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Prologue: The Origin of the Asian Games: Power and Politics

2005; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 8; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/17430430500255982

1743-0445

Fan Hong,

Sport and Mega-Event Impacts

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes [1] Fan Hong, Footbinding, Feminism and Freedom: The Liberation of Women's Bodies in Modern China (London: Cass, 1997) p.262. [2] Fan Hong, Footbinding, Feminism and Freedom, p.50; Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (London: Hutchinson, 1990), pp.158–63. [3] Albert Feuerwerker, The Foreign Establishment in China in the early Twentieth Century (Ann Arbor, MI: Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1976), p.39; Mark Chang, ‘A Brief History of Christianity in China’ in M.D. David (ed.), Western Colonialism in Asian and Christianity (Bombay: Himalaya Publishing House, 1988), p.108; Paul A. Cohen, China and Christianity: the Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese Anti-Foreignism 1860–1870 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), pp.68–70; Milton T. Stauffer (ed.), The Christian Occupation of China (Shanghai: China Continuation Committee, 1922), passim. [4] Chinese Society for History of Sport (ed.), Zhongguo jindai tiyushi [‘Modern Chinese Sports History’] (Beijing: Beijing tiyu xueyuan chubanshe), pp.62–9. [5] North China Herald, 12 June 1909. [6] Wu Chih-kang, ‘The Influence of YMCA on the Development of Physical Education in China’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Michigan, 1956), p.52. [7] Chinese Society for History of Sport, Zhongguo jindai tiyushi, pp.81–3. [8] Ibid., pp.83–4; Tang Mingxin, Woguo caojia Aoyun changshangshi [‘The History of The Republic of China's Participation in the Olympic Games’] (Taipei: Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee, 1999), p.68. [9] Fong F. Sec, ‘The First National Athletic Meet’, China's Young Men, 6, 1 (January 1911), 30, cited in Andrew D. Morris, Marrow of the Nation: A History of Sport and Physical Culture in Republican China (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004) p.13. [10] Fan Hong, Footbinding, Feminism and Freedom, p.36. [11] The North Herald, 23 Oct. 1910. [12] Association Men (Beijing), 4 (1910). Association Men was a journal of the YMCA. [13] Tang Mingxin, Woguo caojia Aoyun changshangshi, pp.112–14. Chinese Society for the History of Sport, Zhongguo jindai tiyushi, pp.154–6. [14] Wu Chih-kang, ‘The Influence of YMCA’, pp.132–3; Morris, Marrow of the Nation, pp.21–2. [15] Morris, Marrow of the Nation, p.23. [16] ‘Dongya yundonghui diyici dahui ji’ [The First Asian Games], Zhengxiang huabao, 1 March 1913, 2, cited in Morris, Marrow of the Nation, p.24. [17] ‘The New Olympian’, Philippines Free Press, 7, 5 (1 Feburary 1913), 1, cited in Morris, Marrow of the Nation, p.22. [18] Tang Mingxin, Woguo caojia Aoyun changshangshi, p.113. [19] Albert Kolb, East Asian: China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam: Geography of a Cultural Region (London: Methuen, 1971), pp.482–3. [20] Ibid., p.483. [21] Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking (London: Penguin Books, 1998), p.23. [22] Laurence Rees, Horror in the East (London: BBC Worldwide Ltd., 2000), pp.16–17. [23] Richard T. Phillips, China Since 1911 (London: Macmillan, 1996), pp.23–4. [24] J. Wong-Quincey, ‘The Far Eastern Championship Games’, China's Young Men, 10 (15 June 19150, 427, cited in Morris, Marrow of the Nation, p.28. [25] J.H. Crooker, ‘100,000 People at the Far Eastern Championship Games’ Association Men, 40 (August 1915), 565, cited in Morris, op. cit., p.27. [26] Wong-Quincey, ‘The Far Eastern Championship Games’, 430, cited in Morris, Marrow of the Nation, p.28. [27] Wang Zhengting, ‘Guan dierci yuandong yundonghui zhi ganyan’ [‘My Views on the Second Far Eastern Championship Games’], Jinbu, 8, 3 (July 1915), 13–14. [28] ‘Far Eastern Olympic Games’, North-China Daily News, 29 Aug. 1927, 19, cited in Morris, Marrow of the Nation, p.96. [29] Morris, Marrow of the Nation, p.96. [30] Fan Hong, Footbinding, Feminism and Freedom, p.265. [31] Sheng Shiliang, ‘bujiu yuanyunhui shibai zi banfa’ [‘The Ways for China to Win at the FECG’], Shengbao, 8 June 1922. [32] There is some misunderstanding and confusion about the formation of Chinese national athletic association in Jonathan Kolatch's book Sports Politics and Ideology in China (New York: Jonathan David Publishers, 1971), pp. 18–19. It is necessary to explain briefly here. In 1915 five regional sports associations (the North, South, East, West and Central) were founded in China. In the spring of 1919 the representatives of North, South and East China appointed a committee to draft a provisional constitution for a national athletic organization. The fruit of this was the formation of Zhonghua yie yu yungong lianhehui [the Chinese Amateur Athletic Union], which was formally founded on 3 April 1922 in Beijing. There were nine members on the executive committee, and three of them were foreigners (YMCA physical directors), who played an active role in promoting modern sport in China and organizing China's participation in the FECGs. In 1924, in an anti-imperialist atmosphere, the China Amateur Athletic Union was abolished. The Chinese founded their own national athletic association, Zhonghua quanhguo tiyu xiejinhui [the China National Amateur Athletic Federation] on 5 July 1924 in Nanjing. There were nine members on the executive committee, all Chinese. For details see Chinese Society for the History of Sport, Zhongguo jindai tiyushi, pp.162–3. [33] Cited in Yu Ri, ‘Zhong Ri Yuanyun jiaozu shi’ [‘The Conflicts between China and Japan at the Far Eastern Championship Games’], Tiyu wenshi, 2 (1990), 48. [34] Chang, The Rape of Nanking, p.29. [35] Spence, The Search for Modern China, pp.391–2; Phillips, China Since 1911, pp.119–20. [36] Morris, Marrow of the Nation, p.164. [37] Wang Zhengting, ‘Yuandong tiyu xuehui feifa jieshan zi jinguo’ [‘The Facts of How the Far Eastern Games Federation was Dissolved’], Qinfeng, 1, 9 (Jan. 1935), 71–75; Tang Mingxin, Woguo caojia Aoyun changshangshi, pp.263–9; Yu Ri, ‘Zhong Ri Yuanyun jiaozu shi’, 48–9; Morris, Marrow of the Nation, pp.164–6. [38] Annual Reports of the Foreign Secretaries of the International Committee, 1 Oct. 1911–30 Sept. 1920, p.630, cited in Morris, Marrow of the Nation, p.28.