The Qualification of Collective Absolutes and the Individuality of Persons and Events in Mid‐nineteenth‐century Spain
2004; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 10; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/1470184042000317116
ISSN1470-1847
Autores Tópico(s)Spanish History and Politics
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes Correspondence to: Andrew Ginger, DELC (Hispanic Studies), School of Languages, Literatures and Cultures, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, David Hume Tower, George Square, Edinburgh, UK. Email: Andrew.Ginger@ed.ac.uk Research for this article was funded by a British Academy Small Research Grant. The author is grateful to the Academy for its support. For example, Trías Bejarano 1968 Trías Bejarano J 1968 ‘Estudio preliminar’ in Pi i Margall: Pensamiento social ed. Bejarano JT Ciencia Nueva, Madrid 7 80 [Google Scholar], pp. 21, 37, 60–64. On Pi as petit bourgeois utopian with ideas based on private contractualist law, see Jutglar 1975 Jutglar A 1975 Pi i Margall y el federalismo espan˜ol Taurus, Madrid [Google Scholar], pp.192, 263 (Jutglar argues that Pi does not see the sociological basis of state, family, and property which ensures their endurance, 1975, p.191). Similar views are expressed about Garrido (in this case that he lacks a proper economic account of the oppression of the workers, independent of the bourgeoisie) in Aja 1976 Aja E 1976 Democracia y socialismo en el siglo XIX espan˜ol: El pensamiento político de Fernando Garrido Cuadernos para el Dia´logo, Madrid [Google Scholar], pp. 35–36, 265–266. In a slightly different vein, on Pi in relation to a failed bourgeois revolution, see García Casanova 1982 García Casanova JF 1982 Hegel y el republicanismo en Espan˜a Universidad de Granada, Granada [Google Scholar], p. 110. García Casanova also describes Pi as a bourgeois rationalist who places value on the individual (1982, p. 113). See Castelar 1858 Castelar E 1858 La fo´rmula del progreso J. Casas y Díaz, Madrid [Google Scholar], pp. 64–69, 100, 111–112, 141; Barcia 1855 Barcia R 1855b Cato´n político in Cuestio´n pontífica. Cato´n político R Vicente Madrid 39 240 [Google Scholar]b, pp. 44, 50, 115, 120–121; Pi i Margall 1982 Pi i Margall F 1982 [1855] La reaccio´n y la revolucio´n ed. Jutglar A Anthropos, Barcelona [Google Scholar]/1855, pp. 180, 204–206, 235, 240, 252; Garrido 1859 Garrido F 1859–60 Obras escogidas Buenaventura Bassas, Barcelona [Google Scholar]–60, p. 196. On Pi's efforts to provide property for all, see Casassas & Ghanime 2001 Casassas J Ghanime A (eds) 2001 Homenatge a Francesc Pi i Margall 1824–1901: Intel.lectual i polític federal Generalitat de Catalunya, [n.p.] [Google Scholar], p. 29. On Garrido's basis in rights theories, see Aja 1976 Aja E 1976 Democracia y socialismo en el siglo XIX espan˜ol: El pensamiento político de Fernando Garrido Cuadernos para el Dia´logo, Madrid [Google Scholar], p. 141. Castelar refers to the ‘esclavo del capitalista’ (1858, p. 93), abusive contractual arrangements (1858, p. 94), the labrador (1858, p. 57), Jesus as the son of an artisan (1858, p. 123), and the first hero of Spanish history as a pastor (1858, p. 128). Labrador may mean tenant farmer (Shubert 1990 Shubert A 1990 A Social History of Modern Spain Routledge, London [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], p. 71). Barcia calls Christ a jornalero (1855b, p. 64). He also refers to life in pueblos, the pastor, and to poverty in Galicia and Andalusia (1855b, pp. 76–77, 148–19, 143). Pi discusses industrial pauperism, industrial conflict in Catalonia, famine in Galicia, the fate of jornaleros, and mass rural poverty (1982/1855, pp. 149–150, 185, 270, 273). Garrido ranges from farmworkers, through artisans, to industrial workers (1859–60, pp. 315–317). See also Castro 2000 Castro D 2000 ‘The left: From liberalism to democracy’ in Spanish History Since 1808 eds A´lvarez Junco J Shubert A Arnold, London 79 90 [Google Scholar], p. 82; Aja 1976 Aja E 1976 Democracia y socialismo en el siglo XIX espan˜ol: El pensamiento político de Fernando Garrido Cuadernos para el Dia´logo, Madrid [Google Scholar], pp. 158–159; Jutglar 1975 Jutglar A 1975 Pi i Margall y el federalismo espan˜ol Taurus, Madrid [Google Scholar], p. 46. There are numerous good accounts of this philosophical dimension of Pi's thought: see Lacasta Zabalza 1984 Lacasta Zabalza JI 1984 Hegel en Espan˜a Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, Madrid [Google Scholar], pp. 246–54; García Casanova 1982 García Casanova JF 1982 Hegel y el republicanismo en Espan˜a Universidad de Granada, Granada [Google Scholar], pp. 91, 111–114, 225–30, 245–53; Trujillo 1967 Trujillo G 1967 Introduccio´n al federalismo espan˜ol (Ideología y fo´rmulas constitucionales) Cuadernos para el Dia´logo, Madrid [Google Scholar], pp. 92–125; Jutglar 1975 Jutglar A 1975 Pi i Margall y el federalismo espan˜ol Taurus, Madrid [Google Scholar], pp. 163–189, 202–205; Abella´n 1979 Abella´n JL 1979–84 Historia crítica del pensamiento espan˜ol 5 vols Espasa–Calpe, Madrid [Google Scholar]–84, pp. 582–599. On Castelar see García Casanova 1982 García Casanova JF 1982 Hegel y el republicanismo en Espan˜a Universidad de Granada, Granada [Google Scholar], pp. 94–96, 207–216; Lacasta Zabalza 1984 Lacasta Zabalza JI 1984 Hegel en Espan˜a Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, Madrid [Google Scholar], pp. 259–268 (though I take Castelar's transcendental idealism more seriously than the latter who sees the Hegelianism as ornamental); Abella´n 1979 Abella´n JL 1979–84 Historia crítica del pensamiento espan˜ol 5 vols Espasa–Calpe, Madrid [Google Scholar]–84, pp. 573–577. On Proudhon, compare Vincent 1984 Vincent KS 1984 Pierre‐Joseph Proudhon and The Rise of French Republican Socialism Oxford University Press, Oxford [Google Scholar], pp. 87, 191. For relevant accounts see Trujillo 1967 Trujillo G 1967 Introduccio´n al federalismo espan˜ol (Ideología y fo´rmulas constitucionales) Cuadernos para el Dia´logo, Madrid [Google Scholar], p. 134; Jutglar 1975 Jutglar A 1975 Pi i Margall y el federalismo espan˜ol Taurus, Madrid [Google Scholar], p. 266; Trías Bejarano 1968 Trías Bejarano J 1968 ‘Estudio preliminar’ in Pi i Margall: Pensamiento social ed. Bejarano JT Ciencia Nueva, Madrid 7 80 [Google Scholar], pp. 52, 59; Lacasta Zabalza 1984 Lacasta Zabalza JI 1984 Hegel en Espan˜a Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, Madrid [Google Scholar], p. 258. Barcia discusses association and the rights of labour at length (1855b, pp. 47–49, 66–67, 76–78). Pi is vocal on the same matters, on profit‐taking by non‐workers, and on credit: (1982/1855, pp. 206, 375–376, 388–390). He approves of the direct exchange of goods (1982/1855, p. 394). Eiras Roel provides an apt account of Democrat participation in debates concerning Socialism, correctly giving Castelar his dues on the right to strike and workers' cooperatives for consumption and insurance (1961, p. 256). On Garrido, see Martínez Pastor 1976 Martínez Pastor E 1976 Fernando Garrido: Su obra y su tiempo Instituto de Estudios Cartaginenses, Cartagena [Google Scholar], pp. 136–137; Aja 1976 Aja E 1976 Democracia y socialismo en el siglo XIX espan˜ol: El pensamiento político de Fernando Garrido Cuadernos para el Dia´logo, Madrid [Google Scholar], pp. 68, 158–181. The adjective photographic is used in Alarco´n's (hostile) review (1954b, pp. 1780–1782). Compare the account of left Progressive nationalist aesthetics in Ginger 1999 Ginger A 1999 Political Revolution and Literary Experiment in the Spanish Romantic Period (1830–1850) Edwin Mellen Press, Lampeter, Lewiston, Queenston [Google Scholar], pp. 210–214. The point is made in Castelar 1858 Castelar E 1858 La fo´rmula del progreso J. Casas y Díaz, Madrid [Google Scholar], pp. 4–5; Barcia 1855 Barcia R 1855b Cato´n político in Cuestio´n pontífica. Cato´n político R Vicente Madrid 39 240 [Google Scholar]b, pp. 47–48, 172; Pi 1982 Pi i Margall F 1982 [1855] La reaccio´n y la revolucio´n ed. Jutglar A Anthropos, Barcelona [Google Scholar]/1855, pp. 117–119, 136–138; Garrido 1859 Garrido F 1859–60 Obras escogidas Buenaventura Bassas, Barcelona [Google Scholar]–60, pp. 42–43, 207–209. See Aja 1976 Aja E 1976 Democracia y socialismo en el siglo XIX espan˜ol: El pensamiento político de Fernando Garrido Cuadernos para el Dia´logo, Madrid [Google Scholar], pp. 42–58; Jutglar 1975 Jutglar A 1975 Pi i Margall y el federalismo espan˜ol Taurus, Madrid [Google Scholar], pp. 185–187; Llorca 1966 Llorca C 1966 Emilio Castelar: Precursor de la Democracia Cristiana Biblioteca Nueva, Madrid [Google Scholar], p. 52; Vilches García 2001 Vilches García J 2001 Emilio Castelar: La patria y la repu´blica Biblioteca Nueva, Madrid [Google Scholar], p. 38; García Casanova 1982 García Casanova JF 1982 Hegel y el republicanismo en Espan˜a Universidad de Granada, Granada [Google Scholar], pp. 94–96, 140–160, 174–175, 179, 181–184. Compare on the political philosophy of the 1830s and 1840s, Ginger 1999 Ginger A 1999 Political Revolution and Literary Experiment in the Spanish Romantic Period (1830–1850) Edwin Mellen Press, Lampeter, Lewiston, Queenston [Google Scholar], pp. 47–93. 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I give the date without a question mark only where there is a date on the work itself, or where evidence for the date is overwhelming. Dates with a question mark are as given in catalogues: nothing is being suggested either in favour or against the dating provided there. The motif lies behind the title as well as some of the contents of A´lvarez Junco's Mater dolorosa (2001 A´lvarez Junco J 2001 Mater dolorosa: La idea de Espan˜a en el siglo XIX Taurus, Madrid [Google Scholar]). The market for popular novels is considered in Botrel 1996 Botrel J‐F 1996 ‘Produccio´n y difusio´n del libro’ in Historia de la literatura espan˜ola: Siglo XIX (I) eds García de la Concha V Carnero G Espasa‐Calpe Madrid 28 42 [Google Scholar], pp. 41–42. The role of pastiche and imitation in Lucas has been much remarked on. See Gaya Nun˜o 1970 Gaya Nun˜o, JA. 1970. ‘En el centenario de Eugenio Lucas’, Goya, vol. 98: 76–85. 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On Alenza's avoidance of moralizing and judgement, see Torres Gonza´lez 1997 Torres Gonza´lez B 1997 Leonardo Alenza: 1807–1845 Museo Roma´ntico & Ministerio de Educacio´n y Cultura, Madrid [Google Scholar], p. 14. On Elbo see Moreno Mendoza 1998 Moreno Mendoz A (ed.) 1998 Jose´ Elbo y la pintura roma´ntica Electa, [n.p.] [Google Scholar]. On Castellano, see Reyero & Freixa 1995 Madrazo Pde 1854 Cata´logo de los cuadros del Real Museo de Pintura y Escultura de Su Majestad Alonso JM Madrid [Google Scholar], p. 180. The lascivious aspect of Andalusian commercial art is discussed in Valdivieso 1998 Valdivieso E 1998 ‘Pintura y sociedad en la Sevilla roma´ntica’ in Jose´ Elbo y la pintura roma´ntica [n.p.] 38 44 [Google Scholar], p. 43. On Ferna´ndez y Gonza´lez's life see Benítez 1996 Benítez R 1996 ‘Novela popular y folletinesca’ in Historia de la literatura espan˜ola: Siglo XIX (I) eds García de la Concha V Carnero G Espasa‐Calpe Madrid 675 95 [Google Scholar], pp. 684–685. 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