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Macedonians in Anatolia: The Importance of the Macedonian Roots of the Unionists for their Policies in Anatolia after 1914

2014; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 50; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/00263206.2014.933422

1743-7881

Erik Zürcher,

Balkans: History, Politics, Society

AbstractThe article looks at statements and acts of the core members of the Committee of Union and Progress in the run-up to the constitutional revolution of 1908 to determine whether these express ideas that later guided them in their policies in Anatolia. The main argument is that the Balkan War of 1912–13, in which the European provinces were largely lost, was an important catalyst that led to a radicalization of policies but that in fact the basic outlook of the Young Turks had been shaped years earlier, during their struggle to keep Macedonia Ottoman. Their relative ignorance of Anatolia led them to read the social and political realities there through a Macedonian prism. Notes1. The toponyms that occur in this article have often changed at least once and often more than once since 1912. I give the modern and Ottoman names separated by a forward slash at the first occurrence in the text and use the Ottoman thereafter.2. K. Karabekir, İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti Neden Kuruldu, Nasıl Kuruldu, Nasıl İdare Olundu, edited by Faruk and Emel Özerengin (Istanbul: private publication, 1982 [written in 1945]), p.101.3. See, for example, M.H. Yavuz, 'Warfare and Nationalism: The Balkan War as a Catalyst for Homogenization', in M.H. Yavuz and İ. Blumi (eds.), War and Nationalism. The Balkan Wars 1912–1913, and their Sociopolitical Implications (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2013), pp.31–84.4. T.Z. Tunaya, Türkiye'de Siyasal Partiler. Cilt III İttihat ve Terakki. Bir Çağın, bir Kuşağın, bir Partinin Tarihi (Istanbul: Hürriyet, 1989), p.13.5. E.J. Zürcher, 'Who Were the Young Turks?', in E.J. Zürcher, The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building. From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey (London: I.B. Tauris, 2010), p.101.6. H.E. Cengiz, Enver Paşa'nın Anıları 1881–1908 (Istanbul: İletişim, 1991); Niyazi, Hatırat-ı Niyazi yahud Tarihçe-yi İnkılab-ı Kebir-i Osmanlıdan bir sahife (Istanbul: Sabah, 1326 [1910]); 'Galip Paşa'nın Hatıraları', Hayat Tarih Mecmuası, Vol.2, No.6–9 (1966); K.N. Duru, 'İttihat ve Terakki' Hatıralarım (Istanbul: Sucuoğlu, 1957).7. A.B. Kuran, İnkılâp Tarihimiz ve İttihad ve Terakki (Istanbul: Tan, 1948); Y.H. Bayur, Türk İnkılâbı Tarihi Cilt 1 Kısım 1 (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1940), pp.429–78.8. Z. Sertel, Hatırladıklarım (Istanbul: Gözlem, 1977), pp.11–48; Ş.S. Aydemir, Suyu Arayan Adam (Ankara: Öz, 1959).9. T. Hilmi, Makedonya Mazisi, Hali, İstikbalı (Cairo: n.p., 1909).10. F. Georgeon, Abdulhamid II le sultan calife (Paris: Fayard, 2003), p.393.11. M.Ş. Hanioğlu, Preparation for a Revolution. The Young Turks 1902–1908 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp.130–90.12. Ibid., p.211.13. Georgeon, Abdulhamid II, p.391.14. According to Mithat Şükrü Bleda in his memoirs (M.Ş. Bleda, İmparatorluğun Çöküşü (Istanbul: Remzi 1979)) and Duru ('İttihat ve Terakki', p.13), Kâzım Karabekir heard from one of the ten, Naki (Yücekök) that he, Talât and six others had actually been involved in an earlier attempt to found a CPU branch in Selânik in 1902, but that Ahmet Rıza had advised them from Paris to act independently as the Paris committee had become ineffective. This was shortly after the first congress of Ottoman liberals in Paris and the split in the movement (Karabekir, İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti Neden Kuruldu, p.158).15. İ. Yosmaoğlu, Blood Ties. Religion, Violence, and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia 1878–1908 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014), p.33.16. Duru, 'İttihat ve Terakki', p.14.17. Cengiz, Enver Paşa'nın Anıları; Niyazi, Hatırat-ı Niyazi; Karabekir, İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti Neden Kuruldu.18. Karabekir, İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti Neden Kuruldu, pp.177–8.19. Yosmaoğlu, Blood Ties, chapter 6.20. Cengiz, Enver Paşa'nın Anıları, pp.11–12.21. M. Reynolds, Shattering Empires. The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908–1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp.22–5.22. E.J. Zürcher, 'The Historiography of the Constitutional Revolution: Broad Consensus, Some Disagreement and a Missed Opportunity', in F. Georgeon (ed.), 'L'ivresse de la liberté': La révolution de 1908 dans l'empire ottoman [Collection Turcica XVII] (Leuven: Peeters, 2012), pp.91–106.23. Niyazi, Hatırat-ı Niyazi, pp.51–61.24. Of Niyazi's original 160 followers, only nine were soldiers from his battalion (ibid., p.79).25. Ibid., p.109.26. Ibid., p.88.27. Ibid., p.105.28. Ibid.29. Bayur, Türk İnkılâbı Tarihi, p.465.30. N. Sohrabi, 'Illiberal Constitutionalism. The Committee Union and Progress as a Clandestine Network and the Purges', in Georgeon (ed.), 'L'ivresse de la liberté', p.113.31. Niyazi, Hatırat-ı Niyazi, p.163.32. Ibid., p.80.33. Karabekir, İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti Neden Kuruldu, p.103.34. B. Lory, 'Manastir/Bitola, berceau de la révolution', in Georgeon (ed.), 'L'ivresse de la liberté', pp.241–256. 35. S. Akşin, Jön Türkler ve İttihat ve Terakki (Istanbul: Remzi, 1987), p.199.36. T. Heinzelmann, Die Balkankrise in der Osmanischen Karikatur. Die Satirenzeitschriften Karagöz, Kalem und Cem, 1908–1914 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1999), p.221.37. Aydemir, Suyu Arayan Adam, p. 54–55.38. Duru, 'İttihat ve Terakki', pp.62–3.39. T.Z. Tunaya, Türkiye'de Siyasal Partiler Cilt III İttihat ve Terakki Bir Çağın, bir Kuşağın, bir Partinin Tarihi (Istanbul: Hürriyet, 1989), p.465.40. Ibid., p.466.41. See for example Tüccarzade Ahmet Hilmi quoted in M. Aksakal, The Ottoman Road to War in 1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p.30, and Halide Edib Adıvar's article 'Felâketlerden Sonra Milletler', in Türk Yurdu (May 1913), quoted by Erol Köroğlu in his Türk Edebiyatı ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı (1914–1918) Propagandadan Millî Kimlik İnşasına (Istanbul: İletişim, 2004), p.122. Hilmi's book has been reprinted in facsimile and modern script as .İ. Hilmi, Balkan Harbi'ni Niçin Kaybettik?, ed. M. Yıldız and H. Akyol (Istanbul: İz, 2012).42. A. Mango, Atatürk (London: John Murray, 1999), pp.130–31.43. A. Şerif, Anadolu'da Tanin. Birinci Gezi (Istanbul: Kavram, 1977).44. N. Birdoğan, İttihat ve Terakki'nin Alevilik Bektaşilik Araştırması (Istanbul: Berfin, 1994), pp.7–9.45. D. Çetinkaya, The Young Turks and the Boycott Movement: Nationalism, Protest and the Working Classes in the Formation of Modern Turkey (London: I.B. Tauris, 2014).46. H.-L. Kieser, 'From Patriotism to Mass Murder. Dr. Mehmed Reşid (1873–1919)', in R.G. Suny, F.M. Göçek and N.M. Naimark (eds.), A Question of Genocide. Armenians and Turks at the end of the Ottoman Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp.126–48.47. E. Erol, 'Capitalism, Migration, War and Nationalism in an Aegean Port Town: The Rise and Fall of a Belle Époque in the Ottoman County of Foçateyn' (PhD thesis, Leiden University, 2013), pp.202–5.48. Reynolds, Shattering Empires, p.75.49. E.J. Zürcher, 'How Europeans Adopted Anatolia and Discovered Turkey', European Review, Vol.13, No.3 (2005), pp.379–94.