The Twilight of Pan-Americanism: The Alliance for Progress, Neo-Colonialism, and Non-Alignment in Brazil, 1961–1964
2001; Routledge; Volume: 23; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/07075332.2001.9640933
ISSN1949-6540
Autores Tópico(s)Political and Social Dynamics in Chile and Latin America
Resumothe time John F. Kennedy became president of the United States in 1961, both US-Latin American relations and the region's economic problems had reached crisis proportions. On 13 March, only seven weeks after his inauguration, Kennedy proposed the Alliance for Progress, which, in his words, was to be a 'vast cooperative effort unparalleled in magnitude and nobility of purpose, to satisfy the basic needs of the American people for homes, work and land, health and school'. Kennedy added that the Alliance had to be as bold and innovative as the 'majestic concept of Operation Pan-America* laid out by the president of Brazil, Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, three years earlier.1 Given Kennedy's acknowledgement of Operation PanAmerica, the stress his administration placed on good relations with Brazil, and Brazil's historic co-operation in interAmerican affairs with the United States, one might expect that they would have worked together to ensure the Alliance's success. Instead, relations between them deteriorated rapidly, turning them into rivals within the Alliance, if not enemies. Most historians of Brazilian-US relations in the early 1960s have focused on US support for the coup of 31 March 1964, which replaced the government of Joao Belchior Marques Goulart with a military-backed presidential regime under Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco. They attribute the Alliance's failure to bureaucratic resistance within the US government, Latin America's unwillingness to change, Lyndon B. Johnson's abandonment of democratic reform, and, more recently, the character of the Kennedy administration. Kennedy, an ardent cold warrior obsessed with Fidel
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