Alopecia Areata: Clinical Perspective and an Insight into Pathogenesis
2003; Wiley; Volume: 30; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1346-8138.2003.tb00389.x
ISSN1346-8138
Autores Tópico(s)Dermatologic Treatments and Research
ResumoThe Journal of DermatologyVolume 30, Issue 4 p. 271-289 Review Article Alopecia Areata: Clinical Perspective and an Insight into Pathogenesis Virendra N. Sehgal, Corresponding Author Virendra N. Sehgal Dermato-Venereology (Skin/VD) Center, Sehgal Nursing Home, Azadpur, Subzi Mandi, Delhi Skin Care Clinic, Daryaganj, New DelhiReprint requests to: Prof. Virendra N. Sehgal, Dermato-Venereology (Skin/VD) Center, A/6 Panchwati, Delhi, 110-033 India.Search for more papers by this authorSanjiv Jain, Sanjiv Jain Dermato-Venereology (Skin/VD) Center, Sehgal Nursing Home, Azadpur, Subzi Mandi, Delhi Skin Care Clinic, Daryaganj, New DelhiSearch for more papers by this author Virendra N. Sehgal, Corresponding Author Virendra N. Sehgal Dermato-Venereology (Skin/VD) Center, Sehgal Nursing Home, Azadpur, Subzi Mandi, Delhi Skin Care Clinic, Daryaganj, New DelhiReprint requests to: Prof. Virendra N. Sehgal, Dermato-Venereology (Skin/VD) Center, A/6 Panchwati, Delhi, 110-033 India.Search for more papers by this authorSanjiv Jain, Sanjiv Jain Dermato-Venereology (Skin/VD) Center, Sehgal Nursing Home, Azadpur, Subzi Mandi, Delhi Skin Care Clinic, Daryaganj, New DelhiSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 July 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2003.tb00389.xCitations: 9Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1Gollinick H, Orfenos CE: Alopecia areata pathogenesis and clinical picture, in CE Orfonos, R Happle (eds); Hair and Hair Diseases, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990, p 529. 10.1007/978-3-642-74612-3_20 Google Scholar 2Safavi K: Prevalence of alopecia areata, in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (letter), Arch Dermatol, 128: 702, 1992. 10.1001/archderm.128.5.702 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 3Safavi KHH, Muller SA, Suman VJ, et al: Incidence of alopecia areata in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989, Mayo Clin Proc, 70: 625–633, 1995. 10.4065/70.7.628 Google Scholar 4Sabouraud R: Sur Petiologie de La pelade, Archives Dermato-Syphiligraphiques de La Clinique d'Hospital St. Louis, 1: 31, 1929. Google Scholar 5Brown WH: The etiology of alopecia areata and its relationship to vitiligo and possibly scleroderma, Br J Dermatol, 41: 299, 1929. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1929.tb09357.x Google Scholar 6Muller SA, Winkelmann RK: Alopecia areata, Arch Dermatol, 88: 290, 1963. 10.1001/archderm.1963.01590210048007 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 7De-Waard-van-der-Spek FB, Orange AP, De Raegmaecker DM, et al: Juvenile versus maturity onset alopecia areata—A comparative retrospective clinical study, Clin Exp Dermatol, 14: 429–433, 1989. 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1989.tb02604.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 8Friedmann PS: Clinical and Immunologic associations of alopecia areata, Semin Dermatol, 4: 9, 1985. Web of Science®Google Scholar 9Gip L, Loden A, Molin L: Alopecia areata: A follow up investigation of outpatient material, Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh), 49: 180–188, 1969. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 10Price V: Alopecia areata: Clinical aspects, J Invest Dermatol, 96 (suppl): 685, 1991. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12471869 Web of Science®Google Scholar 11Camacho F: Alopecia areata: Clinical features, Dermatopathology, in F Camacho, W Montagna, (eds): Trichology Diseases of the Pshilosebaceous Follicle. Aula Medical Group Madrid, 1997, p 417. Google Scholar 12Muralidhar S, Sharma VK, Kaur S: Ophiasis inversus: A rare pattern of alopecia areata [letter]. Pediatr Dermatol, 15: 326–327, 1998. 10.1111/j.1525-1470.1998.tb01353.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 13Orecchia G, Douville H, Marelli MA: Nail changes and alopecia areata, Ital Gene Rev Dermatol, 25: 179–184, 1988. Google Scholar 14Mitchell A, Krull E: Alopecia areata: Pathogenesis and treatment, J Am Acad Dermatol, 11: 763–775, 1984. 10.1016/S0190-9622(84)80450-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 15Headington JT: The histopathology of alopecia areata (abstract), J Invest Dermatol, 96: 69s, 1991. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12471877 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 16Eckert J, Church RE, Ebling FJ: The pathogenesis of alopecia areata, Br J Dermatol, 80: 203–210, 1968. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1968.tb11960.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 17Whiting DA: Histopathology of alopecia areata in horizontal section of scalp biopsies, J Invest Dermatol, 104: 265–275, 1995. 10.1038/jid.1995.46 Google Scholar 18Friedman PS: Clinical and immunologic association of alopecia areata, Semin Dermatol, 4: 9–15, 1985. Google Scholar 19Pinkuo H, Alopecia: Clinicopathologic correlation, Int J Dermatol, 19: 245–253, 1980. 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1980.tb00318.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 20Perret C, Brocher EB, Wiesner-Menzel L, Happle R: In situ demonstration of T-cell subsets in alopecia areata, Arch Dermatol Reser, 272: 155–158, 1982. 10.1007/BF00509041 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 21Todes-Taylor N, Turner R, Wood GS, et al: T-cell subpopulates in alopecia areata, J Am Acad Dermatol, 11: 216–223, 1984. 10.1016/S0190-9622(84)70152-6 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 22Bergfeld WF: Alopecia: Histologic changes, Advance in Dermatol, 4: 301–322, 1989. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 23Menerger AG, Slater DN, Bleehen SS: Alopecia areata: Alterations in the low growth cycle and correlation with the follicular pathology, Br J Dermatol, 114: 333–347, 1986. Google Scholar 24Tobin DJ, Fenton DA, Kendall MD: Cell degeneration in alopecia areata. An ultrastructural study, Am J Dermatopathol, 13: 248–256, 1991. 10.1097/00000372-199106000-00006 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 25Hull SM, Nulbrown M, Pepall L, et al: Immunohistologic and ultrastructural of the dermal papilla and hair follicle bulb from "active" and "normal" areas of alopacea areata, J Invest Dermatol, 96: 673–681, 1991. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470601 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 26Medler VC, Buys CM: Immunohistochemical characterization of the cellular infiltrate in severe alopecia areata before and after minoxidal treatment, Dermatologia, 175 (S): 29–35, 1987. 10.1159/000248899 Google Scholar 27Elslon DM, McCollough ML, Bergfeld WF, et al: Eosinophils in fibrous tracts and near hair bulbs: A helpful diagnostic feature of alopecia areata, J Am Acad Dermatol, 37: 101–106, 1997. 10.1016/S0190-9622(97)70219-6 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 28McDonagh AJ, Tazi-Ahnini R: Epidemiology and genetics of alopecia areata, Clin Exp Dermatol, 27: 405–409, 2002. 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2002.01077.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 29Tobin DJ, Bystryn JC: Immunity to hair follicles in alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 104 (suppl): 136–145, 1995. 10.1038/jid.1995.35 Google Scholar 30Bystryn JC, Tamesis J: Immunologic aspects of hair loss, J Invest Dermatol, 96: 885–895, 1991. Google Scholar 31Tobin DJ, Oren Freicr N, Fenton DA, et al: Antibodies to hair follicles in alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 102: 721–724, 1994. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12375477 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 32Tobin DJ, Oren Freicr N, Bystryn JC: Autoantibodies to hair follicles in normal individuals, Arch Dermatol, 103: 395–397, 1994. 10.1001/archderm.1994.01690030131029 Google Scholar 33Paus R: Immunology of the hair follicle, in JD Bos (ed): The Skin Immune System, CRC Press Raton, Florida, 1997, pp 377–398. Google Scholar 34 JD Bos (ed): The Skin Immune System Buca Raton, CRC press, Florida, 1997. Google Scholar 35Paus R, Hofmann U, Eichmuller S, et al: Distribution and changing density of gamma-delta T cells in murine skin during the induced hair cycle, Br J Dermatol, 130: 281–289, 1994. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb02922.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 36Paus R, Foitzik K, Welker R, et al: Transforming growth factor beta-receptor type I and type II expression during murine hair follicle development and cycling, J Invest Dermatol, 109: 518–526, 1997. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12336635 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 37Paus R, Vanderveen C, Eichmuller S, et al: Generation and cyclic remodelling of the hair follicle immune system in mice, J Invest Dermatol, 111: 7–18, 1998. 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00243.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 38Paus R: Immunology of the hair follicle, Presented at the Third International Research Workshop on Alopecia Areata, Washington DC, Nov 5, 1998. Google Scholar 39Paus R, Eichmuller S, Hofmann U, et al: Expression of classical and non-classical MHC class I antigens in murine hair follicles, Br J Dermatol, 131: 177–183, 1994. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08488.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 40Paus R, Slominski A, Czarnetzki BM: Is alopecia areata an autoimmune-response against melanogenesis-related proteins, exposed by abnormal MHC class 1-expression in the anagen hair bulb?, Yale J Brt Med, 66: 541–554, 1994. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 41Westgate GE, Graggs RI, Gibson WT: Immune privileges in hair growth, J Invest Dermatol, 97: 417–420, 1991. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12481002 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 42de Andrade M, Jackow CM, Dahm N, Hordinsky M, Reveille JD, Duvic M: alopecia areata in families: Association with the HLA locus, J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc, 4: 220–223, 1999. 10.1038/sj.jidsp.5640215 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 43Welsh EA, Clerk HH, Epstein SZ, et al: Human leukocyte antigen-DUB1*03 alleles are associated with alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 103: 758–763, 1994. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12412584 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 44Duvic M, Welsh EA, Jacrow C, et al: Analysis of HLA-D Locus alleles in alopecia areata patients and families, J Invest Dermatol, 104: 55–65, 1995. 10.1038/jid.1995.29 Google Scholar 45Hsoi J, Murphy GF, Egan CL, et al: Regulation of 'Langerhans' cells function by nerves containing calcitonin gene-related peptide, Nature, 363: 159–163, 1993. 10.1038/363159a0 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 46Rauch J, Lundeberg T, Brodda-Jansen G, et al: Potent anti-inflammatory action of calcitonin gene-related peptide, Biochem Biophy Res Commun, 180: 1429–1435, 1993. Google Scholar 47Vanderbank AA, Autoimmune disease: Promising emerging therapies, J Invest Dermatol, 104: 10s–11s, 1995. 10.1038/jid.1995.33 PubMedGoogle Scholar 48Mims CA: Alopecia in mice infected with murine cytomegalovines (MCMV), Br J Esp Path, 66: 655–662, 1985. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 49Ulmer R, Cho R, Duvic M: Analysis of p53 expression in psoriasis by immuno-peroxidase staining, Clin Res, 1: 774A, 1993. Google Scholar 50Skinner R 13 Ji, Light WH, Bale GF: Alopecia areata and the presence of cytomegalovirus DNA, JAMA, 273: 1419–1420, 1998. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 51Jackow C, Puffer N, Hordineky M, et al: Alopecia areata and cytomegalovirus infection in twins. Genes versus environment, J Am Acad Dermatol, 38: 418–425, 1998. 10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70499-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 52Tosti A, La Placa M, Placucci F, et al: No correlation between cytomegalovirus and alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 107: 443, 1996. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12365508 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 53Szafer F, Price VH, Oksenberg JR, et al: T-cell receptor repertoire V2 in alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 104: 225–245, 1995. 10.1038/jid.1995.43 Google Scholar 54Larsen CG, Anderson AO, Oppenheim JJ, et al: Production of interleukin 8 by human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes in response to interleukin 17 tumour necrosis factor, Immunol, 68: 31–39, 1989. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 55Baggiolini M, Walz A, Kunkel SL: Neutrophil activating peptide-1/interleukin-8, a novel cytokine that activates neutrophils, J Clin Invest, 84: 1045–1049, 1989. 10.1172/JCI114265 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 56Kupper TS, Kent M, Pravin Kumar S, et al: Production of IL-6 by keratinocytes: Implication for epidermal inflammation and immunity, Ann NY Acad Sci, 557: 454–465, 1990. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24038.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 57Kupper TS, Birchall N, Mc Guire JS, et al: Induction of GM-CSF gene expression by interleukin-1 in human keratinocytes, Clin Res, 35: 581, 1987. Google Scholar 58Callard RE: Cytokine Regulation of B-cell growth and development, Br Med Bull, 45: 371–388, 1984. Google Scholar 59Feldmann M, Londei M, Hawarth C: T cells and lymphokines, Br Med Bull, 45: 361–370, 1989. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072328 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 60Balkwill FR: Tumour necrosis factor, Br Med Bull, x45: 389–407, 1989. Google Scholar 61Fiero W, Beyaer R, Brouckeurt P, et al: Gene cloning and structure-function relationship of cytokines such as TNF and interleukins, Immunal Lett, 16: 219–226, 1987. 10.1016/0165-2478(87)90150-7 Web of Science®Google Scholar 62Dustin MI, Rothlein R, Bhan AK, et al: Induction of IL-1 and interferon, tissue distribution, biochemistry, and function of a natural adherence molecule (ICAM-1), J Immunol, 137: 245–254, 1986. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 63Pober JS, Gimbrone MA, Lapierre LA, et al: Overlapping patterns of activation of human endothelial cells by interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor and immune interferon, J Immunol, 137: 1893–1896, 1986. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 64Bevilacqua MP, Stengelin S, Gimbrone MA, et al: Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1: An inducible receptor for neutrophils related to complement regulatory proteins and lectins, Science, 243: 1160–1165, 1989. 10.1126/science.2466335 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 65Dustin ML, Singer KH, Tuck Dt, et al: Adhesion of T-lymphocytes to epidermal keratinocytes is regulated by interferon and is mediated by intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), J Exp Med, 167: 1323–1340, 1988. 10.1084/jem.167.4.1323 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 66Bashom TY, Nickloff BJ, Merigan TC, et al: Recombinant gamma interferon induces HLA-DR expression on cultured human keratinocytes, J Invest Dermatol, 83: 88–90, 1988. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12262597 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 67Mac Donald-Hull S, Nutbrown M, Pepall L, et al: Immunohistologic and ultra-structural comparison of the dermal papilla and hair follicle bulb from 'active' and 'normal' 'areas' of alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 96: 673–681, 1991. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470601 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 68Tarlow JK, Clay FE, Cork MJ, et al: Severity of alopecia areata is associated with a polymorphism in the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene, J Invest Dermatol, 103: 387, 1991. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12395398 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 69Barahamani N, de Andrade M, Slusser J, Zhang Q, Duvic M: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist allele 2 and familial alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 118: 335–337, 2002. 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01676.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 70Cork MJ, Tarlow JK, Clay FE, et al: Alleles of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as a genetic severity factor in alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 104: 158–165, 1995. 10.1038/jid.1995.37 Google Scholar 71Philpott MP, Sanders DA, Bowes J, et al: Effect of interleukins, colony stimulating factors, and tumour necrosis factor on human hair follicle growth in vitro, A possible role for interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor in alopecia areata, Br J Dermatol, 135: 942–948, 1995. 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-1099.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 72Bodemer C, Peuchmaur M, Fraitaig S, et al: Role of cytotoxic T cells in chronic alopecia areata, J Inverst Dermatol, 114: 112–116, 2000. 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00828.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 73Nicklin MJ, Weith A, Duff GW: A physical map of the region encompassing the human interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genes, Genomics, 19: 382–384, 1994. 10.1006/geno.1994.1076 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 74Di Giovine FS, Takhish E, Blakemore AIF, et al: Single base polymorphism at-511 in the human interleukin-1 beta gene, Hum Mol genet, 1: 352, 1994. Google Scholar 75Di Giovine FS, Cork MJ, Crane A, et al: Novel genetic association of an IL-1 gene variation at +3953 with IL-1 protein production and psoriasis, Cytokine, 7: 606, 1995. Google Scholar 76Mc Dowell TL, Symons JA, Ploski R, et al: A genetic association between juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and novel interleukin-1 alpha polymorphism, Arthritis Rheum, 38: 221–228, 1995. 10.1002/art.1780380210 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 77Tarlow JK, Blakemore AIF, Leonard A, et al: Polymorphism in human IL-1 receptors antagonist gene intron 2 is due to variable number of an 86 bp tandem repeat, Human genet, 91: 403–404, 1995. Web of Science®Google Scholar 78Kinato U, Reunala T, Karvonen J, et al: HLA-B 12 in alopecia areata, Arch Dermatol, 13: 17–16, 1977. Google Scholar 79Hachom-Zadeh S, Brautbar C, Cohen C, et al: HLA and alopecia areata in Jerusalem, Tissue Antigen, 18: 71–74, 1981. 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1981.tb01366.x Web of Science®Google Scholar 80Bjorleman PJ, Safer MA, Binroui B, et al: Structure of the human class I histocompatability antigen, HLA-A2, Nature, 329: 506, 1987. PubMedGoogle Scholar 81Kuntz BM, Selzle D, Braun-Falco O, et al: HLA antigens in alopecia areata, Arch Dermatol, 113: 1717, 1977. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 82Valsecchi R, Vicari O, Frigeni A, et al: Familial alopecia areata—Genetic susceptibility or coincidence?, Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh), 65: 175–177, 1984. Web of Science®Google Scholar 83Frentz G, Thorpson K, Jakobson BK, et al: HLA-DR4 in alopecia areata (Letter), J Am Acad Dermatol, 14: 129, 1986. 10.1016/S0190-9622(86)80384-X CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 84Mikesell JF, Bergfeld WF, Braun WE: HLA-DR antigens in alopecia areata, Cleve Clin Q, 53: 189–191, 1986. 10.3949/ccjm.53.2.189 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 85Orecchia G, Cuccia Belvedrere SM, Martinetti M, et al: Human leukocyte antigen region involvement in the genetic predisposition to alopecia areata, Dermatologica, 175: 10–14, 1987. 10.1159/000248775 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 86Odum N, Morling N, Georgsen J, et al: HLA-DR antigens in patients with alopecia areata, Tissue Antigen, 35: 114–117, 1990. 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1990.tb01766.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 87Horling N, Frentz G, Fugger L, et al: DNA polymorphism of HLA class II gene in alopecia areata, Disease Marker, 9: 35, 1991. Google Scholar 88Zheng L, Weetman AP, Triedmann PS, et al: HLA association with alopecia areata, Tissue Antigen, 38: 89, 1991. 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1991.tb01885.x Web of Science®Google Scholar 89Duvic M, Hordinsky MK, Tredler VC, et al: HLA-D locus association in alopecia areata, Arch Dermatol, 127: 64–68, 1991. 10.1001/archderm.1991.01680010074011 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 90Colombe BW, Price VH, Knoury EL, et al: HLA class I antigen association helps to define two types of alopecia areata, J Am Acad Dermatol, 33: 757–764, 1995. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 91Kavak A, Baykal C, Ozarmagan G, et al: HLA in alopecia areata, Int J Dermatol, 39: 589–592, 2000. 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00921.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 92Ikeda T: A new classfication of alopecia areata, Dermatologica, 131: 421, 1965. 10.1159/000254503 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 93Penders AJM: Alopecia areata and atopy, Dermatologica, 156: 306–308, 1978. PubMedGoogle Scholar 94Young E, Bruns HM, Berrens L: Alopecia areata and atopy, Dermatologica, 156: 306–308, 1978. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 95Shellow WV, Edwards JE, Koo JY: Profile of alopecia areata: A questionnaire analysis of patients and family, Int J Dermatol, 31: 186–189, 1992. 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1992.tb03932.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 96Cookson WOCM, Young RP, Sandford AJ, et al: Maternal inheritance of atopic IgE responsiveness on chromosome 11q, Lancet, 340: 381–384, 1992. 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91468-N CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 97Sanford AJ, Shivakawa T, Moffatt MF, et al: Localization of atopy and β subunit of high affinity IgE receptor (FCERI) on chromosome 11q, Lancet, 341: 332–334, 1993. 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90136-5 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 98Bergfeld WF, Tam RC, Remzi BK: Alopecia areata and thyroid disease, Presented as a poster at the Third International Research Workshop on Alopecia Areata, Washington DC, Nov. 5, 1998. Google Scholar 99Hordinsky M: Alopecia areata and atopy, Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology, New Orleans, Feb. 4–9, 1995. Google Scholar 100Stankler Bewsher PD: Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, endocrine deficiency and alopecia areata, Br J Dermatol, 86: 238–245, 1972. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1972.tb02223.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 101Boni R, Trueb RM, Wuthrich B: Alopecia areata in a patient with candidiasis-endocrinopathy syndrome, Dermatology, 191: 68–71, 1995. 10.1159/000246494 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 102Cunliffe WJ, Hall R, Newell DJ, et al: Alopecia areata, thyroid disease and autoimmunity, Br J Dermatol, 81: 877–881, 1969. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1969.tb15967.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 103Wong SJ, Shohat T, Vadheim C, et al: Increased risk of type-1 (insulin dependent) diabetes in relatives of patients with alopecia areata, Am J Med Genet, 51: 234, 1994. 10.1002/ajmg.1320510313 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 104Tan RS: Ulcerative colitis, myaesthenia gravis, atypical lichen planus, alopecia areata, vitiligo, Proc K Soc Med, 67: 195, 1974. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 105Brenner W, Diem E, Gschnart F: Coincidence of vitiligo alopecia, onychodystrophy, localized scleroderma and lichen planus, Dermatologica, 159: 356–360, 1979. 10.1159/000250627 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 106Werth VP, White WL, Sanchez MR, et al: Incidence of alopecia areata in lupus erythematosus, Arch Dermatol, 128: 368–371, 1992. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 107Friedmann PS: Alopecia areata and autoimmunity, Br J Dermatol, 105: 153–157, 1981. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1981.tb01200.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 108Cunliffe WJ, Hall R, Stevenson CJ: Vitiligo, thyroid disease and autoimmunity, Br J Dermatol, 80: 135–139, 1968. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1968.tb12282.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 109Kern F, Hoffmann WH, Hambrick GW, et al: Alopecia areata. Immunologic studies and treatment with prednisone, Arch Dermatol, 107: 407, 1973. 10.1001/archderm.1973.01620180061019 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 110Kockak Altintas AG, Gulv, Dumon S: Bilateral keratoconus associated with Hashimoto's disease, alopecia areata and atopic keratoconjunctivitis, Eur J Ophthalmol, 9: 130–133, 1999. Google Scholar 111Sharma VK, Sialy R, Kumar B, et al: Evaluation of thyroid function in north Indians with alopecia areata: Response to intravenous infection of 100 microgram thyrotopin releasing hormone (TRH), J Dermatol, 26: 339–342, 1999. 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1999.tb03484.x CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 112Faergemann J: Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus generalisato, alopecia areata, and polymyalgia rheumatica found in the same patient, Cutis, 23: 757–758, 1979. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 113Anderson L: Alopecia areata: A clinical study, Br Med J, 4691: 1250, 1950. 10.1136/bmj.2.4691.1250 Google Scholar 114Main RA, Robbie RB, Gay ES, et al: Smooth muscle antibodies and alopecia areata, Br J Dermatol, 92: 389–393, 1975. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1975.tb03098.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 115Calver NS, Macdonald Hull SP, Parkin SM, et al: Autoantibodies in alopecia areata, Br J Dermatol, 127: 432, 1992. Google Scholar 116Calver NS, Randal VA, Parkin SM, et al: Alopecia areata serum inhibits the growth of normal dermal papilla cells, J Invest Dermatol, 1101: 475, 1993. Google Scholar 117Randall VA, Macdonald Hull SP, Nutbrown M, et al: Is the dermal papilla a primary target in alopecia areata?, J Invest Dermatol, 104: 75–85, 1995. 10.3905/joi.4.3.75 Google Scholar 118Tobin DJ, Orentreich N, Fenton DA, et al: Autoantibodies to hair follicles in alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 102: 721–724, 1994. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12375477 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 119Tobin DJ, Hann SK, Song MS, et al: Hair follicle structures targeted by antibodies in patients with alopecia areata, Arch Dermatol, 133: 57–61, 1997. 10.1001/archderm.1997.03890370063010 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 120Tobin DJ, Sundberg JP, King LE, et al: Autoantibodies to hair follicles in C3H/He J mice with alopecia areata like hair loss, J Invest Dermatol, 109: 329–333, 1997. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12335848 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 121Friedmann PS: Decreased lymphocyte reactivity and autoimmunity in alopecia areata, Br J Dermatol, 105: 145–152, 1981. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1981.tb01199.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 122Majewski, BBJ, Koh MS, Taylor DR, et al: Increased ratio of helper to suppressor T-cells in alopecia areata, Br J Dermatol, 110: 171–175, 1984. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb07463.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 123Hordinsky MK, Hallgren H, Nelson D: Suppressor cell number and function in alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol, 120: 188–195, 1984. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 124Brown AC, Olkouski ZL, McLaren JR: Thymus lymphocytes of the peripheral blood in patients with alopecia areata, Arch Dermatol, 113: 688, 1977. 10.1001/archderm.1977.01640050148037 Web of Science®Google Scholar 125Valsecchi R, Bontempelli M, Vicari O, et al: Peripheral T-cell subsets in patients with alopecia areata in different clinical phases, Dermatologica, 171: 170–174, 1985. 10.1159/000249413 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 126Imai R, Miura J, Takamori K, et al: Increased HLA-DR+ T-lymphocyte population in peripheral blood of alopecia areata, Clin Exp Dermatol, 16: 176–180, 1991. 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1991.tb00340.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 127Valsecchi R, Imberti G, Martino D, et al: Alopecia areata and interleukin-2 receptor, Dermatology, 184: 126–128, 1992. 10.1159/000247519 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 128Perret C, Wiesner-Menzel L, Happle R: Immunohistochemical analysis of T-cell subset in peribulbar and intrabulbar infiltrates of alopecia areata, Acta Derm Venereol, 64: 26–30, 1984. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 129Wiesner-Menzel L, Happle R: Intrabulbar and peribulbar accumulation of dendritic 67 OKT6-positive cells in alopecia areata, Arch Dermatol Res, 276: 333–334, 1984. 10.1007/BF00404628 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 130Kalish RS, Johnson KL, Hordmsky MK: Alopecia areata: Autoreactive T-cell are variably enriched in scalp lesion relative to peripheral blood, Arch Dermatol, 128: 1072–1077, 1992. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 131Gilhar A, Pillai T, Assay B, et al: Failure of passive transfer of serum from patients with alopecia areata and alopecia universalis to inhibit hair growth in transplant of human scalp skin grafted onto nude mice, Br J Dermatol, 126: 166–171, 1992. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb07815.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 132Gilhar A, Ulmann Y, Berkutzki T, et al: Autoimmune hair loss (alopecia areata) transferred by T-lymphocytes to human explants on SCID mice, J Clin Invest, 101: 62–67, 1998. 10.1172/JCI551 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 133Mims CA: Alopecia in mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMVC), Br J Exp Pathol, 66: 655–662, 1985. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 134Cerimes PE, Martin J, Wojdoni A: A potential role for viral infections in the pathogenesis of vitiligo as assessed by the polymerase chain reaction. American Dermatological Association Inc., 114 Annual Meeting. White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, May 27–June 1, 1994. Google Scholar 135Skinner RB Jr, Light WH, Bale GF: Alopecia areata and the presence of cytomegalovirus DNA, JAMA, 273: 1419–1420, 1995. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 136Skinner RB Jr, Light WH, Leonardi to, Bale F, Rosenberg EW: A molecular approach to alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 104: 35–45, 1995. 10.1038/jid.1995.27 Google Scholar 137Jackow C, Puffer N, Hordinsky M, et al: Alopecia areata and cytomegalovirus infection in twins: Genes versus environment?, J Am Acad Dermatol, 38: 418–425, 1998. 10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70499-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 138Tosti A, Gentilomi G, Venturoli S: In correlation between cytomegalovirus and alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 107: 43, 1996. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12365508 Web of Science®Google Scholar 139Garcia-Hernandez MJ, Torres MJ, Palomares JC, et al: No evidence of cytomegalovirus DNA in alopecia areata (letter), J Invest Dermatol, 110: 185, 1998. 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00115.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 140Mc Elwee KJ, Boggess D, Burgett B, et al: Murine cytomegalovirus is not associated with alopecia areata in C3H/He J mice (letter), J Invest Dermatol, 110: 986–987, 1998. 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00207.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 141Mac Alpine J: Is alopecia areata psychomatic? A psychiatric study, Br J Dermatol, 70: 117, 1958. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1958.tb13304.x CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 142Piemi GI: Life events and alopecia areata, Psychother Psychosom, 41: 48–52, 1984. 10.1159/000287786 Google Scholar 143Colon EA: Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with alopecia areata, Compr Psyciatry, 32: 245–251, 1991. 10.1016/0010-440X(91)90045-E CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 144van der Steen P, Tranpe H, Happle R, et al: The genetic risk of alopecia areata in first degree relations of affected patients, Acta Derm Venereol (Stock), 72: 373–375, 1992. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 145Liakopoulo M, Alifierati T, Katideniou A, et al: Children with alopecia areata: Psychiatric symptomatology and life events, J Am Acad Child Adol Psych, 36: 678–684, 1997. 10.1097/00004583-199705000-00019 Web of Science®Google Scholar 146MacDonald Hull S, Nutbrown M, Pepall L, et al: Immunohistologic and ultrastructural comparison of dermal papilla and hair follicle bulb from active and normal areas of alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 96: 673–681, 1991. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470601 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 147Nutbrown M, Susan P, MacDonald Hull S, et al: Abnormalities in the uitra-structure of melanocytes and outer root sheath of clinically normal hair follicles from alopecia areata scalps, J Invest Dermatol, 104: 125–135, 1995. 10.1038/jid.1995.34 Google Scholar 148Tobin DJ, Fenton DA, Kendall MD: Ultra-structural observations on the hair bulb melanocytes and melanosomes in acute alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 94: 803–807, 1990. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12874660 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 149Hsoi J, Murphy GF, Egan CL, et al: Regulation of Langerhans cell function by nerves containing calcitonin gene-related peptide, Nature, 363: 159–163, 1993. 10.1038/363159a0 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 150Hordinsky M, Lorimer S, Word S: Innervation and vasculature of the normal human and alopecia areata hair follicle: An immuno-histochemical and laser scanning contocal microscope study, in Proceedings of the First Tricontinental Meeting of Hair Research Societies, Brussles, Belgium, 1995. Google Scholar 151Hordinsky M, Kennedy W, Wendelschafer-Gabb G, et al: Structure and function of cutaneous nerves in alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 104: 285–295, 1995. 10.1038/jid.1995.48 Google Scholar 152Raud J, Lundeberg T, Brodda-Jansen G, et al: Potent anti-inflammatory action of calcitonin gene-related peptide. Biochem Biophys Res, Commun, 180: 1429–1435, 1991. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 153Paus R, Heinzelmann T, Schultz IC-D, et al: Hair growth induction by substance P, Lab Invest, 71: 134–140, 1994. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 154Oliver R, Jahoda CAB, Home KA, et al: The DEBR rate model for alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 96: 97s, 1993. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12472251 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 155McElwee KJ, Tobin DJ, Bystryn JC, et al: Alopecia areata: An autoimmune disease?, Exp Dermatol, 8: 371–379, 1999. 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1999.tb00385.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 156Freyshmidt-Paul P, Sundberg JP, Happle R, et al: Successful treatment of alopecia areata-like hair loss with the contact sensitizer squalic acid dibutylester (SADBE) in C3H/He J mice, J Invest Dermatol, 113: 61–68, 1999. 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00640.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 157McElwee KJ, Boggess D, King LE, et al: Alopecia areata versus juvenile alopecia in C3H/He J mice: Tools to dissect the role of inflammation in focal alopecia, Exp Dermatol, 8: 354–355, 1999. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 158Shapiro J, Sundber JP, Bissonnette R, et al: Alopecia areata-like hair loss in C3H/Hel mice and DFBR rats can be reversed using topical diphencyprone, J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc, 4: 239, 1999. 10.1038/sj.jidsp.5640219 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 159McElwee KJ, Spers EM, Oliver RF, et al: Partial restoration of hair growth in the DEBR model for Alopecia areata after in vivo depletion of CD4+ T cells, Br J Dermatol, 140: 432–437, 1999. 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02705.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 160Freyschmidt-Paul P, Ziegler A, McElwee KJ, et al: Treatment of alopecia areata in C3H/He J mice with the topical immuno-suppressant FK506 (Tacrolimus), Eur J Dermatol, 11: 405–409, 2001. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 161Gilhar A, Shalaginov R, Assy B, et al: Alopecia areata is a T-lymphocyte mediated autoimmune disease: Lesional human T-lymphocytes transfer alopecia areata to human skin grafts on SCID mice, J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc, 4: 207–210, 1999. 10.1038/sj.jidsp.5640212 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 162Sundberg JP, Cordy WR, King LE Jr: Alopecia areata in aging C3H/He J mice, J Invest Dermatol, 102: 847–856, 1994. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12382416 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 163Sundberg JP, Bogess D, Montagutelli X, et al: C3H/He J mouse model for alopecia areata, J Invest Dermatol, 104: 16S–17S, 1995. 10.1038/jid.1995.38 PubMedGoogle Scholar 164McElwee KJ, Boggess D, King LG, et al: Experimental induction of alopecia areata-like hair loss in C3H/He J mice using full thickness skin graft, J Invest Dermatol, 111: 797–803, 1998. 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00380.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 165McElwee KJ, Pickett P, Oliver RF: Hair follicle auto-antibodies in DEBR rat sera, J Invest Dermatol, 104: 335–345, 1995. 10.1038/jid.1995.52 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 166Zhang J-G, Oliver RF: Immuno-histological study of the development of the cellular infiltrate in the pelage follicles of the DEBR model for alopecia areata, Br J Dermatol, 130: 405–414, 1994. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb03371.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 167Sundberg JP, Oliver RF, McElwee KJ, et al: Alopecia areata in humans and other mammalian species, J Invest Dermatol, 104: 325–335, 1995. 10.1038/jid.1995.51 Google Scholar 168Price VH, Khoury EL: Alopecia areata, Prog Dermatol, 25: 1–7, 1991. Google Scholar 169Michie HJ, Jahoda CAB, Oliver RF, et al: The DEBR rat: An animal model of human alopecia areata, Br J Dermatol, 125: 94–100, 1991. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb06054.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 170Hamm H, Traupe H: Loose anagen hair of childhood: The phenomenon of easy pluckable hair, J Am Acad Dermatol, 20: 242–248, 1989. 10.1016/S0190-9622(89)70029-3 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume30, Issue4April 2003Pages 271-289 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)