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The Black Campus Movement: the case for a new historiography

2011; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 4; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/17541328.2011.625195

1754-1336

Ibram Rogers,

Critical Race Theory in Education

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Egerton, State Universities and Black Americans, 4. 2. Wisdom and Shaw, "Black Challenge to Higher Education," 352–3. 3. See Rogers, "The Marginalization of the Black Campus Movement" and Nichols, Perspectives on Campus Tensions. Also, see the paucity of black campus activism in De Groot, Student Protest; Altbach, Laufer, and McVey, Academic Supermarkets; Lee, The Campus Scene; Miles, The Radical Probe; Abeles, The Student and the University; Erlich and Erlich, Student Power, Participation and Revolution. 4. Exum, Paradoxes of Protest, 7; Hine, Hine, and Harrold, The African-American Odyssey, 625. For other examples, see Rojas, "Social Movement Tactics;" Bunzel, "Black Studies;" Orrick, College in Crisis; Crouchett, "Early Black Studies Movements;" Kilson, "The Black Student Militant"; Trotter, The African American Experience, 577; Anthony, The Time of the Furnaces, 11. 5. Corson, Promise or Peril, 20; Miles, The Radical Probe, 192. 6. Trotter, The African American Experience, 577. 7. "Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Opens," New Pittsburg Courier, 28 March 1964; "Firms, Roosevelt U. Launch Unique Scholarship Program," Chicago Daily Defender, 11 August 1964; "Chicago Youth Gets 4-Year College Grant," Chicago Daily Defender, 14 July 1965; "V.P.I. to Recruit Negroes," New York Times, 28 November 1965; "Negroes Get Free College Admissions," New York Amsterdam News, 30 October 1965; "250 Top Students Awarded 4-Year College Scholarships," Chicago Daily Defender, 8 February 1966; "NAACP Education Committee Awards College Scholarships to 38 Students," Bay State Banner, 22 June 1967. 8. For information on these transitional protests, see Forman, Sammy Younge, Jr.; Turner, "Conscience and Conflict;" Roy, "Student Activism." 9. Roy, "Student Activism," 61. 10. Turner, "Conscious and Conflict," 269–71. 11. Barlow and Shapiro, An End to Silence, 87. 12. Edwards, Black Students, 62. 13. Exum, Paradoxes of Protest, 44–5. 14. Stephens, "The Black University," 131. 15. Turner, "Conscious and Conflict," 281. 16. Hill, "Excerpts from a Life," 31–32. 17. See Robinson, Foster, and Ogilvie, Black Studies in the University. 18. For more information on the movement in 1968, see Rogers, "On the American Black Campus Movement in 1968." 19. See Barlow and Shapiro, An End to Silence; Napper, Blacker than Thou; Williamson, Black Power on Campus and Radicalizing the Ebony Tower; Dyer, "Protest and the politics of open admissions;" McCormick, The Black Student Protest Movement at Rutgers; Grady-Willis, Challenging U.S. Apartheid. 20. Dyer, "Protest and the Politics of Open Admissions," 114–26; Roy, "Student Activism and the Historically Black University," 69–85, 138–40; William Cotterell, "Armed Students Takeover Voorhees College Building," Chicago Daily Defender, 29 April 1969, 20; "The Siege of Greensboro," Newsweek, 2 June 1969, 38. 21. For an examination of the protests against BYU and the University of Wyoming, see Bullock, "Fired by Conscience." 22. See Palcic, "The History of the Black Student Union at Florida State University," 110–29; Cohodas, The Band Played Dixie; Carter, "U. of Michigan;" Spofford, Lynch Street; Thomas, "The Student Movement at Southern University." 23. Obatala, "Black Students," 272. 24. For more information on the intelligence community, see The Chronicle of Higher Education, 4 April 1971, 12 April 1971. 25. Edwards, Black Students, 76–9, 83–8. 26. Ibid., 88. 27. Ibid., 79–83, 88–92. 28. Walters and Smith, "The Black Education Strategy in the 1970s," 158, 165–6; "Fatigues of the 70s Has Taken Over, Say Delegates to Student Congress," The Chronicle of Higher Education, 28 August 1972, 1; Anderson, "Black Students," 41; Tripp, Black Student Activists, 76. 29. For the concept of "oppositional space," see Rojas, From Black Power to Black Studies. 30. Foley and Foley, The College Scene, 24. 31. Wisdom and Shaw, "Black Challenge to Higher Education," 352–3. 32. Young, Revolt of the Privileged, 33–4. 33. Turner, Sitting in and Speaking out. For these dissertations, see Favors, "Shelter in a Time of Storm;" Palcic, "The History of the Black Student Union;" Roy, "Student Activism;" and Turner, "Conscious and Conflict." 34. For the case studies at northern HWCUs, see Anthony, The Time of the Furnaces; Bradley, Harlem vs. Columbia; Downs, Cornel '69; Exum, Paradoxes of Protest; Glasker, Black Students in the Ivory Tower; Karagueuzian, Blow It Up; Orrick, College in Crisis; Napper, Blacker than Thou; Vargus, Revival of Ideology; Williamson, Black Power on Campus; Young, Revolt of the Privileged; McCormick, The Black Student Protest Movement at Rutgers. Also, see Williamson, Radicalizing the Ebony Tower. For the studies on the tragedies, see Forman, Sammy Younge, Jr.; Spofford, Lynch Street; Bass and Nelson, The Orangeburg Massacre. 35. Bradley, Harlem vs. Columbia, 4. 36. Williamson, Black Power on Campus, 1. 37. For this prevailing conception, see Gitlin, The Sixties; Hayden, Reunion; Whalen and Flacks, Beyond the Barricades. 38. Barlow, "The Student Movement," 1. 39. Erlich and Erlich, "Student Power, Participation and Revolution," 12. 40. "The Campus Revolutions: One Is Black, One White," New York Times, 12 May 1969, 51. 41. Hall, "The Long Civil Rights Movement." 42. Joseph, "Introduction," 10–11. 43. For the best study of this movement, see Wolters, The New Negro on Campus. 44. Rogers, "Celebrating 40 Years of Activism," 20.