Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Contain Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Enzyme Activity
2004; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 109; Issue: 11 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1161/01.cir.0000120558.41356.e6
ISSN1524-4539
AutoresAldo Paolicchi, Michele Emdin, Erri Ghliozeni, Eugenio Ciancia, Claudio Passino, G Popoff, Alfonso Pompella,
Tópico(s)Amyloidosis: Diagnosis, Treatment, Outcomes
ResumoHomeCirculationVol. 109, No. 11Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Contain Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Enzyme Activity Free AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBHuman Atherosclerotic Plaques Contain Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Enzyme Activity Aldo Paolicchi, Michele Emdin, Erri Ghliozeni, Eugenio Ciancia, Claudio Passino, George Popoff and Alfonso Pompella Aldo PaolicchiAldo Paolicchi From the Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa (A. Paolicchi, A. Pompella); the Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa (M.E., C.P.); Azienda Ospedaliera Pisana, Pisa (E.C.); and Clinica Villa Maria Beatrice, Firenze (E.G., G.P.), Italy. , Michele EmdinMichele Emdin From the Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa (A. Paolicchi, A. Pompella); the Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa (M.E., C.P.); Azienda Ospedaliera Pisana, Pisa (E.C.); and Clinica Villa Maria Beatrice, Firenze (E.G., G.P.), Italy. , Erri GhliozeniErri Ghliozeni From the Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa (A. Paolicchi, A. Pompella); the Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa (M.E., C.P.); Azienda Ospedaliera Pisana, Pisa (E.C.); and Clinica Villa Maria Beatrice, Firenze (E.G., G.P.), Italy. , Eugenio CianciaEugenio Ciancia From the Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa (A. Paolicchi, A. Pompella); the Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa (M.E., C.P.); Azienda Ospedaliera Pisana, Pisa (E.C.); and Clinica Villa Maria Beatrice, Firenze (E.G., G.P.), Italy. , Claudio PassinoClaudio Passino From the Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa (A. Paolicchi, A. Pompella); the Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa (M.E., C.P.); Azienda Ospedaliera Pisana, Pisa (E.C.); and Clinica Villa Maria Beatrice, Firenze (E.G., G.P.), Italy. , George PopoffGeorge Popoff From the Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa (A. Paolicchi, A. Pompella); the Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa (M.E., C.P.); Azienda Ospedaliera Pisana, Pisa (E.C.); and Clinica Villa Maria Beatrice, Firenze (E.G., G.P.), Italy. and Alfonso PompellaAlfonso Pompella From the Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa (A. Paolicchi, A. Pompella); the Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa (M.E., C.P.); Azienda Ospedaliera Pisana, Pisa (E.C.); and Clinica Villa Maria Beatrice, Firenze (E.G., G.P.), Italy. Originally published23 Mar 2004https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000120558.41356.E6Circulation. 2004;109:1440During the last decade, growing evidence has shown that serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is an independent prognostic marker for cardiac death and reinfarction, both in unselected populations and in patients with coronary artery disease. Clinical and epidemiological evidence indicates that the prognostic value of GGT is largely independent of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease and alcohol consumption. The catalytic activity of GGT, which is present on the surface of cell membranes and in serum, is responsible for the extracellular catabolism of the antioxidant glutathione. Cysteinyl glycine deriving from the hydrolysis of glutathione performed by GGT has been found to trigger iron-dependent production of reactive oxygen species as well as low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro. The localization of GGT within the coronary plaque (Figure) provides a pathological basis for the hypothesis of a direct participation of GGT in low-density lipoprotein oxidation within the plaque and in atherogenesis and coronary artery disease progression. Download figureDownload PowerPointHistochemical and immunohistochemical demonstration of GGT enzyme activity within a frozen section of coronary atheroma from endo-arteriectomy in vivo. Histochemical reaction for GGT enzyme activity was performed by using the specific substrate gamma-glutamyl-4-methoxy-2-naphtylamide and the diazonium salt Fast Garnet GBC as a chromogen. A strong GGT activity (the red stain) is selectively present in correspondence of the core of the atheroma, while the fibrous cap stains negative (A, magnification 20×). The identification of the enzyme was confirmed immunohistochemically using a polyclonal antibody directed against the heavy chain of human GGT, which marked the same part of the atheroma (B and C, magnification 40× and 10×, respectively). The homogeneous immunostaining of oxidized lipid-containing foam cells by the antibody is evident at higher magnification (B). For the sake of confirming the localization of GGT activity, another section of the same specimen was immunostained with an antibody directed against CD 68+ cells (ie, macrophages), selectively identifying foam cells (D and E, magnification 10× and 40×, respectively).The editor of Images in Cardiovascular Medicine is Hugh A. McAllister, Jr, MD, Chief, Department of Pathology, St Luke's Episcopal Hospital and Texas Heart Institute, and Clinical Professor of Pathology, University of Texas Medical School and Baylor College of Medicine.Circulation encourages readers to submit cardiovascular images to the Circulation Editorial Office, St Luke's Episcopal Hospital/Texas Heart Institute, 6720 Bertner Ave, MC1-267, Houston, TX 77030.FootnotesCorrespondence to Prof Aldo Paolicchi, Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, sez. di Patologia Generale, Scuola Medica, via Roma, 55 I-56126, Pisa, Italy. E-mail [email protected] eLetters(0)eLetters should relate to an article recently published in the journal and are not a forum for providing unpublished data. Comments are reviewed for appropriate use of tone and language. Comments are not peer-reviewed. Acceptable comments are posted to the journal website only. Comments are not published in an issue and are not indexed in PubMed. Comments should be no longer than 500 words and will only be posted online. References are limited to 10. Authors of the article cited in the comment will be invited to reply, as appropriate.Comments and feedback on AHA/ASA Scientific Statements and Guidelines should be directed to the AHA/ASA Manuscript Oversight Committee via its Correspondence page.Sign In to Submit a Response to This Article Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Cho E, Jeong S, Chung G, Yoo J, Cho Y, Lee K, Shin D, Kim Y, Yoon J, Han K and Yu S (2023) Gamma-glutamyl transferase and risk of all-cause and disease-specific mortality: a nationwide cohort study, Scientific Reports, 10.1038/s41598-022-25970-0, 13:1 Ferrannini G, Rosenthal N, Hansen M and Ferrannini E (2022) Liver function markers predict cardiovascular and renal outcomes in the CANVAS Program, Cardiovascular Diabetology, 10.1186/s12933-022-01558-w, 21:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2022. Sung Y, Lee Y, Jung D and Park B (2022) Potential Association of Isolated γ-Glutamyltransferase Elevation with Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in Lean Koreans, Journal of Personalized Medicine, 10.3390/jpm12121966, 12:12, (1966) Fard M, Najafi F, Rezaeian S, Kohsari M and Moradinazar M (2022) Association between serum liver enzymes and hypertension using propensity score matching analysis: evidence from a large kurdish prospective cohort study, BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 10.1186/s12872-022-02884-3, 22:1 Sanguinetti C, Scalise V, Neri T, Celi A, Susini V, Franzini M and Pedrinelli R (2022) Binding of Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase to TLR4 Signalling Allows Tissue Factor Activation in Monocytes, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10.3390/ijms232012207, 23:20, (12207) Li S, Wang A, Tian X, Zuo Y, Meng X and Zhang Y (2022) Elevated gamma‐glutamyl transferase levels are associated with stroke recurrence after acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 10.1111/cns.13909, 28:10, (1637-1647), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2022. Aimo A, Chiappino S, Paolicchi A, Della Latta D, Martini N, Clemente A, Musetti V, Masotti S, Panichella G, Piagneri V, Storti S, Monteleone A, Passino C, Chiappino D, Franzini M and Emdin M (2021) Big gamma-glutamyltransferase is associated with epicardial fat volume and cardiovascular outcome in the general population, European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab215, 29:11, (1510-1518), Online publication date: 22-Aug-2022. Rigatti S and Stout R (2022) Association of Liver Function Tests with Mortality in an Insurance Applicant Population, Journal of Insurance Medicine, 10.17849/insm-49-3-172-182.1, 49:3, (172-182), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2022. Kim J, Han K, Yoo J, Park K and Oh S (2021) Liver enzymes and risk of ocular motor cranial nerve palsy: a nationwide population-based study, Neurological Sciences, 10.1007/s10072-021-05735-9, 43:5, (3395-3405), Online publication date: 1-May-2022. Spoto B, D'Arrigo G, Tripepi G, Bolignano D and Zoccali C (2019) Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase, oxidized LDL and mortality in the elderly, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 10.1007/s40520-019-01391-4, 33:5, (1393-1397), Online publication date: 1-May-2021. Jichitu A, Bungau S, Stanescu A, Vesa C, Toma M, Bustea C, Iurciuc S, Rus M, Bacalbasa N and Diaconu C (2021) Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Comorbidities: Pathophysiological Links, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Management, Diagnostics, 10.3390/diagnostics11040689, 11:4, (689) Tang Z, Chen X, Zhang W, Sun X, Hou Q, Li Y, Feng X, Chen Y, Lv J, Ji L, Ding G and Li D (2021) Association Between Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Women, Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10.3389/fnagi.2021.630409, 13 Nguyen K, Peer N, Kengne A and Morgan E (2021) Associations of gamma-glutamyl transferase with cardio-metabolic diseases in people living with HIV infection in South Africa, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0246131, 16:2, (e0246131) Danikiewicz A, Hudzik B, Nowak J, Kowalska J, Zieleń-Zynek I, Szkodzinski J, Naung Tun H and Zubelewicz-Szkodzinska B (2020) Serum Gamma Glutamyltransferase Is Associated with 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status in Elderly Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10.3390/ijerph17238980, 17:23, (8980) Terekhina N and Goryacheva O (2020) The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Occurrence of Myocardial Infarction and Chronic Heart Failure, Medical University, 10.2478/medu-2020-0019, 3:4, (155-164), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020., Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020. Corti A, Belcastro E, Dominici S, Maellaro E and Pompella A (2020) The dark side of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT): Pathogenic effects of an 'antioxidant' enzyme, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.005, 160, (807-819), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2020. Lee Y, Han K, Park S, Kim S, Kim N, Choi K, Baik S, Park Y and Yoo H (2020) Gamma‐glutamyl transferase variability and risk of dementia: A nationwide study, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10.1002/gps.5332, 35:10, (1105-1114), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2020. Cho E, Han K, Lee S, Shin D and Yu S (2020) Liver enzyme variability and risk of heart disease and mortality: A nationwide population‐based study, Liver International, 10.1111/liv.14432, 40:6, (1292-1302), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2020. Park E, Bae E, Park B and Chae S (2020) The Associations between Liver Enzymes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults with Mild Dyslipidemia, Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10.3390/jcm9041147, 9:4, (1147) Zheng Y, Wu T, Chen Y, Hou X, Yang Y, Ma X, Ma Y, Zhang J and Xie X (2020) Gamma‐glutamyl transferase to albumin ratio as a novel predictor of bleeding events and mortality in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: A retrospective cohort study, Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, 10.1002/ccd.28696, 95:S1, (572-578), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2020. Zhou Y, Zhao S, Chen K, Hua W and Zhang S (2019) Predictive value of gamma-glutamyltransferase for ventricular arrhythmias and cardiovascular mortality in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients, BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 10.1186/s12872-019-1114-3, 19:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2019. Koyama T, Tsubota A, Sawano T, Tawa M, Watanabe B, Hiratake J, Nakagawa K, Matsumura Y and Ohkita M (2019) Involvement of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Isolated Rat Hearts, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 10.1248/bpb.b19-00434, 42:11, (1947-1952), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2019. Jamshed H, Siddiqi H, Gilani A, Arslan J, Qasim M and Gul B (2019) Studies on antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and vasculoprotective potential of Viola odorata and Wrightia tinctoria , Phytotherapy Research, 10.1002/ptr.6411, 33:9, (2310-2318), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2019. Wang J, Li X, Pu J, Jin S, Jia L, Li X, Liu F, Shan C and Yang Y (2019) Association between Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase and Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study, BioMed Research International, 10.1155/2019/9602783, 2019, (1-11), Online publication date: 4-Mar-2019. Arasteh S, Moohebati M, Avan A, Esmaeili H, Ghazizadeh H, Mahdizadeh A, Rahmani F, Mohamamdazade E, Ferns G, Parizadeh M and Ghayour-Mobarhan M (2018) Serum level of gamma-glutamyl transferase as a biomarker for predicting stenosis severity in patients with coronary artery disease, Indian Heart Journal, 10.1016/j.ihj.2017.11.017, 70:6, (788-792), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2018. Huang Y, Luo J, Liu X, Wu Y, Yang Y, Li W, Lv W and Hu Y (2018) Gamma-Glutamyltransferase and Risk of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Young Chinese Patients: A Case-Control Study, Disease Markers, 10.1155/2018/2429160, 2018, (1-6), Online publication date: 2-Sep-2018. Kunutsor S, Laukkanen J and Burgess S (2018) Genetically elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase and Alzheimer's disease, Experimental Gerontology, 10.1016/j.exger.2018.03.001, 106, (61-66), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2018. Favé M, Lamaze F, Soave D, Hodgkinson A, Gauvin H, Bruat V, Grenier J, Gbeha E, Skead K, Smargiassi A, Johnson M, Idaghdour Y and Awadalla P (2018) Gene-by-environment interactions in urban populations modulate risk phenotypes, Nature Communications, 10.1038/s41467-018-03202-2, 9:1 Yang W, Kim C, Kim D, Jeong H and Lee S (2018) Gamma-glutamyl transferase predicts future stroke: A Korean nationwide study, Annals of Neurology, 10.1002/ana.25158, 83:2, (375-386), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2018. Valjevac A, Rebic D, Hamzic-Mehmedbasic A, Sokolovic E, Horozic D, Vanis N and Hadzovic-Dzuvo A (2018) The value of gamma glutamyltransferase in predicting myocardial infarction in patients with acute coronary syndrome, Future Cardiology, 10.2217/fca-2017-0033, 14:1, (37-45), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2018. Ndrepepa G, Colleran R and Kastrati A (2018) Gamma-glutamyl transferase and the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, Clinica Chimica Acta, 10.1016/j.cca.2017.11.026, 476, (130-138), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2018. R.T S, K N and Vijayakumar G (2017) A STUDY ON CLINICAL AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF GAMMA-GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE STROKE, Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, 10.18410/jebmh/2017/647, 4:53, (3259-3262), Online publication date: 3-Jul-2017. Spoto B, Mattace-Raso F, Sijbrands E, D'Arrigo G, Tripepi G, Volpato S, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L and Zoccali C (2017) Oxidized LDL, Gamma-Glutamyltransferase and Adverse Outcomes in Older Adults, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 10.1111/jgs.14566, 65:4, (e77-e82), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2017. Wang J, Zhang D, Huang R, Li X, Huang W and Fukumoto Y (2017) Gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of cardiovascular mortality: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0172631, 12:2, (e0172631) Ali S, Bazzaz A and Arif A (2017) Activity of the Enzyme Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) as a Prognostic Tool for Heart Failures, Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 10.4236/abb.2017.89024, 08:09, (324-341), . Seo Y and Aonuma K (2017) Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase as a Risk Biomarker of Cardiovascular Disease ― Does It Have Another Face? ―, Circulation Journal, 10.1253/circj.CJ-17-0409, 81:6, (783-785), . Saad A, Mohsen M, Kandil S, Hassan E, Megahed M and Abdel Rahman M (2017) Predictive values of some atherogenic risk factors in young workers occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride and heavy metals, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.01.003, 10:1, (100-108), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2017. Sánchez-Rodríguez R, Torres-Mena J, del Pozo Yauner L and Pérez-Carreón J (2017) Biomarkers of the Antioxidant Response: A Focus on Liver Carcinogenesis Biomarkers in Liver Disease, 10.1007/978-94-007-7675-3_36, (785-808), . Perrin-Sarrado C, Pongas M, Dahboul F, Leroy P, Pompella A and Lartaud I (2016) Reduced Activity of the Aortic Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Does Not Decrease S-Nitrosoglutathione Induced Vasorelaxation of Rat Aortic Rings, Frontiers in Physiology, 10.3389/fphys.2016.00630, 7 Ali S, Oni E, Blaha M, Veledar E, Feiz H, Feldman T, Agatston A, Blumenthal R, Conceicao R, Carvalho J, Santos R and Nasir K (2016) Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase is associated with subclinical inflammation independent of cardiometabolic risk factors in an asymptomatic population: a cross-sectional study, Nutrition & Metabolism, 10.1186/s12986-016-0097-7, 13:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2016. Yoon H, Mo E, Shin S, Moon S, Han J and Kim E (2016) Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase is not associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes, Cardiovascular Diabetology, 10.1186/s12933-016-0426-1, 15:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2016. Kunutsor S (2016) Gamma-glutamyltransferase-friend or foe within?, Liver International, 10.1111/liv.13221, 36:12, (1723-1734), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2016. Kunutsor S, Khan H, Nyyssönen K and Laukkanen J (2016) Lipoprotein(a) and risk of sudden cardiac death in middle-aged Finnish men: A new prospective cohort study, International Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.069, 220, (718-725), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2016. Ndrepepa G, Colleran R, Luttert A, Braun S, Cassese S, Kufner S, Hieber J, Fusaro M, Laugwitz K, Schunkert H and Kastrati A (2016) Prognostic value of gamma-glutamyl transferase in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease, Clinical Biochemistry, 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.05.018, 49:15, (1127-1132), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2016. Demirelli S, Firtina S, Askin L, Akgol Gur S, Tanrikulu C, Ermis E, Ipek E, Kalkan K, Yildirim E and Kiziltunc A (2016) Utility of γ-Glutamyl Transferase in Predicting Troponin Elevation in Emergency Departments, Angiology, 10.1177/0003319715613923, 67:8, (737-741), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2016. Kunutsor S and Laukkanen J (2016) Gamma glutamyltransferase and risk of future dementia in middle‐aged to older Finnish men: A new prospective cohort study, Alzheimer's & Dementia, 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.003, 12:9, (931-941), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2016. Bulusu S and Sharma M (2015) What does serum γ-glutamyltransferase tell us as a cardiometabolic risk marker?, Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 10.1177/0004563215597010, 53:3, (312-332), Online publication date: 1-May-2016. Wang K, Li L, Wu Y, Yang Y, Chen J, Zhang D, Liu Z, Xu J, Cao M, Mao X and Liu C (2015) Increased serum gamma-glutamyltransferase levels are associated with ventricular instability in type 2 diabetes, Endocrine, 10.1007/s12020-015-0760-1, 52:1, (63-72), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2016. Kwon S and Na Y (2016) Relations between Normal Serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase and Risk Factors of Coronary Heart Diseases according to Age and Gender, Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science, 10.15324/kjcls.2016.48.1.22, 48:1, (22-29), Online publication date: 31-Mar-2016. GHATGE M, SHARMA A and VANGALA R (2016)(2016) Association of γ-glutamyl transferase with premature coronary artery disease, Biomedical Reports, 10.3892/br.2016.576, 4:3, (307-312), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2016. Kunutsor S, Khan H and Laukkanen J (2016) γ‐Glutamyltransferase and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Middle‐Aged Finnish Men: A New Prospective Cohort Study, Journal of the American Heart Association, 5:2, Online publication date: 23-Feb-2016. Dogan A, Arslan A, Yucel H, Aksoy F, Icli A, Ozaydin M, Varol E and Erdogan D (2016) Gamma glutamyltransferase, inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors in isolated coronary artery ectasia, Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English Edition), 10.1016/j.repce.2016.01.003, 35:1, (33-39), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2016. Dogan A, Arslan A, Yucel H, Aksoy F, Icli A, Ozaydin M, Varol E and Erdogan D (2016) Gamma glutamyltransferase, inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors in isolated coronary artery ectasia, Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia, 10.1016/j.repc.2015.05.009, 35:1, (33-39), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2016. Ndrepepa G, Braun S, Schunkert H, Laugwitz K and Kastrati A (2016) Gamma-glutamyl transferase and prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease, Clinica Chimica Acta, 10.1016/j.cca.2015.11.013, 452, (155-160), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2016. Sánchez-Rodríguez R, Torres-Mena J, del Pozo Yauner L and Pérez-Carreón J (2016) Biomarkers of the Antioxidant Response: A Focus on Liver Carcinogenesis Biomarkers in Liver Disease, 10.1007/978-94-007-7742-2_36-1, (1-24), . Badila E (2016) Atherothrombotic Risk Factors and Graft Disease Coronary Graft Failure, 10.1007/978-3-319-26515-5_29, (317-339), . Belcastro E, Franzini M, Cianchetti S, Lorenzini E, Masotti S, Fierabracci V, Pucci A, Pompella A and Corti A (2015) Monocytes/macrophages activation contributes to b-gamma-glutamyltransferase accumulation inside atherosclerotic plaques, Journal of Translational Medicine, 10.1186/s12967-015-0687-6, 13:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2015. Cho Y, Kang Y, Hwang J, Kim E, Yang D, Kang J, Park J, Lee W, Kim H and Jung C (2015) Association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and the progression of coronary artery calcification, Atherosclerosis, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.09.027, 243:1, (300-306), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2015. de Araújo Freitas I, de Bruin P, Bittencourt L, de Bruin V and Tufik S (2015) What can blood biomarkers tell us about cardiovascular risk in obstructive sleep apnea?, Sleep and Breathing, 10.1007/s11325-015-1143-9, 19:3, (755-768), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2015. Gözükara M, Börekçi A, Gür M, Aksoy N, Şeker T, Kaypaklı O, Uçar H, Türkoğlu C, Koç M, Makca İ, Akyol S, Selek Ş and Çaylı M (2014) Gamma Glutamyl Transferase Activity is Associated With Both Paraoxonase Activity and Aortic Stiffness in Hypertensive Patients, Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 10.1002/jcla.21785, 29:5, (390-396), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2015. Han K, Cho D, Kim Y and Kim K (2015) Serum Gamma-glutamyl Transferase Concentration Within the Reference Range is Related to the Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction in Korean Men, Chinese Medical Journal, 10.4103/0366-6999.161343, 128:15, (2006-2011), Online publication date: 5-Aug-2015. Gang L, Wei-Hua L, Rong A, Jian-Hong Y, Zi-Hua Z and Zhong-Zhi T (2014) Serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase Levels Predict the Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Angiology, 10.1177/0003319714548566, 66:7, (667-674), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2015. Toshikuni N, Asaji T, Nakanishi Y, Nagasawa S, Uenishi H and Tsutsumi M (2015) Elevated Serum Gamma-glutamyl Transpeptidase Levels and Fatty Liver Strongly Predict the Presence of Carotid Plaque, Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 10.5551/jat.28274, 22:10, (1051-1060), . Li G, Wu X, Lu W, Ai R, Chen F and Tang Z (2014) Effect of atorvastatin on the expression of gamma-glutamyl transferase in aortic atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E–knockout mice, BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 10.1186/1471-2261-14-145, 14:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2014. Chakraborty S, Majumder B, Das R, Mondal P and Chatterjee S (2014) Assessment of γ-GT functions as novel risk factor in patients suffering from angina, myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, Journal of Indian College of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.jicc.2014.09.003, 4:4, (199-202), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2014. Pucci A, Franzini M, Matteucci M, Ceragioli S, Marconi M, Ferrari M, Passino C, Basolo F, Emdin M and Paolicchi A (2014) b-Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in human vulnerable carotid plaques, Atherosclerosis, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.09.028, 237:1, (307-313), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2014. Lee Y, Kweon S, Choi J, Nam H, Jeong S, Park K, Choi S, Ahn H and Shin M (2014) Lack of association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and carotid atherosclerosis: The Namwon study, Atherosclerosis, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.09.019, 237:1, (268-272), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2014. Baktir A, Sarli B, Demirci E, Saglam H, Kurtul S, Sahin O, Demirbas M and Arinc H (2013) γ-Glutamyl Transferase Activity and the Burden of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Angiology, 10.1177/0003319713507475, 65:9, (812-816), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2014. Çaylı M, Gür M, Kalkan G, Elbasan Z, Şahin D, Koyunsever N, Türkoğlu C, Şeker T, Kaypaklı O, Harbalıoğlu H and Uçar H (2013) Gamma glutamyl transferase activityGamma-Glutamyltransferase-Aktivität, Herz, 10.1007/s00059-013-3921-0, 39:6, (761-766), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2014. Celik O, Cakmak H, Satilmis S, Gungor B, Akin F, Ozturk D, Yalcin A, Ayca B, Erturk M, Atasoy M and Uslu N (2014) The Relationship Between Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Levels and Coronary Plaque Burdens and Plaque Structures in Young Adults With Coronary Atherosclerosis, Clinical Cardiology, 10.1002/clc.22307, (n/a-n/a), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2014. Akgul O and Uyarel H (2014) g-Glutamyl transferase: A novel prognostic marker for cardiovascular disease, Journal of Critical Care, 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.10.024, 29:1, (167-168), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2014. Kweon S, Shin M, Nam H, Jeong S, Park K, Choi J, Choi S, Kim H, Oh G and Lee Y (2014) Dose-Response Relationship Between Serum ^|^gamma;-Glutamyltransferase and Arterial Stiffness in Korean Adults: The Namwon Study, Journal of Epidemiology, 10.2188/jea.JE20130032, 24:1, (7-14), . Gohel M and Chacko A (2013) Serum GGT activity and hsCRP level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with good and poor glycemic control: An evidence linking oxidative stress, inflammation and glycemic control, Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 10.1186/2251-6581-12-56, 12:1 Zanini B, Mazzoncini E, Lanzarotto F, Ricci C, Cesana B, Villanacci V and Lanzini A (2013) Impact of gluten-free diet on cardiovascular risk factors. A retrospective analysis in a large cohort of coeliac patients, Digestive and Liver Disease, 10.1016/j.dld.2013.04.001, 45:10, (810-815), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2013. Atar A, Yilmaz O, Akin K, Selcoki Y, Er O and Eryonucu B (2013) Association between gamma-glutamyltransferase and coronary artery calcification, International Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.157, 167:4, (1264-1267), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2013. Enooku K, Kato R, Ikeda H, Kurano M, Kume Y, Yoshida H, Ono T, Aizawa K, Suzuki T, Yamazaki T and Yatomi Y (2013) Inverse correlations between serum ADAMTS13 levels and systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, and serum C-reactive protein levels observed at a general health examination in a Japanese population: A cross-sectional study, Clinica Chimica Acta, 10.1016/j.cca.2013.03.012, 421, (147-151), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2013. Mehta R, Birerdinc A and Younossi Z (2013) Quo Vadis: From Oxidative Stress to Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Upregulation to Mortality, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 10.1016/j.jceh.2013.02.004, 3:1, (2-3), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2013. Franzini M, Fornaciari I, Rong J, Larson M, Passino C, Emdin M, Paolicchi A and Vasan R (2013) Correlates and reference limits of plasma gamma-glutamyltransferase fractions from the Framingham Heart Study, Clinica Chimica Acta, 10.1016/j.cca.2012.12.002, 417, (19-25), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2013. Emiroglu M, Esen Ö, Bulut M, Karapinar H, Kaya Z, Akcakoyun M, Kargin R, Aung S, Alızade E, Pala S and Esen A (2010) GGT levels in type II diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome (does diabetes have any effect on GGT levels in acute coronary syndrome?), Acta Diabetologica, 10.1007/s00592-010-0208-2, 50:1, (21-25), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2013. Zhu C, Xiong Z, Zheng Z, Chen Y, Qian X and Chen X (2012) Association of Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase With Arterial Stiffness in Established Coronary Artery Disease, Angiology, 10.1177/0003319712459799, 64:1, (15-20), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2013. Ege M, Guray U, Guray Y, Demirkan B and Kisacik H (2012) Serum γ-Glutamyltransferase Levels Correlate With Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease, Angiology, 10.1177/0003319711433197, 64:1, (21-25), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2013. Lee S, Sung E and Chang Y (2013) Elevated Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Is a Strong Marker of Insulin Resistance in Obese Ch
Referência(s)