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William l. Shirer and the blacklist: the drive against a liberal radio commentator

2011; Routledge; Volume: 31; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/01439685.2011.597996

1465-3451

Robert DeSpain,

Media, Journalism, and Communication History

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Nathan Godfried, Fellow traveler of the air: Rod Holmgren and leftist radio news commentary in America's Cold War, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 24 (2004), 245. 2. Ellen Schrecker, introduction to Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Princeton, 1998), ix. 3. Any review of the historical literature on mainstream radio should begin with Erik Barnouw, A History of Broadcasting in the United States: a tower in Babel (New York, 1966) and A History of Broadcasting in the United States: the golden web (New York, 1968); John Dunning, On the Air: the encyclopedia of old-time radio (New York, 1998); Llewellyn White, The American Radio: a report on the broadcasting industry in the United States from the Commission on the Freedom of the Press (Chicago, 1947). Any historical review on broadcast journalists should begin with Stanley Cloud and Lynne Olson, The Murrow Boys: pioneers on the front lines of broadcast journalism (Boston, 1996), David Halberstam, The Powers That Be (New York, 1979), Lewis J. Paper, William S. Paley and the Making of CBS (New York, 1987), Alexander Kendrick, Prime Time: the life of Edward R. Murrow (Boston, 1969), A. M. Sperber, Murrow: his life and times (New York, 1986), Joseph E. Persico, Edward R. Murrow: an American original (New York, 1988). Studies exploring McCarthyism's effect on journalism include John Cogley, Report on Blacklisting: II Radio and television (n.p., 1956), Karen Sue Foley, The Political Blacklist in the Broadcast Industry: the decade of the 1950's (New York, 1979), David Everitt, A Shadow of Red: communism and the blacklist in radio and television (Chicago, 2007). 4. Schrecker, introduction to Many are the Crimes, xii. 5. Herbert Mitgang, William L. Shirer, New York Times, December 29, 1993, http://www.proquest.com. 6. William L. Shirer, 20th Century Journey: the start 1904–1930 (New York, 1976), 17. 7. Shirer, The Start, 60–62. 8. William L. Shirer, Berlin Diary: the journal of a foreign correspondent 1934–1941 (Tess Press, 2004), 64. 9. Shirer, Berlin Diary, 395, 474. 10. Publisher's Weekly, Best Sellers of 1941, January 17, 1942, 174. 11. John Dunning, On the Air, 506. 12. John L. Hess, William Shirer: A Matter of Character, New York Times, July 24, 1977, http://www.proquest.com. 13. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports Consumer Income, February 7, 1949, http://www2.census.gov/prod2/popscan/p60-005.pdf. 14. David Halberstam, The Powers That Be (New York, 1979), 133–4; William Shirer, 20th Century Journey: a native's return 1945–1988 (Boston, 1990), 93. 15. Halberstam, The Powers That Be, 134. 16. Harsch Will Succeed Shirer On CBS Time, New York Times, March 25, 1947, http://www.proquest.com. 17. Shirer is Dropped From CBS Program, New York Times, March 24, 1947, http://www.proquest.com. 18. Seymour Peck, William Shirer, Liberal Commentator, Gets Axe, PM, March 24, 1947, 19. 19. Evidently the Sponsor is Still the Boss, The Nation, March 29, 1947, 347. 20. Major Bowes’ Amateur Hour to Be Revived, Chicago Tribune, March 27, 1947, http://www.proquest.com. 21. Shirer Broadcast Wins Radio Honors, New York Times, April 18, 1947. http://www.proquest.com. 22. Jack Gould, Peabody Awards, New York Times, April 20, 1947. http://www.proquest.com. 23. A.M. Sperber, Murrow: His Life and Times, (New York, 1986) 280. 24. Sperber, Murrow: His Life and Times, 284–285, 289. 25. Sperber, Murrow: His Life and Times, 289. 26. Alexander Kendrick, Prime Time, 296–297. 27. Halberstam, The Powers That Be, 133. 28. Shirer, A Native's Return, 93–94. 29. Shirer, A Native's Return, 109. 30. Edward Bliss Jr., Now the News (New York, 1991), 204. 31. Shirer Broadcast Wins Radio Honors, New York Times, April 18, 1947, http://www.proquest.com. 32. Walter Goodman, The Committee (New York, 1968), 174. 33. Hits ‘Anti-Fascist’ Body, New York Times, December 21, 1945, http://www.proquest.com. 34. Anonymous to J. Edgar Hoover, March 17, 1942, Letter contained in FBI file of William Shirer. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Freedom of Information/Privacy Acts Section File: 100-32853. 35. Anonymous to J. Edgar Hoover, July 28, 1943, Memo contained in FBI file of William Shirer. 36. J. Edgar Hoover to Unknown, August 10, 1943, Memo contained in FBI file of William Shirer. 37. William L. Shirer, Undated. Article contained in FBI file of William Shirer. 38. Shirer, Undated, Undated. Article contained in FBI file of William Shirer. 39. Shirer, Undated, Undated. Article contained in FBI file of William Shirer. 40. Anonymous, April 1945. Memo contained in FBI file of William Shirer. 41. Accused Groups Deny disloyalty, New York Times, December 5, 1947, http://www.proquest.com. 42. Accused Groups Deny disloyalty, New York Times, December 5, 1947, http://www.proquest.com. 43. Hits ‘Anti-Fascist’ Body, New York Times, December 21, 1945, http://www.proquest.com. 44. Goodman, The Committee, 177–178. 45. Briton Likely to Ask Caution in U.N. on Meddling in Spain, New York Times, June 17, 1946, http://www.proquest.com. 46. Anonymous, April 1945, Memo contained in FBI file of William Shirer. 47. Eric Foner, American Freedom in a Global Age, The American Historical Review 106 (2001), 1–16. 48. L. B. Nichols to Mr. Tolson, October 21, 1946, Memo contained in FBI file of William Shirer. 49. Nichols to Tolson, October 21, 1946, Memo contained in FBI file of William Shirer. 50. Anonymous, October 25, 1946, Memo contained in the FBI file of William Shirer. 51. Anonymous, October 25, 1946, Memo contained in the FBI file of William Shirer. 52. Anonymous, March 17, 1947, Memo contained in FBI file of William Shirer. 53. Anonymous, March 25, 1947, Memo contained in FBI file of William Shirer. 54. Anonymous, April 12, 1947, Memo contained in FBI file of William Shirer. 55. Anonymous, December 22, 1952, Memo contained in FBI file of William Shirer. 56. Memorandum by J. Edgar Hoover, January 27, 1961, Memo contained in FBI file of William Shirer. 57. Anonymous, April 17, 1961, Memo contained in FBI file of William Shirer. 58. Merle Miller, The Judges and the Judged (Garden City, NY, 1952), 81–82. 59. David Everitt, A Shadow of Red (Chicago, 2007), 18. 60. American Business Consultants Inc., Red Channels: the report of communist influence in radio and television (New York, 1950), 6. 61. American Business Consultants Inc., Red Channels, 5. 62. American Business Consultants Inc., Red Channels, 7. 63. American Business Consultants Inc., Red Channels, 135–136. 64. Shirer, A Native's Return, 61. 65. Protest Radio Oustings, New York Times, May 9, 1947, http://www.proquest.com. 66. American Business Consultants Inc., Red Channels, 207. 67. Shirer, A Native's Return, 162. 68. American Business Consultants Inc., Red Channels, 136. 69. Members of the Hollywood Ten were: Alvah Bessie, a screenwriter, Herbert J. Biberman, a screenwriter and film director, Lester Cole, a screenwriter, Edward Dmytryk, a film director, Ring Lardner Jr., a screenwriter, John Howard Lawson, a writer, Albert Maltz, a screenwriter, Samuel Ornitz, a screenwriter, Adrian Scott, a screenwriter and producer, and Dalton Trumbo, a screenwriter. 70. Shirer, A Native's Return, 162–163. 71. Shirer, A Native's Return, 159. 72. Joan Cook, Harriet Pilpel, 79, Lawyer, Dies; An Advocate of Women's Rights, New York Times, April 24, 1991, http://www.proquest.com. 73. William L. Shirer to Harriet Pilpel, April 23, 1951, Shirer Papers, George T. Henry College Archives, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 74. Shirer to Pilpel, April 23, 1951, Shirer Papers. 75. Shirer to Pilpel, October 18, 1951, Shirer Papers. 76. Shrecker, Many Are the Crimes, 219. 77. Shirer, A Native's Return, 167. 78. Harrison E. Salisbury, The Strange Correspondence of Morris Ernst and John Edgar Hoover 1939–1964, The Nation, December 1, 1984, 576. 79. Memorandum by William Shirer, September 20, 1951, Shirer Papers. 80. William L. Shirer to Davidson Taylor, January 28, 1952, Shirer Papers. 81. Taylor to Shirer, January 30, 1952, Shirer Papers. 82. William L. Shirer, Stranger Come Home, (Boston, 1954), 322. 83. Robert M. Hutchins, Zechariah Chafee Jr., John M. Clark, John Dickinson, William E. Hocking, Harold D. Lasswell, Archibald Macleish, Charles E. Merriam, Reinhold Niebuhr, Robert Redfield, Arthur M. Schlesinger, George Shuster, introduction to The American Radio, v. 84. Introduction to The American Radio, viii. 85. Shrecker, Many Are the Crimes, 243. 86. Herbert Mitgang, William L. Shirer, New York Times, December 29, 1993, http://www.proquest.com. 87. Big and Best-Selling, Newsweek, January 23, 1961, 85. 88. Alan Brinkley, In the Grip of the Nazi Past, New York Times, January 21, 1990, http://www.proquest.com and Herbert Mitgang, Books of the Times: The Rise of Hitler and What Rose With Him, New York Times, April 24, 1989, http://www.proquest.com. 89. John L. Hess, William Shirer: A Matter of Character, New York Times, July 24, 1977, http://www.proquest.com. 90. Hess, William Shirer: A Matter of Character. 91. Sperber, Murrow: His Life and Times, 292. 92. C. A. Waldron to CBS, March 26, 1947, Shirer Papers.