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Compromised Landscapes: The Proto-Panoptic Politics of Colonial Araucanian and Spanish Parlamentos

2013; Routledge; Volume: 22; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/10609164.2013.851324

1466-1802

Tom D. Dillehay, José Manuel Zavala,

Migration, Education, Indigenous Social Dynamics

AbstractIndigenous resistance to the Spanish Crown in the Araucania region of south-central Chile is infrequently included in wider discussions of early American colonialism. Until recently, what has been inadequately addressed in these discussions is the parlamentos (peace treaties) associated with Spanish efforts to seize territorial control of the region. In this paper, we highlight the potential of landscape analysis to enhance our archival and archaeological understanding of the long historical confrontation between the Araucanians and the Spanish from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. The Spanish were unable to defeat the indigenous populations living south of the Bio Bio River, the formal frontier established between the Crown and the Araucanians. However, they enacted numerous parlamentos in hope of establishing military footholds. Because the Spaniards failed to conquer the region, parlamentos eventually developed into compromised acts of observing and monitoring military movements and of recruiting allied indigenous groups. On the basis of this interdisciplinary examination, we argue that Spanish parlamentos were a 'panopticon'-like network of political surveillance, designed to provide a visible signal of the wider political activities taking place beyond the formal frontier. The panopticon model provides a metaphorical and conceptual framework for conceiving this aspect of Spanish and Araucanian relations and for defining one cause of successful indigenous resiliency to external influence.La resistencia indígena a la Corona española en la región de la Araucanía del centro-sur de Chile es infrecuente incluido en debates sobre el colonialismo americano temprano. Hasta hace poco, lo que se ha abordado adecuadamente en estas discusiones es los parlamentos (tratados de paz) asociados a los esfuerzos españoles para tomar el control territorial de la región. En este trabajo, se destaca el potencial de análisis del paisaje para mejorar nuestra comprensión de archivos y la arqueológia de la larga confrontación histórica entre los araucanos y españoles de los siglos XVI al XVIII. Los españoles no pudieron derrotar a las poblaciones indígenas que viven al sur del río Bio Bio, la frontera oficial establecido entre la Corona y los araucanos. Sin embargo, promulgaron numerosos parlamentos en la esperanza de establecer puntos de apoyo militar. Debido a que los españoles no lograron conquistar la región, parlamentos eventualmente se convirtieron en actos comprometidos de observación y vigilancia de los movimientos militares y de reclutar aliados grupos indígenas. Sobre la base de este examen interdisciplinario, sostenemos que los parlamentos españoles eran un 'panóptico'-como la red de vigilancia política, diseñada para proporcionar una señal visible de las actividades políticas más amplias que tienen lugar más allá de la frontera formal. El modelo panóptico ofrece un marco metafórico y conceptual para concebir de este aspecto de las relaciones españoles y araucanos y para definir una de las causas de la resistencia indígena éxito a la influencia externa.Keywords: AraucaniansChileMapucheResistanceColonial AcknowledgementsWe thank archaeologist Andrea Ponce and anthropologists José Saavedra and Cristian Lineros for participating in the excavations at several sites. We are also grateful to Angélica Cardemil for helping with the study of the archival materials and to Dana D. Nelson for commenting on an earlier draft. Two anonymous reviewers helped us clarify our thinking about several concepts and issues in this paper. We much appreciate their detailed reviews of an earlier draft. This investigation was financed by the Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico del Gobierno de Chile. The two projects are: Espacios interétnicos de encuentro y negociación en la Araucanía: Génesis, transformaciones y significaciones de los parlamentos hispano-mapuches coloniales (no. 1090504 for 2009–2011) and Expresión y presencia del otro en la frontera araucana: inscripciones mapuches e hispanas en lugares y en relatos de parlamentos de tres áreas de la Araucanía colonial, 1605–1803 (no. 1120857 for 2012–2014).Archives citedArchivo General de Indias, Sevilla (AGI)Audiencia de Chile (Ch.), legajos 18, 30 y 31.Archivo Nacional de Chile (ANCh)Archivo Morla Vicuña (AMV), vols. 1 y 2.Fondo Jesuita (FJ), vol. 2.Manuscritos de Vicuña Mackenna (MVM), vols. 267, 273, 279, 292 and 293.Additional informationNotes on contributorsTom D. DillehayTom D. Dillehay is Rebecca Webb Wilson University Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, Religion, and Culture and Professor of Anthropology and Latin American Studies in the Department of Anthropology at Vanderbilt University. He has carried out numerous archaeological and anthropological projects in Peru, Chile, Argentina and other South American countries and in the United States and is the author of nineteen books and more than two hundred refereed journal articles and books.José Manuel ZavalaJosé Manuel Zavala received his PhD. in Anthropology from the Université Sorbonne Nouvelle-París III. He is currently a professor in the Department of Anthropology in the Universidad Católica de Temuco. He has been a principal researcher in various interdisciplinary projects; his most recent involvement, with Prof. Dillehay, has been in the Fondecyt-sponsored project.