Current methods and recent advances in the diagnosis of osteoporosis
1993; Wiley; Volume: 36; Issue: 12 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1002/art.1780361203
ISSN1529-0131
Autores Tópico(s)Biomarkers in Disease Mechanisms
ResumoArthritis & RheumatismVolume 36, Issue 12 p. 1649-1662 ReviewFree to Read Current methods and recent advances in the diagnosis of osteoporosis Michael Jergas MD, Michael Jergas MD Research Fellow Department of Radiology, Musculoskeletal Section, and the Osteoporosis Research Group, University of California San Francisco.Search for more papers by this authorHarry K. Genant MD, Corresponding Author Harry K. Genant MD Professor Of Radiology, Medicine, and Orthopedic Surgery, and Director, Osteoporosis Research Group Department of Radiology, Musculoskeletal Section, and the Osteoporosis Research Group, University of California San Francisco.Department of Radiology, Box 0628, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143Search for more papers by this author Michael Jergas MD, Michael Jergas MD Research Fellow Department of Radiology, Musculoskeletal Section, and the Osteoporosis Research Group, University of California San Francisco.Search for more papers by this authorHarry K. Genant MD, Corresponding Author Harry K. Genant MD Professor Of Radiology, Medicine, and Orthopedic Surgery, and Director, Osteoporosis Research Group Department of Radiology, Musculoskeletal Section, and the Osteoporosis Research Group, University of California San Francisco.Department of Radiology, Box 0628, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1993 https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780361203Citations: 58AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1 Consensus Development Conference: Prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis Int 1: 114– 117, 1991 2 Cummings SR: Epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures, Osteoporosis Update 1987. Edited by HK Genant. San Francisco, Radiology Research and Education Foundation, 1987 3 Norris RJ: Medical costs of osteoporosis. Bone 13 (suppl): S11– S16, 1992 4 Black D, Cummings SR, Genant HK, Nevitt MC, Palermo L, Browner W: Axial and appendicular bone density predict fractures in older women. J Bone Miner Res 7: 633– 638, 1992 5 Black D, Cummings SR, Melton LJ: Appendicular bone mineral and a woman's lifetime risk of hip fracture. J Bone Miner Res 7: 639– 646, 1992 6 Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Browner W, Cauley J, Ensrud K, Genant HK, Hulley SB, Palermo L, Scott J, Vogt TM: Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 341: 72– 75, 1993 7 Gärdsell P, Johnell O, Nilsson BE: The predictive value of bone loss for fragility fractures in women: a longitudinal study over 15 years. Calcif Tissue Int 49: 90– 94, 1991 8 Gärdsell P, Johnell O, Nilsson BE, Gullberg B: Predicting various fragility fractures in women by forearm bone densitometry: a follow-up study. Calcif Tissue Int 52: 348– 353, 1993 9 Faulkner KG, Glüer CC, Majumdar S, Lang P, Engelke K, Genant HK: Noninvasive measurements of bone mass, structure, and strength: current methods and experimental techniques. Am J Roentgenol 157: 1229– 1237, 1991 10 Lang P, Steiger P, Faulkner KG, Glüer CC, Genant HK: Osteoporosis: current techniques and recent developments in quantitative bone densitometry. Radiol Clin North Am 29: 49– 76, 1991 11 Faulkner KG, Cann CE, Hasegawa BH: The effect of bone distribution on vertebral strength: assessment with patient-specific nonlinear finite element analysis. Radiology 179: 669– 674, 1991 12 Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L: Sex differences in age-related changes in vertebral bodu size, density and biomechanical competence in normal individuals. Bone 11: 67– 73, 1990 13 Heuck F, Schmidt E: Die quantitative Bestimmung des Mineralgehaltes des Knochens aus dem Röntgenbild. Fortschr Röntgenstr 93: 523– 554, 1960 14 Jergas M, Uffmann M, Escher H, Glüer CC, Young KC, Grampp S, Köster O, Genant HK: Interobserver variation in the detection of osteopenia by radiography and comparison with dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the lumbar spine. Skeletal Radiol: in press 15 Lachmann E, Whelan M: The roentgen diagnosis of osteoporosis and its limitations. Radiology 26: 165– 177, 1936 16 Doyle FH, Gutteridge DH, Joplin GF, Fraser R: An assessment of radiological criteria used in the study of spinal osteoporosis. Brit J Radiol 40: 241– 250, 1967 17 Barnett E, Nordin BEC: The radiological diagnosis of osteoporosis: a new approach. Clin Radiol 11: 166– 174, 1960 18 Singh M, Riggs BL, Beabout JW, Jowsey J: Femoral trabecular-pattern index for evaluation of spinal osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med 77: 63– 67, 1972 19 Hagiwara S, Yang S-O, Dhillon MS, Engelke K, Glüer CC, Nelson DL, Genant HK: Precision and accuracy of radiographic absorptiometry: preliminary results (abstract). Edited by C Christiansen. 4th International Symposium on Osteoporosis and Consensus Development Conference. Hong Kong, 1993 20 Cosman F, Herrington B, Himmelstein S, Lindsay R: Radiographic absorptiometry: a simple method for determination of bone mass. Osteoporosis Int 2: 34– 38, 1991 21 Genant HK, Wu CY, van Kuijk C, Nevitt M: Vertebral fracture assessment using a semi-quantitative technique. J Bone Miner Res 8: 1137– 1148, 1993 22 Li J, Wu CY, Jergas M, Genant HK: Comparison of semiquantitative and quantitative methods for assessment of vertebral fractures (abstract), 4th International Symposium on Osteoporosis and Consensus Development Conference. Edited by C Christiansen. Hong Kong 1993 23 Minne HW, Leidig G, Wüster C, Siromachkostov L, Baldauf G, Bickel R, Sauer P, Lojen M, Ziegler R: A newly developed spine deformity index (SDI) to quantitate vertebral crush fractures in patients with osteoporosis. Bone Miner 3: 335– 349, 1988 24 Ross PD, Yhee YK, He Y-F, Davis JW, Kamimoto C, Epstein RS, Wasnich RD: A new method for vertebral fracture diagnosis. J Bone Miner Res 8: 167– 174, 1993 25 Sauer P, Leidig G, Minne HW, Dudeck G, Schwarz W, Siromachkostov L, Ziegler R: Spine deformity index (SDI) versus other objective procedures of vertebral fracture identification in patients with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 6: 227– 238, 1991 26 Smith-Bindman R, Cummings SR, Steiger P, Genant HK: A comparison of morphometric definitions of vertebral fracture. J Bone Miner Res 6: 25– 34, 1991 27 Smith-Bindman R, Cummings SR, Steiger P, Genant HK: The index of radiographic area (IRA): a new approach to grading the severity of vertebral fractures. Bone Miner 15: 137– 150, 1991 28 Black DM, Cummings SR, Stone K, Hudes E, Palermo L, Steiger P: A new approach to defining normal vertebral dimensions. J Bone Miner Res 6: 883– 892, 1991 29 Gallagher JC, Hedlund LR, Stoner S, Meeger C: Vertebral morphometry: normative data. Bone Miner 4: 189– 196, 1988 30 Nelson D, Peterson E, Tilley B, O'Fallon W, Chao E, Riggs BL, Kleerekoper M: Measurement of vertebral area on spine x-rays in osteoporosis: reliability of digitizing techniques. J Bone Miner Res 5: 707– 716, 1990 31 Kalidis L, Felsenberg D, Kalender W, Eidloth H, Wieland E: Morphometric analysis of digitized radiographs: description of automatic evaluation (abstract), Current Research in Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Measurement. Vol. II. Edited by EFG Ring. Bath 1992 32 Cameron JR, Sorenson JA: Measurement of bone mineral in vivo: an improved method. Science 142: 230– 232, 1963 33 Schlenker RA, Von Seggen WW: The distribution of cortical and trabecular bone mass along the lengths of the radius and ulna and the implications for in vivo bone mass measurements. Calcif Tissue Res 20: 41– 52, 1970 34 Wahner HW, Eastell R, Riggs BL: Bone mineral density of the radius: where do we stand? J Nucl Med 26: 1339– 1341, 1985 35 Vogel JM: Application principles and technical considerations in SPA, Osteoporosis Update 1987. Edited by HK Genant. San Francisco, Radiology Research and Education Foundation, 1987 36 Suominen H, Heikkinen E, Vaino P, Lahtinen T: Mineral density of calcaneus in men at different ages: a population study with special reference to life-style factors. Age Ageing 13: 273– 281, 1984 37 Williams JA, Wagner J, Wasnich R, Heilbrun L: The effect of long-distance running upon appendicular bone mineral content. Med Sci Sports Exercise 16: 223– 227, 1984 38 Vogel JM, Wasnich RD, Ross PD: The clinical relevance of calcaneus bone mineral measurements: a review. Bone Miner 5: 35– 58, 1988 39 Wasnich R: Fracture prediction with bone mass measurements, Osteoporosis Update 1987. Edited by HK Genant. San Francisco, Radiology Research and Education Foundation, 1987 40 Yano K, Wasnich RD, Bogel JM, Heilbrun LK: Bone mineral measurements among middle-aged and elderly Japanese residents in Hawaii. Am J Epidemiol 119: 751– 764, 1984 41 Mazess RB, Barden HS: Single and dual photon absorptiometry for bone measurement in osteoporosis, Osteoporosis Update. Edited by HK Genant. San Francisco, Radiology Research and Education Foundation, 1987 42 LeBlanc AD, Evans HJ, Marsh C, Schneider V, Johnson PC, Jhingran SC: Precision of dual photon absorptiometry measurements. J Nucl Med 27: 1362– 1365, 1986 43 Nilas L, Hassager C, Christiansen C: Long-term precision of dual-photon absorptiometry in the lumbar spine in clinical settings. Bone Miner 3: 305– 315, 1988 44 Wahner HW, Dunn WL, Brown ML, Morin RL, Riggs BL: Comparison of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and dual photon absorptiometry for bone mineral measurements of the lumbar spine. Mayo Clin Proc 63: 1075– 1084, 1988 45 Dawson-Hughes B, Deehr MS, Berger PS, Dallal GE, Sadowski LJ: Correction of the effects of source, source strength, and soft-tissue thickness on spine dual-photon absorptiometry measurements. Calcif Tissue Int 44: 251– 257, 1989 46 Ross PD, Wasnich RD, Vogel JM: Precision errors in dual-photon absorptiometry related to source age. Radiology 166: 523– 527, 1988 47 Gustavson L, Jacobson B, Kusoffsky L: X-ray spectrophotometry for bone mineral determinations. Med Biol Eng Comput 12: 113– 118, 1974 48 Jacobson B: X-ray spectrophotometry in vivo. Am J Roentgenol 91: 202– 210, 1964 49 Kelly T, Slovick D, Schoenfield D, Neer R: Quantitative digital radiography versus dual photon absorptiometry of the lumbar spine. J Clin Endocr Metab 67: 839– 844, 1988 50 Mazess R, Chesnut CH III, McClung M, Genant HK: Enhanced precision with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Calcif Tissue Int 51: 14– 17, 1992 51 Cullum ID, Ell PJ, Ryder JP: X-ray dual photon absorptiometry: a new method for the measurement of bone density. Br J Radiol 62: 587– 592, 1989 52 Glüer CC, Steiger P, Selvidge R, Elliesen-Kliefoth K, Hayashi C, Genant HK: Comparative assessment of dual-photon-absorptiometry and dual-energy-radiography. Radiology 174: 223– 228, 1990 53 Ho CP, Kim RW, Schaffler MB, Sartoris DJ: Accuracy of dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry of the lumbar spine: cadaver study. Radiology 176: 171– 173, 1990 54 Lilley J, Walters BG, Heath DA, Drolc Z: In vivo and in vitro precision of bone density measured by dual-energy x-ray absorption. Osteoporosis Int 1: 141– 146, 1991 55 Orwoll ES, Oviatt SK: Longitudinal precision of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in a multicenter study. J Bone Miner Res 6: 191– 197, 1991 56 Drinka PJ, DeSmet AA, Bauwens SF, Rogot A: The effect of overlying calcification on lumbar bone densitometry. Calcif Tissue Int 50: 507– 510, 1992 57 Frye MA, Melton LJ III, Bryant SC, Fitzpatrick LA, Wahner HW, Schwartz RS, Riggs BL: Osteoporosis and calcification of the aorta. Bone Miner 19: 185– 194, 1992 58 Ryan PJ, Evans P, Blake GM, Fogelman I: The effect of vertebral collapse on spinal bone mineral density measurements in osteoporosis. Bone Miner 18: 267– 272, 1992 59 Whitehouse RW, Karantanas A, Adams JE: Discrepancies in spinal bone mass measured by QCT and DXA (abstract), Current Research in Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Measurement. Vol. II. Edited by EFG Ring. London, British Institute of Radiology, 1992 60 Larnach TA, Boyd SJ, Smart RC, Butler SP, Rohl PG, Diamond TH: Reproducibility of lateral spine scans using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Calcif Tissue Int 51: 255– 258, 1992 61 Reid IR, Evans MC, Stapleton J: Lateral spine densitometry is a more sensitive indicator of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. J Bone Miner Res 7: 1221– 1225, 1992 62 Rupich RC, Griffin MG, Pacifici R, Avioli LV, Susman N: Lateral dual-energy radiography: artifact error from rib and pelvic bone. J Bone Miner Res 7: 97– 101, 1992 63 Steiger P, von Stetten E, Weiss H, Stein JA: Paired AP and lateral supine dual x-ray absorptiometry of the spine: initial results with a 32 detector system (abstract). Osteoporosis Int 1: 190, 1991 64 Steiger P, Cummings SR, Genant HK, Weiss H, Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Group: Morphometric X-ray absorptiometry of the spine: correlation in-vivo with morphometric radiography (abstract), 4th International Symposium on Osteoporosis and Consensus Development Conference. Edited by C Christiansen. Hong Kong 1993 65 Genant HK, Boyd DP: Quantitative bone mineral analysis using dual energy computed tomography. Invest Radiol 12: 545– 551, 1977 66 Rüegsegger P, Elsasser U, Anliker M, Gnehm H, Kind H, Prader A: Quantification of bone mineralization using computed tomography. Radiology 121: 93– 97, 1976 67 Kalender WA, Brestowsky H, Felsenberg D: Bone mineral measurements: automated determination of the midvertebral CT section. Radiology 168: 219– 221, 1988 68 Steiger P, Block JE, Steiger S, Heuck A, Friedlander A, Ettinger B, Harris ST, Glüer CC, Genant HK: Spinal bone mineral density by quantitative computed tomography: effect of region of interest, vertebral level, and technique. Radiology 175: 537– 543, 1990 69 Glüer CC, Genant HK: Impact of marrow fat on accuracy of quantitative CT. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13: 1023– 1035, 1989 70 Rohloff R, Hitzler H, Arndt W, Frey KW: Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Genauigkeit der Mineralsalzgehaltsbestimmung spongiöser Knochen mit Hilfe der quantitativen CT (Einenergiemessung). Fortschr Röntgenstr 143: 692– 697, 1985 71 Cann CE, Genant HK: Single versus dual-energy CT for vertebral mineral quantification. J Comp Assist Tomogr 7: 551– 552, 1983 72 Felsenberg D: Quantitative Knochenmineralgehaltsbestimmung mil der Zwei-Spektren-Computertomographie. Radiologe 28: 166– 172, 1988 73 Glüer CC, Reiser UJ, Davis CA, Rutt BK, Genant HK: Vertebral mineral determination by quantitative computed tomography (QCT): accuracy of single and dual energy measurements. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12: 242– 258, 1988 74 McClean BA, Overton TR, Hangartner TN, Rathee S: A special purpose x-ray fan beam CT scanner for trabecular bone density measurement in the appendicular skeleton. Phys Med Biol 35: 11– 19, 1990 75 Rüegsegger P, Durand E, Dambacher MA: Localization of regional forearm bone loss from high resolution computed tomographic images. Osteoporosis Int 1: 76– 80, 1991 76 Schneider P, Börner W: Periphere quantitative Computertomographie zur Knochenmineralmessung mit einem neuen speziellen QCT-Scanner. Fortschr Röntgenstr 154: 292– 299, 1991 77 Need AG, Nordin BEC: Which bone to measure? Osteoporosis Int 1: 3– 6, 1990 78 Nordin BEC, Wishart JM, Horowitz M, Need AG, Bridges A, Bellon M: The relation between forearm and vertebral mineral density and fractures in postmenopausal women. Bone Miner 5: 21– 33, 1988 79 Riis BJ, Christiansen C: Measurement of spinal or peripheral bone mass to estimate early postmenopausal bone loss? Am J Med 84: 646– 653, 1988 80 Slemenda CW, Johnston CC: Bone mass measurement: which site to measure? Am J Med 84: 643– 645, 1988 81 Boden SD, Goodenough DJ, Stockham CD, Jacobs E, Dina T, Allman RM: Precise Measurement of vertebra bone density using computed tomography without the use of an external reference phantom. J Digital Imaging 2: 31– 38, 1989 82 Gudmundsdottir H, Jonsdottir B, Kristinsson S, Johanesson A, Goodenough D, Sigurdsson G: Vertebral bone density in icelandic women using quantitative computed tomography without an external reference phantom. Osteoporosis Int 3: 84– 89, 1993 83 Chevalier F, Laval-Jeantet AM, Laval-Jeantet M, Bergot C: CT image analysis of the vertebral trabecular network in vivo. Calcif Tissue Int 51: 8– 13, 1992 84 Prasad RR, Majumdar S: Fractal geometry as a means of studying trabecular bone structure. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1844– 1848, 1992 85 Ruttimann UE, Webber RL, Hazelrig JB: Fractal dimension from radiographs of peridental alveolar bone: a possible diagnostic indicator of osteoporosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 74: 98– 110, 1992 86 Faulkner KG, Grampp S, Glüer C-C, Genant HK: Patient specific finite element analysis of the proximal femur: comparison with compression tests in-vitro (abstract). J Bone Miner Res 6: 344, 1991 87 Abendschein W, Hyatt GW: Ultrasonics and selected physical properties of bone. Clin Orthop 69: 294– 301, 1970 88 Floriani L, Debevoise N, Hyatt G: Mechanical properties of healing by the use of ultrasound. Surg Forum 18: 468– 470, 1967 89 Tavakoli MB, Evans JA: Dependence of the velocity and attenuation of ultrasound in bone on the mineral content. Phys Med Biol 36: 1529– 1537, 1991 90 McCartney R, Jeffcott L: Combined 2.25 Mhz ultrasound velocity and bone mineral density measurements in the equine metacarpus and their in vivo applications. Med Biol Eng Comput 25: 620– 626, 1987 91 Turner CH, Eich M: Ultrasonic velocity as a predictor of strength in bovine cancellous bone. Calcif Tissue Int 49: 116– 119, 1991 92 Heaney RP, Avioli LV, Chestnut CH, Lappe J, Recker RR, Brandburger GH: Osteoporotic bone fragility: detection by ultrasound transmission velocity. JAMA 261: 2986– 2990, 1989 93 Jergas M, Uffmann M, Müller P, Köster O: Ultraschallgeschwindigkeitsmessungen zur Diagnose der postmenopausalen Osteoporose. Fortschr Röntgenstr 158: 207– 213, 1993 94 Brandenburger GH, Kwon S, McDougall SW: Preliminary results from a longitudinal clinical study of ultrasound velocity (abstract). Third International Symposium on Osteoporosis. Edited by C Christiansenand, K Overgaard. Copenhagen, Osteopress ApS, 1990 95 Agnusdei D, Camporeale A, Gennari C: La velocita di transmissione degli ultrasuoni nella patella in soggetti normali ed in pazienti con osteoporosi postmenopausale. Minerva Endocrinol 16: 73– 77, 1991 96 Herd RJM, Blake GM, Miller CG, Fogelman I: Can ultrasonic measurements in the calcaneus predict osteopenia in the axial skeleton (abstract), Current Research in Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Measurement. Vol. II. Edited by EFG Ring. London, British Institute of Radiology, 1992 97 Klein K, Allolio B: A health promotion project “osteoporosis,” in cooperation with the insurance company “Deutsche Bank AG” (abstract), Current Research in Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Measurement. Vol. II. Edited by EFG Ring. London, British Institute of Radiology, 1992 98 Trempe J, Genske T, Wiener S, Mazess R: Ultrasound measurement of the os calcis (abstract), Current Research in Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Measurement. Vol. II. Edited by EFG Ring. London, British Institute of Radiology, 1992 99 Zagzebski JA, Rossmann PJ, Mesina C, Mazess RB, Madsen EL: Ultrasound transmission measurements through the os calcis. Calcif Tissue Int 49: 107– 111, 1991 100 Antich PP, Anderson JA, Ashman RB, Dowdey JE, Gonzales J, Murry RC, Zerwekh JE, Pak CY: Measurement of mechanical properties of bone material in vitro by ultrasound reflection: methodology and comparison with ultrasound transmission. J Bone Miner Res 6: 417– 426, 1991 101 Antich PP, Pak CYC, Gonzales J, Anderson J, Sakhaee K, Rubin C: Measurement of intrinsic bone quality in vivo by reflection ultrasound: correction of impaired quality with slow-release sodium fluoride and calcium citrate. J Bone Miner Res 8: 301– 311, 1993 102 Fry FJ, Barger JE: Acoustical properties of the human skull. J Acous Soc Am 63: 1576– 1590, 1978 103 Agren M, Karellas A, Leahey D, Marks S, Baran D: Ultrasound attenuation of the calcaneus: a sensitive and specific discriminator of osteopenia in postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 48: 240– 244, 1991 104 McCloskey EV, Murray SA, Charlesworth D, Miller C, Fordham J, Clifford K, Atkins R, Kanis JA: Assessment of broadband ultrasound attenuation in the os calcis in vitro. Clin Sci 78: 221– 225, 1990 105 Glüer CC, Wu CY, Genant HK: Broadband ultrasound attenuation signals depend on trabecular orientation: an in vitro study. Osteoporosis Int 3: 185– 191, 1993 106 Baran DT, Kelly AM, Karellas A, Gionet M, Price M, Leahy D, Steuterman S, McSherry B, Roche J: Ultrasound attenuation of the os calcis in women with osteoporosis and hip fractures. Calcif Tissue Int 43: 138– 142, 1988 107 Resch H, Pietschmann P, Bernecker P, Krexner E, Willvonseder R: Broadband ultrasound attenuation: a new diagnostic method in osteoporosis. Am J Radiol 155: 825– 828, 1990 108 Baran DT, McCarthy CK, Leahey D, Lew R: Broadband ultrasound attenuation of the calcaneus predicts lumbar and femoral neck density in caucasian women: a preliminary study. Osteoporosis Int 1: 110– 113, 1991 109 Damilakis J, Dretakis E, Gourtsoyiannis N: Ultrasound attenuation of the calcaneus in the female population: normative data. Calcif Tissue Int 51: 180– 183, 1992 110 Porter R, Miller C, Grainger D, Palmer S: Prediction of hip fracture in elderly women: a prospective study. Br Med J 301: 638– 641, 1990 111 Glüer CC, Vahlensieck M, Faulkner KG, Engelke K, Black D, Genant HK: Site-matched calcaneal measurements of broadband ultrasound attenuation and single x-ray absorptiometry: do they measure different skeletal properties? J Bone Miner Res 7: 1071– 1079, 1992 112 Ramalingham T, Herd RJM, Blake GM, Miller CG, Fogelman I: Ultrasonic measurements in the calcaneus: a comparison of two commercial scanners (abstract). Current Research in Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Measurement. Vol. II. Edited by EFG Ring. London, British Institute of Radiology, 1992 113 McKelvie ML, Fordham J, Clifford C, Palmer SB: In vitro comparison of quantitative computed tomography and broadband ultrasonic attenuation of trabecular bone. Bone 10: 101– 104, 1989 114 Jergas M, Uffmann M, Wittenberg R, Müller P, Köster O: Ultraschallgeschwindigkeitsmessungen an belastungstragenden und nicht-belastungstragenden Stellen des peripheren Skeletts. Der Einfluß körperlicher Aktivität bei Fußballspielern. Fortschr Röntgenstr 157: 420– 424, 1992 115 Jones PRM, Hardmann AE, Hudson A, Norgan NG: Influence of brisk walking on the ultrasonic attenuation of the calcaneus in previously sedentary women aged 30–61 years. Calcif Tissue Int 49: 112– 115, 1991 116 Langton CM, Riggs CM, Evans GP: Pathway of ultrasound waves in the equine third metacarpal bone. J Biomed Eng 13: 113– 118, 1991 117 Rubin C, Pratt G, Porter A, Lanyon L, Poss R: The use of ultrasound in vivo to determine acute change in the mechanical properties of bone following intense physical activity. J Biomechanics 20: 723– 727, 1987 118 Ford JC, Wehrli FW: In vivo quantitative characterization of trabecular bone by NMR interferometry and localized proton spectroscopy. Magn Res Med 17: 543– 551, 1991 119 Sebag GH, Moore SG: Effect of trabecular bone on the appearance of marrow in gradient-echo imaging of the appendicular skeleton. Radiology 174: 855– 859, 1990 120 Davis CA, Genant HK, Dunham JS: The effects of bone on proton NMR relaxation times of surrounding liquids. Invest Radiol 21: 472– 477, 1986 121 Majumdar S, Thomasson D, Shimakawa A, Genant H: Quantitation of the susceptibility difference between trabecular bone and bone marrow: experimental studies. Magn Res Med 22: 111– 127, 1991 122 Majumdar S, Genant H: In vivo relationship between marrow T2* and trabecular bone density determined with a chemical shift-selective asymmetric spin-echo sequence. J Magn Res Imaging 2: 209– 219, 1992 123 Wehrli FW, Ford JC, Attie M, Kressel HY, Kaplan FS: Trabecular structure: preliminary application of MR interferometry. Radiology 179: 615– 621, 1991 124 Hipp JA, Jansjuwicz A: Micro-magnetic resonance imaging of trabecular bone structure (abstract). Presented at the 39th annual meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, San Francisco, February 15–18, 1993 125 Jara H, Wehrli FW, Chung H, Ford JC: High-resolution variable flip angle 3D MR imaging of trabecular microstructure in vivo. Magn Res Med 29: 528– 539, 1993 126 Nordin BEC: The definition and diagnosis of osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 40: 57– 58, 1987 127 Wahner HW: Single- and dual-photon absorptiometry in osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Semin Nucl Med 17: 305– 315, 1987 128 Genant HK, Block JE, Steiger P, Glüer CC, Ettinger B, Harris ST: Appropriate use of bone densitometry. Radiology 170: 817– 822, 1989 129 Genant HK, Block JE, Steiger P, Glüer CC: Quantitative computed tomography in the assessment of osteoporosis., Osteoporosis Update 1987. Edited by HK Genant. San Francisco, Radiology Research and Education Foundation, 1987 130 Ott S, Kilcoyne R, Chesnut C III: Ability of four different techniques of measuring bone mass to diagnose vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 2: 201– 210, 1987 131 Pacifici R, Rupich R, Griffin M, Chines A, Susman N, Avioli LV: Dual energy radiography versus quantitative computer tomography for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70: 705– 710, 1990 132 Glüer CC, Faulkner KG, Estilo MJ, Engelke K, Rosin J, Genant HK: Quality assurance for bone densitometry research studies: concept and impact. Osteoporosis Int 3: 227– 235, 1993 133 Kalender WA: Effective dose values in bone mineral measurements by photon absorptiometry and computed tomography. Osteoporosis Int 2: 82– 87, 1992 134 Cummings SR: Use of bone density measurements, Osteoporosis Update 1987. Edited by HK Genant. San Francisco, Radiology Research and Education Foundation, 1987 135 Ross PD, Davis JW, Wasnich RD, Vogel JM: The clinical application of serial bone mass measurements. Bone Miner 12: 189– 199, 1991 136 Johnston CC Jr, Melton LJ III, Lindsay R, Eddy DM: Clinical indications for bone mass measurements. J Bone Miner Res 4: 1– 28, 1989 137 Johnston CC Jr, Slemenda CW, Melton LJ III: Clinical use of bone densitometry. N Engl J Med 324: 1105– 1109, 1991 138 Melton LJ III, Eddy DM, Johnston CC Jr: Screening for osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med 112: 516– 528, 1990 139 Wasnich RD: Screening for osteoporosis: pro, Osteoporosis Update 1987. Edited by HK Genant. San Francisco, Radiology Research and Education Foundation, 1987 140 Huda W, Bissessur K: Effective dose equivalents, HE, in diagnostic radiology. Med Phys 17: 998– 1003, 1990 141 International Commission on Radiation Protection: Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP). ICRP Publication 26. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1977 Citing Literature Volume36, Issue12December 1993Pages 1649-1662 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)