Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Imported and translated landscapes: Buenos Aires nineteenth-century waterfront parks

2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 32; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/14601176.2012.719668

1943-2186

Agustina Martire,

Argentine historical studies

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Among others: Stephen Ward, Planning the Twentieth Century City: The Advanced Capitalist World (Chichester: Wiley, 2002); Anthony D. King (ed.), Buildings and Society. Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980); Arturo Almandoz, Planning Latin American Capital Cities 1850–1950 (London: Routledge, 2003); Jean-Louis Cohen, Scènes de la vie future (Paris: Flammarion, 1997); Joe Nasr and Mercedes Volait (eds), Urbanism, Imported or Exported? Native Aspirations and foreign plans (Chichester: Wiley Academy, 2003). 2. The bibliography on this subject is broad and comes mainly from geography and planning backgrounds. Among others: Ann Breen and Dick Rigby, Waterfront Cities Reclaim Their Edge (New York: McGraw-Hill. 1994); Rinio Bruttomesso (ed.), Waterfronts: New Frontier for Cities on Water (Venice: International Centre Cities on Water, 1993); Peter Hall, ‘Waterfronts: A New Urban Frontier’ in Rinio Britomesso (ed.), Waterfronts: A New Frontier for Cities on Water (Venice: International Centre Cities on Water, 1993), pp. 12–19; Brian Hoyle and D. A. Pinder (eds), Cityport Industrialization and Regional Development: Spatial Analysis and Planning Strategies (Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press, 1981); Brian J. Hudson, Cities on the Shore: The Urban Littoral Frontier (London and New York: Pinter, 1996); Han Meyer, City and Port: Urban Planning as a Cultural Venture in London, Barcelona, New York, and Rotterdam: Changing Relations between Public Urban Space and Large-Scale Infrastructure (Utrecht, Netherlands: International Books, 1999); Nadia Fava, Progetti e processi in conflitto: il fronte maritimo de Barcelona (UPC Barcelona: PhD thesis, 2004); Joao Pedro Costa, Multifunctional Land Use in the Renewal of Harbour Areas: Patterns of Physical Distribution of the Urban Functions, IFHP 2001 World Conference (Barcelona: Working Party MILU, 2001). 3. Ward, Planning the Twentieth Century City (2002). 4. Quoted in Jean-Louis Cohen, Scènes de la vie future (Paris: Flammarion, 1997), p. 8. 5. Anthony D. King (ed.), Buildings and Society. Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980). 6. Anthony D. King, ‘Writing Transnational Planning Histories’ in Joe Nasr and Mercedes Volait (eds), Urbanism, Imported or Exported? Native Aspirations and foreign plans (Chichester: Wiley Academy, 2003). 7. David Leatherbarrow, Laurie Olin and John Dixon Hunt, ‘Some terms for the transposition of gardens between countries’ Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, 31/4, 2011. 8. Arturo Almandoz, Planning Latin American Capital Cities 1850–1950 (London: Routledge, 2003). 9. Joe Nasr and Mercedes Volait (eds), Urbanism, Imported or Exported? Native Aspirations and foreign plans (Chichester: Wiley Academy, 2003). 10. Nasr and Volait, Urbanism, Imported or Exported? (2003), p. vii. 11. Nasr and Volait, Urbanism, Imported or Exported? (2003), p. xi. 12. Verena Andreatta, Porto do Rio, La nueva interfaz puerto-ciudad en Rio de Janeiro, Tesis de doctorado (Barcelona: UPC, ETSAB, 2006) Dir. Joaquin Sabaté Bel. Pg. 13 13. Jorge Alfonso Ferrada Herrera, Utopía del Margen Arquitectónico, Port Valparaíso, doctoral thesis (Barcelona: UPC, ETSAB, 2002) Dir. Marciá Codinachs i Riera. 14. Nasr and Volait, Urbanism, Imported or Exported? (2003), p. xiii. 15. The immigration to Buenos Aires grew from 10 thousand in 1871 to 220 thousand in 1889, and the population grew from 177,787 in habitants in 1869 to 950,891 in 1904. 16. James R. Scobie, Buenos Aires, del centro a los barrios 1870–1910 (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Solar, ‘Dimensión Argentina’, 1977). 17. Adrián Gorelik, La Grilla y el Parque. espacio público y cultura urbana en Buenos Aires, 1887–1936 (Quilmes: Universidad nacional de Quilmes, 1998). 18. Gorelik, La Grilla y el Parque (1998), p. 24. 19. Gorelik, La Grilla y el Parque (1998), p. 37. 20. Graciela Silvestri, La ciudad y el río, Un estudio de las relaciones entre técnica y naturaleza a través del caso del puerto de Buenos Aires in Jorge Liernur and Graciela Silvestri, El Umbral de la Metrópolis, transformaciones técnicas y cultura en la modernización de Buenos Aires 1870–1930 (Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1993); Horacio Pando, ‘El Puerto de Buenos Aires’, FADU, UBA, May 1989; P. Lucchini, Historia de la Ingeniería Argentina (Buenos Aires: CAI, 1981); R. E. Longo, Historia del Puerto de Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires: Fernandez Blanco, 1989). 21. Silvestri, La ciudad y el río (1993), pp. 104–105. 22. Silvestri, La ciudad y el río (1993), p. 104. 23. Silvestri, La ciudad y el río (1993); Pando, ‘El Puerto’ (1989); Lucchini, Historia (1981); Longo, Historia (1989). 24. The plans of Pierre Charles L'Enfant for Washington DC in 1791; of Georges-Eugene Haussmann and Adolphe Alphand for Paris of 1857; of Ildefons Cerdà for Barcelona in 1859, among others, all included parks as part of the urban fabric. Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux designed parks and park systems for New York, Chicago and Boston in the last decades of the nineteenth century. 25. Domingo F. Sarmiento, Obras completas (Buenos Aires: Universidad de la Matanza, 2001), reprint from the 1884–1903 edition. 26. The Park Movement allegedly started in the 1850s in Chicago as a will to provide public spaces for citizens. It was spread throughout the USA by Fredrick Law Olmsted. 27. A middle-class phenomenon that promoted circulating libraries, literary societies, and public lectures, it eventually turned its attention to the public at large. The general idea was to offer the working man an ordered, educational and self-improving alternative to the attractions of the tavern and the gaming house. 28. H. Cunningham, Leisure in the Industrial Revolution (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1980), p. 78. 29. Domingo F. Sarmiento, Facundo o civilización y barbarie en las pampas argentinas (1845) in Domingo F. Sarmiento, Obras completas (Buenos Aires: Universidad de la Matanza, 2001), reprint from the 1884–1903 edition. 30. Registro Nacional de la República Argentina (1874–), pp. 398–399. Ley mandando ejecutar una de las secciones indicadas en el Plano del Parque ‘Tres de Febrero’. 31. The traditional city was the one founded by the Spanish conquistadores in 1580, the grid regulated all urban growth, which according to Sarmiento, was a rigid urban object filled with mistakes. 32. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Holt, 1921). 33. Bill Ashcroft and Hussein Kadhim, Edward Said and the Post-Colonial, Horizons in Post-Colonial Studies (London: Routledge, 2001). 34. Domingo F. Sarmiento, Plan Combinado de Educacion Comun, Servicultura e Industria Pastoril aplicado al Estado de Buenos Aires (Santiago de Chile: Imprenta de Julio Belín y Compañía, 1855). 35. Domingo F. Sarmiento, Plan Combinado (1855), p. 15. 36. Domingo F. Sarmiento, Plan Combinado (1855), p. 44. 37. Carlos Altezor and Hugo Baracchini, Historia urbanística y edilicia de la ciudad de Montevideo (Montevideo: Junta Departamental de Montevideo, 1971). 38. Domingo F. Sarmiento, Obras completas (Buenos Aires: Universidad de la Matanza, 2001), reprint from the 1884–1903 edition, Vol. XXIII, p. 230. 39. Edouard André, L'art des jardins. Traite General de la composition des parcs et jardins. Ouvrage accompagne de Onze planches en chromolithographie et de 520 figures dans le texte (Paris: G. Masson editeur, 1879), p. 186. 40. Domingo F. Sarmiento, ‘Discurso Inaugural del parque’, in Obras Completas (Buenos Aires: Editorial Luz del Día, 1953), Vol. XXII, p. 11. 41. Domingo F. Sarmiento, Argirópolis (Buenos Aires: www.aleph.com, 2000), 2000), from the original of 1850, p. 73. 42. Domingo F. Sarmiento, Revista del Jardín Zoológico de Buenos Aires, Year XII, July 1916, No. 46, el Primer informe anual de la Comisión del Parque 3 de Febrero, presented by Sarmiento to the President of the Republic on 11 November 1875, p. 5. 43. Domingo F. Sarmiento, ‘Discurso Inaugural del parque’, p. 11. 44. Adrián Beccar Varela, Torcuato de Alvear, primer Intendente Municipal de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Su acción edilicia (Buenos Aires: G. Kraft, 1926). 45. Héctor Quesada, Vida Municipal de las ciudades europeas y americanas (Buenos Aires: Editorial Peuser, 1893), p. 17. 46. Sonia Berjman, Plazas y Parques de Buenos Aires: la obra de los paisajistas franceses 1860–1930 (Buenos Aires: Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires,1998), p. 74. 47. Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Memoria del presidente de la comisión Municipal al Concejo correspondiente al ejercicio de 1879, febrero de 1880 (Buenos Aires: 1880), p. 328. 48. Archivo del Instituto Histórico. SP. Documento 30 de diciembre de 1879. Caja 10 1880. 49. Berjman, Plazas y Parques de Buenos Aires (1998), p. 92. 50. Adrián Beccar Varela, Torcuato de Alvear, primer Intendente Municipal de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Su acción edilicia (Buenos Aires: G. Kraft, 1926). 51. Beccar Varela, Torcuato de Alvear (1926), p. 285. 52. Beccar Varela, Torcuato de Alvear (1926), p. 290. 53. Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Memoria de la Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires: 1884), Vol. 1, p. 201. 54. Among others: Michel Conan and Jeffrey Quilter, Gardens and Cultural Change: A Pan-American Perspective (Washignton, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2007); Fernando Florez Gonzalez, Imitation and Preservation in Latin-America: 1880–1930 (Tulane: ProQuest, 2007); David J. Myers and Henry A. Dietz, Capital City Politics in Latin America: Democratization and Empowerment (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002). 55. Cleveland proposed these three variables for the development of cities, despite being more focused on the integral and functional design than on aesthetics. Horace William Shaler Cleveland, Landscape Architecture, as Applied to the Wants of the West: With an Essay on Forest Planting on the Great Plains (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Co., 1873), pp. 28–45. 56. Edouard André, L'art des jardins. Traite General de la composition des parcs et jardins. Ouvrage accompagne de Onze planches en chromolithographie et de 520 figures dans le texte (Paris: G. Masson editeur, 1879). 57. André, L'art des jardins (1879), p. 187. 58. Words of Henry Defert, president of the Congrès Forestier Internationale of the Comité des Sites et Monuments Pittoresques and vice president of the Touring Club de France. In Charles Thays, Les Forets Naturelles de la Republique Argentine, Congrès Forestier Internationale de Paris (Paris: Turing Club de France, 1913), pp. 44–45. 59. Charles Thays, manuscript (1891). This index is taken from Sonia Berjman, Plazas y Parques de Buenos Aires: la obra de los paisajistas franceses 1860–1930 (Buenos Aires: Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires,1998). The manuscript, without title, dated from 1891 comes from the archive of the Thays family. 60. Charles Thays, manuscript (1891), p. 20. 61. Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Memoria de la Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires correspondiente al año 1891 (Buenos Aires, 1893). 62. Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Memoria de la Municipalidad (1893). 63. Andrew Jackson Downing, A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America (New York: 1841). 64. Olmsted and Vaux, Original Report, Description of Greensward Park 1858 (as reprinted in 1868) quoted in Kimball and Olmsted Jr, Forty Years of Landscape Architecture (1928), Vol. II, p. 222.