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‘Spring’ ex machina : Catalytic Warfare, Iraq Syndrome and the ‘Arab Spring’

2013; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 13; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/14702436.2013.808102

1743-9698

Allan Orr,

Military History and Strategy

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1 Ronald Reagan, Address to the Veterans of Foreign Wars Convention in Chicago, 18 August, 1980. Available at . 2 Paul Bentley, ‘The plan is to get Mubarak out, there is no organisation, the people are the ones driving the revolution!. Book charts tweets that sparked Egypt’s uprising’, Daily Mail, 19 May 2011. Available at . 3 Vincent Cannistraro, ‘Arab Spring: A Partial Awakening’, Mediterranean Quarterly 22/4 (2011) p.36. 4 Anna M. Agathangelou, & Nevz Soguk, ‘Rocking the Kasbah: InsurrectionalPolitics, the “Arab Streets”, and Global Revolution in the 21st Century’, Globalizations 8/5 (2011)p.551. 5 Mark A. Tessler, and Eleanor Gao, ‘Gauging Arab Support for Democracy’, Journal of Democracy 16/3 (2005) p.84. 6 Francesco Cavatorta, ‘The Convergence of Governance: Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World and Downgrading Democracy Elsewhere?’, Middle East Critique 19/3 (2010) p.222. 7 Lee Smith, ‘Weakening Washington's Middle-East Influence’, Middle East Quarterly, Summer 2011, p.5. 8 Ibid. 9 David Ignatius, ‘Beirut's Berlin Wall’, Washington Post, 23 Feb. 2005. Available at 10 Susan Crabtree, ‘Lieberman: Iraq War was Initial Spark for Arab Spring’, Washington Times, 13 Dec. 2011. Available at . 11 Nez A. Nez, ‘The Iraq War and the Arab Spring, ShuvaloyMajumdr vs Peter Jones, Proposition: the Iraq War (launched in 2003) eventually provided oxygen for today's Arab Spring, Global Brief 27 June 2011. Available at http://globalbrief.ca/blog/2011/06/27/the-iraq-war-as-cause-of-the-arab-spring/ 12 Abdul-Hussain Hussain, ‘Arab Spring or Islamist Winter? Three Views’,World Affairs, Jan./Feb. 2012, pp.36–42. 13 Christopher Hitchens, ‘If Saddam still ruled, there would be no Arab Spring’, National Post, 31 March 2011. Available at . 14 Con Coughlin, ‘Without Iraq, There would be No Arab Spring’, The Telegraph, 15 Oct.h, 2011. Available- http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/comcoughlin/100124358/without-iraq-there-would-be-no-arab-spring/ 15 Fouad Ajami, ‘The Arab Spring at One: A Year of Living Dangerously’, Foreign Affairs 91/1 (Jan./Feb. 2012) p.56. 16 Kurt Andersen, ‘The Protestor’, Time Magazine, 14 Dec. 2011. Available at . 17 Sam Gustin, ‘Social Media Sparked, Accelerated Egypt’s Revolutionary Fire’, Wired Magazine, 11 Feb. 2011. Available at . 18 Michaelle L. Browers, ‘Arab Liberalisms: Translating Civil Society, Prioritising Democracy’, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 7/1 (2004) p.52. 19 Susan Cornwell, ‘Obama Proposes $800 Million in Aid For “Arab Spring”’, Reuters, 13 Feb. 2012. Available at . 20 Roberto Aliboni, and Laura Guazzone, ‘Democracy in the Arab Countries and the West’, Mediterranean Politics 9/1 (2004) p.84. 21 Ibid. 22 Yasmine Saleh, and Aymen Samir, ‘Arab League backs Syria opposition, calls for peacekeepers’. Reuters, 12 Feb. 2012. Available . 23 Ibid. 24 Josh Rogin, ‘McCain resolution calls for safe zones and arming the Syrian opposition’, The Cable, 28 March 2012. Available at . 25 Michael Sakbani, ‘The Revolutions of the Arab Spring: Are Democracy, Development and Modernity at the Gates? Contemporary Arab Affairs 4/2 (2011) pp.127–47. 26 Paul R. Pillar, ‘Alienation and Rebellion in the Arab World’, Mediterranean Quarterly 22/4 (2011) p.11. 27 Vincent Cannistraro, ‘Arab Spring: A Partial Awakening’, Mediterranean Quarterly 22/4 (2011) p.37. 28 ‘Flashback: the 1991 Iraqi Revolt’, BBC News, 21 Aug. 2007. Available at . 29 Nazih N. Ayubi, ‘Withered Socialism or Whether Socialism? The Radical Arab States as Populist‐Corporatist regimes, Third World Quarterly 13/1 (1992) p.94. 30 Sagha, Mohammad. Bush: Mubarack Wanted me to invade Iraq, Foreign Policy, November 12th, 2010. Available - http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/11/12/arabs_leaders_and_arab_street 31 Ali Parchami, The ‘Arab Spring’: The View from Tehran, Contemporary Politics 18/1 (2012) p.37. 32 Matthew Van Dyke, ‘The Arab Spring and the Democratic Domino Theory’, The Freedom Fighter Blog, 1 March 2012. Available at . 33 International Institute for Strategic Studies, ‘The Arab Awakening’, Strategic Survey 2011 (London; Routledge for IISS Sept. 2011) pp.44–5. 34 Robert J. Pranger, ‘The Arab Spring: America’s Search for Relevancy’, Mediterranean Quarterly , 22/4 (2011) p.20. 35 Warren Chin, ‘Operation “Enduring Freedom”: A Victory for a Conventional Force Fighting an Unconventional War, Small Wars & Insurgencies 14/1 (2003) p.59. 36 Khair El–Din Haseeb, ‘On the Arab “Democratic Spring”: Lessons Derived’, Contemporary Arab Affairs 4/2 (2011) p.115. 37 Allan Orr, ‘Terrorism: A Philosophical Discourse’, Journal of Applied Security Research 7/1 (2012) pp.93–106. 38 Haseeb (note 36), pp.115–16. 39 Craig Whitlock, and Greg Jaffe, ‘General: US troops’ Uganda mission likely to last until rebel leader is caught’, Washington Post, 20 Nov. 2011. Available at . 40 Jolly, David. Death Toll in Syrian Civil War Near 93,000, U.N. Says. New York Times, June 13th, 2013. Available - http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/world/middleeast/un-syria-death-toll.html?_r=0. 41 Daniel Brumberg, ‘Islam is not the Solution (Or the Problem)’, Washington Quarterly 29/1 (2005–06) p.97. 42 Sales,Leigh. 'Government deserves credit' for white paper. ABC News, February 23rd, 2010. Available - http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2010/s2828370.htm; 43 Paul Rich, ‘Al-Qaeda and the Radical Islamic Challenge to Western Strategy, Small Wars & Insurgencies 14/1 (2003) p.39. 44 John Myhill, ‘The Islamization of Arab Nationalism’, Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society 22/1 (2010) p.19. 45 Ibid., p.20. 46 Marcelo de Souza Lopes and Barbara Lipietz, The ‘Arab Spring’ and the city, City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action15/6 (2011) p.621. 47 Joshua M. Landis, and Joe Pace, The Syrian Opposition, Washington Quarterly 30/1, (Winter 2006–07) pp.45–68. 48 Sakbani (note 25), p.146. 49 Mohammed Ayoob, ‘The Arab Spring: Its Geo-Strategic Significance’, Middle East Policy, 19/3 (Fall 2012) p.84. 50 Ashish Kumar Sen, ‘Libyan Rebels seek weaponry from allies. US only giving Libyan opposition non-lethal assistance to oust Col. Gadhafi’, Washington Times, 21 July 2011. Available at . 51 Bettina Marx, ‘Syrian Opposition Demands More Support’, DW News, 28 March 2012. Available at . 52 Steven Heydemann and Reinoud Leenders, ‘Authoritarian Learning and AuthoritarianResilience: Regime Responses to the “Arab Awakening”’, Globalizations 8/5 (2011) pp.6512. 53 Ibid. 54 Anouar Boukhars, ‘The Arab Revolutions for Dignity’, American Foreign Policy Interests: The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy 33/2 (2011 p.61. 55 Ibid. 56 Amir Taheri, ‘The “Arab Spring” Has Toppled Some Despots and Enriched the Arab Political Vocabulary. But What Are Its Limits and What Should Western Democracies Do to Help It Achieve Its Objectives?’, American Foreign Policy Interests: The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy 33/6 (2011) p.275. 57 Ibid. 58 Sakbani (note 25) p.146. 59 Josh Rogin, ‘Obama Official: Direct US – Taliban talks Ongoing’, The Cable, Foreign Policy,1 May 2012. Available at . 60 Cole M. Bunze, ‘Forecasting the Arab Spring’, SAIS Review 31/2, (Summer/Fall 2011), p.130. 61 ‘Clinton first linked Al Qaeda to Saddam’, Washington Times, 24 June 2004. Available, . 62 Eric Schmitt, and Thom Shanker,‘Sunni Extremists May Be Aiding Al Qaeda’s Ambitions in Syria, Analysts Say’, New York Times, 15 Feb. 2012. Available at . 63 ‘Bush Won’t reveal 9/11 Info.’, CBS News, 11 Feb. 2009. Available at . 64 Max Fisher, ‘Protestors and Police Clash in Tunisia Following Self-Immolation’, Atlantic Wire, 27 Dec.h 2010. Available at .