Evangelicalism, Masculinity, and the Making of Imperial Missionaries in Late Georgian Britain, 1795–1820
2005; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 67; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1540-6563.2005.00129.x
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)Religion, Gender, and Enlightenment
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. Daniel Wilson, A Defense of the Church Missionary Society Against the Objections of the Reverend Josiah Thomas, M.A. Archdeacon of Bath (London: G. Wilson, 1818), 37. 2. Andrew Porter, Religion Versus Empire? British Protestant Missionaries and Overseas Expansion, 1700–1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), chapters 2–3. 3. Penelope Carson, “An Imperial Dilemma: The Propagation of Christianity in Early Colonial India,”Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 18 (1990): 169–90. 4. Susan Thorne, Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in Nineteenth Century England (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999); Kathleen Wilson, The Island Race: Englishness, Empire and Gender in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Routledge, 2003); Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992). 5. Peter Marshall, “Empire and Authority in the Later Eighteenth Century,”Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 15 (1987): 105–22; “Imperial Britain,” ibid., 23 (1995): 385; Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 102.6. Kathleen Wilson, “Citizenship, Empire and Modernity in the Provinces, c. 1720–1790,”Eighteenth Century Studies 29 (1995): 86. 7. Peter Marshall, “Britain Without America—A Second Empire?”The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century, ed. Peter Marshall (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 392. 8. Wilson, “Citizenship, Empire and Modernity in the Provinces,” 86; H. V. Bowen, “British India, 1765–1813: The Metropolitan Context,”The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century, 530–52.9. Tony Claydon and Ian McBride, “The Trials of the Chosen Peoples: Recent Interpretations of Protestantism and National Identity in Britain and Ireland,” in Protestantism and National Identity: Britain and Ireland c. 1650–1850, eds. Claydon and McBride (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 10–11; Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 18–55. 10. Reginald Heber, “The Conversion of the Heathen. A Sermon Preached for the Church Missionary Society, at Whittington, Salop, April 16, 1820,”Sermons Preached in England. By the Late Right Reverend Reginald Heber (New York: E. Bliss, 1829), 203–04; George Chapman, Tracts on East India Affairs; or Collegium Bengalese, a Latin Poem, with an English Translation; and a Dissertation on the Best Means of Civilizing the Subjects of the British Empire in India, and of Dispensing the Light of the Christian Religion Through the Eastern World (Edinburgh: n.p., 1804), 10–11. 11. “Obligations of Britons to Promote the Gospel”Missionary Hymns (London: T. Williams, 1810), 57–58. 12. John Mitchell, An Essay on the Best Means of Civilizing the Subjects of the British Empire in India, and of Diffusing the Light of the Christian Religion Throughout the Eastern World (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1805), 6–7; Church Missionary Society (CMS) Proceedings (1806): 38. 13. Claydon and McBride, “The Trials of the Chosen Peoples,” 27–28; Wilson, The Island Race, 80–84; Thorne, Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture, 42. 14. From 1773 to 1785, Warren Hastings was the governor general of India. Led by Edmund Burke, the Parliament impeached Hastings for extortion in a much‐publicized trial. He was eventually acquitted in 1795. 15. J. R. Oldfield, Popular Politics and British Anti‐Slavery (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 33, 117–18; Ainslie Embree, Charles Grant and British Rule in India (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962), 8–10. 16. David Turley, The Culture of English Anti‐Slavery, 1780–1860 (New York: Routledge, 1991), 229. 17. Thomas Raffles, Missions to the Heathen Vindicated from the Charge of Enthusiasm. A Sermon Delivered at the Tabernacle, Moorfields, Before the Missionary Society, May 11, 1814 (Liverpool: Sunday School Press, 1814), 19. 18. W. H. Oliver, Prophets and Millennialists: The Uses of Biblical Prophecy in England From the 1790s to the 1840s (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1978), 85–90. 19. Raffles, Missions to the Heathen Vindicated, 31–32. 20. Reverend Daniel Wilson's letter to The Times 8 January 1818; Charles Buck, “The Close of the Eighteenth Century Improved: A Sermon Preached . . . December 28, 1800”; in Which the Most Remarkable Religious Events of the Last Hundred Years Are Considered (London: n.p., 1801), 35. 21. Porter, Religion Versus Empire?, 11, 15. 22. John Walsh and Stephen Taylor, eds., The Church of England c. 1689–1833: From Toleration to Tractariansim (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 14. 23. David Hopkins, The Dangers of British India From French Invasion and Missionary Establishments . . . Some Account of the Countries Between the Caspian Sea and the Ganges . . . and a Few Hints Respecting the Defense of British Frontiers in Hindostan. By a Late Resident at Bhagulpore (London: Black, Parry and Kingsbury, 1808), 22. 24. The Times, 20 September 1813; Evangelical Magazine 8 (1800): 252. 25. CMS Proceedings (1810): 86, emphasis mine. 26. “Paulinus,”Christian Observer 16 (1817): 370. 27. For another example from an LMS‐affiliated publication, see Evangelical Magazine 16 (1808): 408.28. Ibid., 20 (1812): 327–28. 29. Printed in Evangelical Intelligencer 1 (1805): 360. 30. Melville Horne, Letters on Missions Addressed to the Protestant Ministers of the British Churches (Andover: Flagg & Gould, 1815), 40. 31. The Times, 20 September 1813. 32. See also, Reginald Heber, “The Conversion of the Heathen,” 203–4. 33. The Times, 5 June 1813. 34. Hugh Pearson, A Dissertation on the Propagation of Christianity in Asia (Oxford: n.p., 1808), 128–29, 125. 35. Claudius Buchanan, Commencement Sermon, Preached Before the University of Cambridge, on Sunday Morning, July 1, 1810 (Boston: Armstrong, 1811), 39. 36. Embree, 8–10, 118–20, 141–57. 37. Horne, 92–94. 38. Joshua Marshman, Advantages of Christianity in Promoting the Establishment and Prosperity of the British Government in India (London: Smith’s, 1813), 6. 39. Pearson, A Dissertation on the Propagation of Christianity in Asia, 211; Report of Speeches at a Meeting of the Inhabitants of Kingston Upon Hull, Called to Consider the Duty of Petitioning Parliament for the Toleration of the Preaching and Profession of the Christian Religion in British India (Edinburgh: n.p., 1813), 43. 40. William Tennant, Thoughts on the Effects of the British Government on the State of India . . . With Hints Concerning the Means of Conveying Civil and Religious Instruction to the Natives of that Country (Edinburgh: n.p., 1807), 38–39; William Dealtry, Duty and Policy of Propagating Christianity; A Discourse Delivered Before the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East, May 4, 1813 (London: Whittingham and Rowland, 1813), 23. 41. Ibid., 66; The missionary debates of 1813 have received much scholarly attention. Carson, “An Imperial Dilemma,” 168–75; Karen Chancey, “The Star in the East: The Controversy Over Christian Missions to India, 1805–1813,”The Historian 60 (1998): 507–22; Allan Davidson, Evangelicals and Attitudes To India, 1786–1813: Missionary Publicity and Claudius Buchanan (Abingdon: Sutton Courtenay, 1992).42. C. Duncan Rice, “The Missionary Context of the British Anti‐Slavery Movement,” in Slavery and British Society 1776–1846, ed. James Walvin (London: Macmillan, 1982), 159; Thorne, Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture, 7. 43. David Spring, “The Clapham Sect: Some Social and Political Aspects,”Victorian Studies 5 (1961): 35–49; Ernest Howse, Saints in Politics: The Clapham Sect and the Growth of Freedom (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1971); Catherine Hall, White, Male and Middle Class: Explorations in Feminism and History (New York: Routledge, 1992), 80–81.44. The Times, 22 December 1813; Eugene Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society (London: CMS, 1899), I: 114; Thorne, Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture, 4. 45. Quoted in Edwin Sidney, The Life of the Reverend Rowland Hill A.M. (New York: Robert Carter, 1848), 172–73. Hill gave the first annual missionary sermon. 46. Roy Porter, English Society in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Penguin, 1983), 284–86; Oldfield, Popular Politics and British Anti‐Slavery, 16–19, 146–48. 47. Bradley, The Call to Seriousness, 74–78; 48. Ibid. 49. Ibid. 50. Hall, White, Male and Middle Class, 219. 51. Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 109–11, 81–83; Charles Smyth, “The Evangelical Movement in Perspective,”Cambridge Historical Journal 7 (194143): 69.52. Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes, 100. 53. William Wilberforce, A Practical View of the Prevailing Religious System of Professed Christians in the Higher and Middle Classes in this Country, Contrasted with Real Christianity (London: T. Cadell, jun. & W. Davies, 1797), 109–10. 54. Eclectic Review I (1805): 69; James Bean, A Charge Addressed to the Clergy of Any Diocese in the Kingdom (n.p., 1792), 9–10. 55. Horne, 100–101, 116, 51. 56. Christian Observer I (1802): 540. 57. Evangelical Magazine 9 (1801): 476; 58. Reverend Daniel Wilson's letter to The Times, 8 January 1818. 59. Robert Hall, “An Address to the Public, On an Important Subject, Connected with the Renewal of the Charter of the East India Company”Entire Works of the Reverend Robert Hall, 6 vols (London: Holdsworth and Ball, 1831–32), 1: 293. 60. Francis Wrangham, A Dissertation on the Best Means of Civilizing the Subjects of the British Empire in India, and of Diffusing the Light of the Christian Religion Throughout the Eastern World (n.p., 1805), 20. On the importance of individual autonomy as a manly trait, see David Alderson, Mansex Fine: Religion, Manliness and Imperialism in Nineteenth Century British Culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 14–15. On the concept of effeminacy in colonial India, see Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The ‘Manly Englishman’ and the ‘Effeminate Bengali’ in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 18–22. 61. Peter Marshall and Glynder Williams, The Great Map of Mankind: Perceptions of New Worlds in the Age of Enlightenment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982), 258. 62. Jane Samson, Imperial Benevolence: Making British Authority in the Pacific Islands (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998), 7–23; Richard Lovett, The History of the London Missionary Society, 1795–1895 2 vols. (London: Henry Froude, 1899), 1:20; Charles Horne, The Story of the London Missionary Society (London: LMS, 1908), 11; Melville Horne, Letters on Missions, 102–3. 63. Thomas Haweis, An Impartial and Succinct History of the Revival and Progress of the Church of Christ; From the Reformation to the Present Time (Worcester: Greenleaf, 1803), 379–80. 64. James Johnston, The Pastoral Care of Jesus Over the Heathen: Illustrated in a Sermon Preached Before the Dundee Society for Propagating the Gospel Among the Heathen, at Their First General Meeting, 18th October 1796 (Dundee: T. Colvill, 1796), 24. 65. Marshall and Williams, Great Map of Mankind, 293–95; Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985). 66. Johnston, The Pastoral Care of Jesus Over the Heathen, 5. 67. Wilson, The Island Race, 80–84. 68. Elizabeth Isichei, A History of Christianity in Africa: From Antiquity to the Present (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdman’s, 1995), 77. 69. Thomas Haweis, An Impartial and Succinct History of the Revival and Progress of the Church of Christ, 393–94; Evangelical Magazine 8 (1800): 473, 36.70. Cecil Northcott, Glorious Company: One Hundred and Fifty Years Life and Work of the London Missionary Society, 1795–1945 (London: LMS, 1945), 31–32. 71. Anonymous, The Village in an Uproar, or The Thresher's Visit to the Missionary Meeting in London, May 1814. Containing Among a Variety of Other Particulars, the Thresher's Account of the African Friend's Report of His Mission Among the Wild People (London: Williams and Son, 1814), 19. 72. New London Review 2 (1800): 146. 73. Niel Gunson, Messengers of Grace: Evangelical Missionaries in the South Seas, 1797–1860 (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1978), 31–36, 41; Hall, White, Male and Middle Class, 225; John Comaroff, “Images of Empire, Contests of Conscience: Models of Colonial Domination in South Africa,” in Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, eds. Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 176–78. 74. See Mark Noll, David Bebbington, and George Rawlyk, eds., Evangelicalism: Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America, The British Isles, and Beyond (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 6. 75. Wilson, The Island Race, 80–84. 76. See J. A. Mangan and James Walvin, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle Class Masculinity in Britain and America 1800–1940 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987), 1–7. 77. Porter, Religion Versus Empire?, 91. 78. Andrew Porter, “Trusteeship, Anti‐Slavery, and Humanitarianism,” in The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, ed. Andrew Porter (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 198. 79. Andrew Bank, “Losing Faith in the Civilizing Mission: the Premature Decline of Humanitarian Liberalism at the Cape, 1840–60,” in Empire and Others: British Encounters With Indigenous Peoples, 1600–1850, eds. Martin Daunton and Rick Halpern (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 364–73. 80. Porter, “Trusteeship, Anti‐Slavery, and Humanitarianism,” 198. 81. Porter, Religion Versus Empire?, 314–15.
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