. 10.1016/0166-3542(89)90048-X CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 78 Di Biseglie A., Martin P., Kassianides C. et al. Recombinant interferon alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N. Engl. J. Med. 1989; 321: 1506–10. 10.1056/NEJM198911303212204 PubMedGoogle Scholar 79 Davis G. L., Balart L. A., Schiff E. R. et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon alpha: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. N. Engl. J. Med. 1989; 321: 1501–6. 10.1056/NEJM198911303212203 PubMedGoogle Scholar 80 Kanai K., Iwata, Nakao K., Kako M. & Okamoto H. Suppression of hepatitis C virus RNA by interferon alpha. Lancet 1990; 336: 245. 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91768-6 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 81 Katayama T., Kikuchi S., Tanaka Y. et al. Blood screening for non-A, non-B hepatitis by hepatitis C virus antibody assay. Transfusion 1990; 30: 374–6. 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1990.30490273448.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 82 Yoshizawa H. Preventive efficacy of post-transfusion hepatitis by means of screening of donor blood by hepatitis C virus associated markers. Proceedings of the Joint Meeting of the Twelfth US-Japan Hepatitis Panel, Tokyo, 1990 July. Google Scholar 83 Okamoto H., Okada S., Sugiyama Y. et al. The 5′-terminal sequence of the hepatitis C virus genome. J. Exp. Med. 1990; 60: 167–77. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 84 Kato N., Ohkoshi S. & Shimotono K. Japanese isolates of the non-A, non-B hepatitis viral genome show sequence variations from the original isolate in the USA. Proc. Japan. Acad. Sci. 1989; 65B: 219–223. 10.2183/pjab.65.219 Web of Science®Google Scholar 85 Kubo Y., Takeuchi K., Boonmar S. et al. A cDNA fragment of hepatitis C virus isolated from an implicated donor of post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis in Japan. Nucleic Acid Res. 1989; 24: 10367–72. 10.1093/nar/17.24.10367 Web of Science®Google Scholar 86 Ohkoshi S., Kato N., Kinoshita T. et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in sera and liver tissues of non-A, non-B patients using the polymerase chain reaction. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1990; 81: 862–5. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1990.tb02658.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 87 Shimizu Y. K., Weiner A. J., Rosenblatt J. et al. Early events in hepatitis C virus infection of chimpanzees. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1990; 87: 6441–4. 10.1073/pnas.87.16.6441 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 88 Mosley J. W., Redeker A. G., Feinstone S. M. & Purcell R. H. Multiple hepatitis viruses in multiple attacks of acute viral hepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1977; 296: 75–8. 10.1056/NEJM197701132960204 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume6, Issue4August 1991Pages 383-391 ReferencesRelatedInformation