Artigo Revisado por pares

Parental investment and the control of sexual selection: predicting the direction of sexual competition

1996; Royal Society; Volume: 263; Issue: 1368 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1098/rspb.1996.0048

ISSN

1471-2954

Autores

George A. Parker, Leigh W. Simmons,

Tópico(s)

Plant and animal studies

Resumo

Restricted accessMoreSectionsView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Cite this article Parker George and Simmons L. W. 1996Parental investment and the control of sexual selection: predicting the direction of sexual competitionProc. R. Soc. Lond. B.263315–321http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1996.0048SectionRestricted accessArticleParental investment and the control of sexual selection: predicting the direction of sexual competition George Parker Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and L. W. Simmons Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author George Parker Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed and L. W. Simmons Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Published:22 March 1996https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1996.0048AbstractWe outline a technique for deducing the general direction of sexual competition which does not involve direct measurement of operational sex ratio. In doing so, we identify three key parameters that are responsible for the control of sexual selection; the relative 'times out' from reproductive activity for each sex, the adult sex ratio, and the extent of collateral investment. Reproductive events can be complex, involving collateral investments from several individuals, either simultaneously or sequentially. For example, two males may invest in the clutch of a single female. The direction of sexual competition depends on all three components. If the adult sex ratio is unity, it is easy to see that techniques involving comparison of potential rates of reproduction give the same prediction of the direction of sexual competition as times out, basically because potential reproductive rate involves the use of times out. Increased collateral investment by one sex increases the probability of sexual competition among the opposite sex. We stress that it is important to use the population mean values for relative times out and not the maximum possible value for an individual because it is the availability of mates within the population that will determine whether an individual will compete.FootnotesThis text was harvested from a scanned image of the original document using optical character recognition (OCR) software. As such, it may contain errors. Please contact the Royal Society if you find an error you would like to see corrected. Mathematical notations produced through Infty OCR. Previous ArticleNext Article VIEW FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD PDF FiguresRelatedReferencesDetailsCited by Kappeler P, Benhaiem S, Fichtel C, Fromhage L, Höner O, Jennions M, Kaiser S, Krüger O, Schneider J, Tuni C, van Schaik J and Goymann W (2022) Sex roles and sex ratios in animals, Biological Reviews, 10.1111/brv.12915, 98:2, (462-480), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2023. Costa S, Magalhães S and Rodrigues L (2023) Multiple mating rescues offspring sex ratio but not productivity in a haplodiploid exposed to developmental heat stress, Functional Ecology, 10.1111/1365-2435.14303 de Abreu L and Mendes A (2020) Description and phylogenetic positioning of a new species of Heteropachylus Roewer, 1913 (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae, Heteropachylinae), Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 10.1080/01650521.2020.1829893, 57:2, (83-95), Online publication date: 4-May-2022. Klug H, Langley C and Reyes E (2022) Cascading effects of pre-adult survival on sexual selection, Royal Society Open Science, 9:4, Online publication date: 1-Apr-2022. Reuland C, Simmons L, Lüpold S and Fitzpatrick J (2021) Weapons Evolve Faster Than Sperm in Bovids and Cervids, Cells, 10.3390/cells10051062, 10:5, (1062) Diamant E, Falk J and Rubenstein D (2021) Male-like female morphs in hummingbirds: the evolution of a widespread sex-limited plumage polymorphism, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 288:1945, Online publication date: 24-Feb-2021. Safari I and Goymann W (2020) The evolution of reversed sex roles and classical polyandry: Insights from coucals and other animals, Ethology, 10.1111/eth.13095, 127:1, (1-13), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2021. Kennair L, Grøntvedt T, Bendixen M and Amundsen T (2021) Sexual Behavior Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_3364, (7290-7302), . Reyes E and Klug H (2021) Parental Investment and Sexual Selection Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1691, (5711-5714), . Kopena R, López P, Majlathova V and Martín J (2020) Sexually dichromatic coloration of female Iberian green lizards correlates with health state and reproductive investment, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 10.1007/s00265-020-02915-z, 74:11, Online publication date: 1-Nov-2020. Feldman R (2020) What is resilience: an affiliative neuroscience approach, World Psychiatry, 10.1002/wps.20729, 19:2, (132-150), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2020. Hare R and Simmons L (2020) Ecological determinants of sex roles and female sexual selection , 10.1016/bs.asb.2019.11.001, (1-28), . Muñoz-Arroyo S, Martínez-Rincón R, Findley L, Hernández-Olalde L and Balart E (2019) Reproductive behaviors and sex roles during a diurnal cycle of the goby, Lythrypnus pulchellus (Teleostei: Gobiidae), Journal of Ethology, 10.1007/s10164-019-00624-3, 38:1, (79-98), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2020. Golab M, Johansson F and Sniegula S (2019) Let's mate here and now – seasonal constraints increase mating efficiency, Ecological Entomology, 10.1111/een.12739, 44:5, (623-629), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2019. Borghezan E, Pinto K, Zuanon J, Pires T and Claydon J (2019) Someone like me: Size-assortative pairing and mating in an Amazonian fish, sailfin tetra Crenuchus spilurus, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0222880, 14:9, (e0222880) Henshaw J, Fromhage L and Jones A (2019) Sex roles and the evolution of parental care specialization, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286:1909, Online publication date: 28-Aug-2019. Manning J and McLoughlin P (2019) Environmental and demographic drivers of male mating success vary across sequential reproductive episodes in a polygynous breeder, Ecology and Evolution, 10.1002/ece3.5066, 9:9, (5106-5117), Online publication date: 1-May-2019. Feldman R, Braun K and Champagne F (2019) The neural mechanisms and consequences of paternal caregiving, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10.1038/s41583-019-0124-6, 20:4, (205-224), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2019. Andrade M (2019) Sexual selection and social context: Web-building spiders as emerging models for adaptive plasticity , 10.1016/bs.asb.2019.02.002, (177-250), . Villarreal A, Godin J, Bertram S and Tregenza T (2018) Influence of the operational sex ratio on mutual mate choice in the Jamaican field cricket ( Gryllus assimilis ): Testing the predictions of the switch point theorem , Ethology, 10.1111/eth.12816, 124:11, (816-828), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2018. Goyes Vallejos J, Grafe T and Wells K (2018) Prolonged parental behaviour by males of Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger 1894), a frog with possible sex-role reversal , Journal of Natural History, 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539196, 52:37-38, (2473-2485), Online publication date: 10-Oct-2018. Kočárek P (2018) The cephalo-thoracic apparatus of Caputoraptor elegans may have been used to squeeze prey, Current Biology, 10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.046, 28:15, (R824-R825), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2018. Amundsen T and Schlupp I (2018) Sex roles and sexual selection: lessons from a dynamic model system, Current Zoology, 10.1093/cz/zoy036, 64:3, (363-392), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2018. Schofield G, Katselidis K, Lilley M, Reina R, Hays G and Gremillet D (2017) Detecting elusive aspects of wildlife ecology using drones: New insights on the mating dynamics and operational sex ratios of sea turtles, Functional Ecology, 10.1111/1365-2435.12930, 31:12, (2310-2319), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2017. Glover K and Crowley P (2017) Female mate choice and the emergence of male coercion, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 10.1007/s00265-017-2409-y, 71:12, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2017. Kuijper B and Johnstone R (2017) How Sex-Biased Dispersal Affects Sexual Conflict over Care, The American Naturalist, 10.1086/691330, 189:5, (501-514), Online publication date: 1-May-2017. Geary D (2016) Evolutionary framework for identifying sex- and species-specific vulnerabilities in brain development and functions, Journal of Neuroscience Research, 10.1002/jnr.23794, 95:1-2, (355-361), Online publication date: 2-Jan-2017. Kennair L, Grøntvedt T, Bendixen M and Amundsen T (2017) Sexual Behavior Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3364-1, (1-13), . Reyes E and Klug H (2017) Parental Investment and Sexual Selection Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1691-1, (1-4), . Fritzsche K, Booksmythe I and Arnqvist G (2016) Sex Ratio Bias Leads to the Evolution of Sex Role Reversal in Honey Locust Beetles, Current Biology, 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.018, 26:18, (2522-2526), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2016. Simmons L and Fitzpatrick J (2016) Sperm competition and the coevolution of pre- and postcopulatory traits: Weapons evolve faster than testes among onthophagine dung beetles, Evolution, 10.1111/evo.12915, 70:5, (998-1008), Online publication date: 1-May-2016. Schwagmeyer P, Mock D and Bartlett T (2016) Chronically time-in or intermittently time-out? Differentiating time-out from a shortage of opportunities, Animal Behaviour, 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.11.010, 111, (281-288), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2016. Janicke T, David P and Chapuis E (2015) Environment-Dependent Sexual Selection: Bateman's Parameters under Varying Levels of Food Availability, The American Naturalist, 10.1086/681128, 185:6, (756-768), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2015. Boulton R, Collins L and Shuker D (2014) Beyond sex allocation: the role of mating systems in sexual selection in parasitoid wasps, Biological Reviews, 10.1111/brv.12126, 90:2, (599-627), Online publication date: 1-May-2015. Lopes G and Leiner N (2015) Semelparity in a population of Gracilinanus agilis (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) inhabiting the Brazilian cerrado, Mammalian Biology, 10.1016/j.mambio.2014.08.004, 80:1, (1-6), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2015. (2015) References Evolution of Vulnerability, 10.1016/B978-0-12-801562-9.09998-1, (295-362), . Geary D (2015) Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Vulnerability Evolution of Vulnerability, 10.1016/B978-0-12-801562-9.00002-8, (11-39), . Booksmythe I, Fritzsche K and Arnqvist G (2014) Sperm competition generates evolution of increased paternal investment in a sex role-reversed seed beetle, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 10.1111/jeb.12549, 27:12, (2841-2849), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2014. (2014) References Reproductive Biology of Teleost Fishes, 10.1002/9781118891360.refs, (391-450) Kamimura Y (2013) Pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection and the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits in earwigs (Dermaptera), Entomological Science, 10.1111/ens.12058, 17:2, (139-166), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2014. Requena G, Munguía-Steyer R and Machado G (2014) Paternal Care and Sexual Selection in Arthropods Sexual Selection, 10.1016/B978-0-12-416028-6.00008-6, (201-233), . Houston A, Székely T and McNamara J (2013) The parental investment models of Maynard Smith: a retrospective and prospective view, Animal Behaviour, 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.08.001, 86:4, (667-674), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2013. Lahaye S, Eens M, Darras V, Pinxten R and McGraw K (2013) Hot or Not: The Effects of Exogenous Testosterone on Female Attractiveness to Male Conspecifics in the Budgerigar, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0074005, 8:8, (e74005) Parker G and Birkhead T (2013) Polyandry: the history of a revolution, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368:1613, Online publication date: 5-Mar-2013. Gwynne D and Lorch P (2012) Mating failures as a consequence of sexual selection on females, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 10.1111/eea.12000, 146:1, (3-10), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2013. Kokko H, Klug H, Jennions M and Gaillard J (2012) Unifying cornerstones of sexual selection: operational sex ratio, Bateman gradient and the scope for competitive investment, Ecology Letters, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01859.x, 15:11, (1340-1351), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2012. Leftwich P, Edward D, Alphey L, Gage M and Chapman T (2012) Variation in adult sex ratio alters the association between courtship, mating frequency and paternity in the lek-forming fruitfly Ceratitis capitata, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02556.x, 25:9, (1732-1740), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2012. Amrhein V, Scaar B, Baumann M, Minéry N, Binnert J and Korner-Nievergelt F (2012) Estimating adult sex ratios from bird mist netting data, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00207.x, 3:4, (713-720), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2012. Lin Q, Li G, Qin G, Lin J, Huang L, Sun H and Feng P (2012) The dynamics of reproductive rate, offspring survivorship and growth in the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810 , Biology Open, 10.1242/bio.2012398, 1:4, (391-396), Online publication date: 15-Apr-2012. McCartney J, Kokko H, Heller K and Gwynne D (2011) The evolution of sex differences in mate searching when females benefit: new theory and a comparative test, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279:1731, (1225-1232), Online publication date: 22-Mar-2012. Avise J and Le Comber S (2011) Clones, hermaphrodites and pregnancies: nature's oddities offer evolutionary lessons on reproduction, Journal of Zoology, 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00869.x, 286:1, (1-14), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2012. Schwagmeyer P, Parker P, Mock D and Schwabl H (2012) Alternative matings and the opportunity costs of paternal care in house sparrows, Behavioral Ecology, 10.1093/beheco/ars080, 23:5, (1108-1114), ., Online publication date: 1-Sep-2012. Avise J, Tatarenkov A and Liu J (2011) Multiple mating and clutch size in invertebrate brooders versus pregnant vertebrates, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 10.1073/pnas.1109216108, 108:28, (11512-11517), Online publication date: 12-Jul-2011. Payne N, Gillanders B and Semmens J (2010) Breeding durations as estimators of adult sex ratios and population size, Oecologia, 10.1007/s00442-010-1729-7, 165:2, (341-347), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2011. Roberts J and Byrne P (2011) Polyandry, Sperm Competition, and the Evolution of Anuran Amphibians , 10.1016/B978-0-12-380896-7.00001-0, (1-53), . Pizzari T and Bonduriansky R (2010) Sexual behaviour: conflict, cooperation and coevolution Social Behaviour, 10.1017/CBO9780511781360.021, (230-266) Avise J and Liu J (2010) Multiple mating and its relationship to alternative modes of gestation in male-pregnant versus female-pregnant fish species, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 10.1073/pnas.1013786107, 107:44, (18915-18920), Online publication date: 2-Nov-2010. Lihoreau M and Rivault C (2010) German cockroach males maximize their inclusive fitness by avoiding mating with kin, Animal Behaviour, 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.05.011, 80:2, (303-309), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2010. Venner S, Bernstein C, Dray S and Bel‐Venner M (2010) Make Love Not War: When Should Less Competitive Males Choose Low‐Quality but Defendable Females?, The American Naturalist, 10.1086/652432, 175:6, (650-661), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2010. Hagiwara K, Manabe H and Shinomiya A (2009) Simultaneous polygyny of the gobiid fish Asterropteryx semipunctata in relation to mate availability, Journal of Ethology, 10.1007/s10164-009-0178-4, 28:2, (251-256), Online publication date: 1-May-2010. Hoefler C, Moore J, Reynolds K and Rypstra A (2010) The Effect of Experience on Male Courtship and Mating Behaviors in a Cellar Spider, The American Midland Naturalist, 10.1674/0003-0031-163.2.255, 163:2, (255-268), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2010. Costello A, Pultorak J and Meikle D (2009) Do male house mice (Mus musculus) discriminate between females that differ in nutritional status?, Behavioural Processes, 10.1016/j.beproc.2009.05.001, 82:2, (119-125), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2009. Pierotti M, Martín-Fernández J and Seehausen O (2009) MAPPING INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN MALE MATING PREFERENCE SPACE: MULTIPLE CHOICE IN A COLOR POLYMORPHIC CICHLID FISH, Evolution, 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00716.x, 63:9, (2372-2388), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2009. Neat F and Lengkeek W (2009) Sexual Selection in Blennies The Biology of Blennies, 10.1201/b10301-15, (249-278), Online publication date: 5-Jan-2009. Wilson M, Daly M and Pound N (2009) Sex Differences and Intrasexual Variation in Competitive Confrontation and Risk Taking: An Evolutionary Psychological Perspective Hormones, Brain and Behavior, 10.1016/B978-008088783-8.00089-9, (2825-2854), . SIMMONS L and EMLEN D (2008) No fecundity cost of female secondary sexual trait expression in the horned beetle Onthophagus sagittarius , Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01575.x, 21:5, (1227-1235), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2008. Gonzalez-Voyer A, Fitzpatrick J and Kolm N (2008) SEXUAL SELECTION DETERMINES PARENTAL CARE PATTERNS IN CICHLID FISHES, Evolution, 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00426.x, 62:8, (2015-2026), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008. KOKKO H and JENNIONS M (2008) Parental investment, sexual selection and sex ratios, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01540.x, 21:4, (919-948), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008. Heinsohn R (2008) The ecological basis of unusual sex roles in reverse-dichromatic eclectus parrots, Animal Behaviour, 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.01.013, 76:1, (97-103), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008. Fitze P and Le Galliard J (2008) Operational sex ratio, sexual conflict and the intensity of sexual selection, Ecology Letters, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01158.x, 11:5, (432-439), Online publication date: 1-May-2008. Kokko H and Jennions M (2008) Sexual Conflict: The Battle of the Sexes Reversed, Current Biology, 10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.063, 18:3, (R121-R123), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2008. Ahnesjö I, Forsgren E and Kvarnemo C (2008) Variation in Sexual Selection in Fishes Fish Behaviour, 10.1201/b10757-11, (303-335), Online publication date: 9-Jan-2008. Barki A (2008) Mating Behaviour Reproductive Biology of Crustaceans, 10.1201/9781439843345-c5, (223-265), Online publication date: 4-Jan-2008. Hegyi G, Garamszegi L and Eens M (2008) The roles of ecological factors and sexual selection in the evolution of white wing patches in ducks, Behavioral Ecology, 10.1093/beheco/arn085, 19:6, (1208-1216), ., Online publication date: 1-Nov-2008. Sogabe A and Yanagisawa Y (2007) Sex-role reversal of a monogamous pipefish without higher potential reproductive rate in females, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274:1628, (2959-2963), Online publication date: 7-Dec-2007. Reading K and Backwell P (2007) Can beggars be choosers? Male mate choice in a fiddler crab, Animal Behaviour, 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.09.025, 74:4, (867-872), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2007. Kokko H and Wong B (2007) RETRACTED: WHAT DETERMINES SEX ROLES IN MATE SEARCHING?, Evolution, 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00090.x, 61:5, (1162-1175), Online publication date: 1-May-2007. Lehmann G and Lehmann A (2007) Sex Differences in "Time Out" from Reproductive Activity and Sexual Selection in Male Bushcrickets (Orthoptera: Zaprochilinae: Kawanaphila mirla), Journal of Insect Behavior, 10.1007/s10905-007-9076-1, 20:2, (215-227), Online publication date: 20-Mar-2007. Lim H and Greenfield M (2006) Female pheromonal chorusing in an arctiid moth, Utetheisa ornatrix, Behavioral Ecology, 10.1093/beheco/arl069, 18:1, (165-173), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007., Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007. Kokko H, Jennions M and Brooks R (2006) Unifying and Testing Models of Sexual Selection, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110259, 37:1, (43-66), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2006. KVARNEMO C and MERILAITA S (2006) Mating distribution and its temporal dynamics affect operational sex ratio: a simulation study, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00694.x, 89:3, (551-559), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2006. Shibata J and Kohda M (2006) Seasonal sex role changes in the blenniid Petroscirtes breviceps, a nest brooder with paternal care, Journal of Fish Biology, 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01086.x, 69:1, (203-214), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2006. Nyman A, Kvarnemo C and Svensson O (2006) The capacity for additional matings does not affect male mating competition in the sand goby, Animal Behaviour, 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.06.020, 71:4, (865-870), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2006. Houston A and McNamara J (2006) John Maynard Smith and the importance of consistency in evolutionary game theory, Biology & Philosophy, 10.1007/s10539-005-9016-4, 20:5, (933-950), Online publication date: 28-Mar-2006. Parker G (2006) Sexual conflict over mating and fertilization: an overview, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 361:1466, (235-259), Online publication date: 28-Feb-2006.Simmons L and Kvarnemo C (2005) Costs of breeding and their effects on the direction of sexual selection, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273:1585, (465-470), Online publication date: 22-Feb-2006. Gordon A (2006) Scaling of Size and Dimorphism in Primates II: Macroevolution, International Journal of Primatology, 10.1007/s10764-005-9004-1, 27:1, (63-105), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2006. Gordon A (2006) Scaling of Size and Dimorphism in Primates I: Microevolution, International Journal of Primatology, 10.1007/s10764-005-9003-2, 27:1, (27-61), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2006. Pröhl H (2005) Clutch loss affects the operational sex ratio in the strawberry poison frog Dendrobates pumilio, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 10.1007/s00265-005-0915-9, 58:3, (310-315), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2005. Hettyey A, Török J, Hévizi G and Fox S (2005) Male Mate Choice Lacking in the Agile Frog, Rana dalmatina, Copeia, 10.1643/CE-04-115R2, 2005:2, (403-408), Online publication date: 1-May-2005. Berglund A, Widemo M and Rosenqvist G (2005) Sex-role reversal revisited: choosy females and ornamented, competitive males in a pipefish, Behavioral Ecology, 10.1093/beheco/ari038, 16:3, (649-655), Online publication date: 1-May-2005. GANEM G, GINANE C, OSTROWSKI M and ORTH A (2005) Assessment of mate preference in the house mouse with reference to investigations on assortative mating, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00447.x, 84:3, (461-471) Dalgleish E and Elgar M (2005) Breeding ecology of the rainforest dung beetle Cephalodesmius armiger (Scarabaeidae) in Tooloom National Park, Australian Journal of Zoology, 10.1071/ZO04067, 53:2, (95), . Forsgren E, Amundsen T, Borg Å and Bjelvenmark J (2004) Unusually dynamic sex roles in a fish, Nature, 10.1038/nature02562, 429:6991, (551-554), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2004. Emlen S, Wrege P and Smith L (2004) Size Dimorphism, Intrasexual Competition, and Sexual Selection in Wattled Jacana (Jacana Jacana), A Sex-Role-Reversed Shorebird in Panama, The Auk, 10.1093/auk/121.2.391, 121:2, (391-403), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2004. Emlen S and Wrege P (2004) SIZE DIMORPHISM, INTRASEXUAL COMPETITION, AND SEXUAL SELECTION IN WATTLED JACANA (JACANA JACANA), A SEX-ROLE-REVERSED SHOREBIRD IN PANAMA, The Auk, 10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0391:SDICAS]2.0.CO;2, 121:2, (391), . Andersson M (2004) SOCIAL POLYANDRY, PARENTAL INVESTMENT, SEXUAL SELECTION, AND EVOLUTION OF REDUCED FEMALE GAMETE SIZE, Evolution, 10.1554/03-101, 58:1, (24), . Andersson M (2004) SOCIAL POLYANDRY, PARENTAL INVESTMENT, SEXUAL SELECTION, AND EVOLUTION OF REDUCED FEMALE GAMETE SIZE, Evolution, 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01570.x, 58:1, (24-34), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2004. Amundsen T (2003) Fishes as models in studies of sexual selection and parental care, Journal of Fish Biology, 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2003.00219.x, 63, (17-52), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2003. LeBas N, Hockham L and Ritchie M (2003) Nonlinear and correlational sexual selection on 'honest' female ornamentation, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270:1529, (2159-2165), Online publication date: 22-Oct-2003. Zhang J and Zhang Z (2003) Influence of operational sex ratio and density on the copulatory behaviour and mating system of Brandt's voleMicrotus brandti, Acta Theriologica, 10.1007/BF03194173, 48:3, (335-346), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2003. Mills S and Reynolds J (2003) Operational sex ratio and alternative reproductive behaviours in the European bitterling, Rhodeus sericeus, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 10.1007/s00265-003-0616-1, 54:2, (98-104), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2003. WILSON A, AHNESJO I, VINCENT A and MEYER A (2003) THE DYNAMICS OF MALE BROODING, MATING PATTERNS, AND SEX ROLES IN PIPEFISHES AND SEAHORSES (FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE), Evolution, 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00345.x, 57:6, (1374-1386), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2003. Okuda N, Fukumori K and Yanagisawa Y (2003) Male ornamentation and its condition-dependence in a paternal mouthbrooding cardinalfish with extraordinary sex roles, Journal of Ethology, 10.1007/s10164-002-0091-6, 21:2, (153-159), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2003. Kraaijeveld-Smit F, Ward S and Temple-Smith P (2003) Paternity success and the direction of sexual selection in a field population of a semelparous marsupial, Antechinus agilis, Molecular Ecology, 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01745.x, 12:2, (475-484), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2003. Wilson A, Ahnesjö I, Vincent A and Meyer A (2003) THE DYNAMICS OF MALE BROODING, MATING PATTERNS, AND SEX ROLES IN PIPEFISHES AND SEAHORSES (FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE), Evolution, 10.1554/02-090, 57:6, (1374), . Berglund A and Rosenqvist G (2003) Sex Role Reversal in Pipefish , 10.1016/S0065-3454(03)01003-9, (131-167), . Avise J, Jones A, Walker D and DeWoody J (2002) Genetic Mating Systems and Reproductive Natural Histories of Fishes: Lessons for Ecology and Evolution, Annual Review of Genetics, 10.1146/annurev.genet.36.030602.090831, 36:1, (19-45), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2002. Wade M and Shuster S (2002) The Evolution of Parental Care in the Context of Sexual Selection: A Critical Reassessment of Parental Investment Theory, The American Naturalist, 10.1086/341520, 160:3, (285-292), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2002. Borg Å, Forsgren E and Magnhagen C (2002) Plastic sex-roles in the common goby - the effect of nest availability, Oikos, 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980111.x, 98:1, (105-115), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2002. Kvarnemo C and Ahnesjö I (2002) Operational sex ratios and mating competition Sex Ratios, 10.1017/CBO9780511542053.019, (366-382) Lorch P (2002) Understanding Reversals in the Relative Strength of Sexual Selection on Males and Females: A Role for Sperm Competition?, The American Naturalist, 10.1086/339992, 159:6, (645-657), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2002. Balshine S, Kempenaers B, Székely T, Kokko H and Johnstone R (2002) Why is mutual mate choice not the norm? Operational sex ratios, sex roles and the evolution of sexually dimorphic and monomorphic signalling, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 357:1419, (319-330), Online publication date: 29-Mar-2002. Del Castillo R and Núñez-Farfán J (2002) Female mating success and risk of pre-reproductive death in a protandrous grasshopper, Oikos, 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.960203.x, 96:2, (217-224), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2002. Kondoh M and Okuda N (2002) Mate availability influences filial cannibalism in fish with paternal care, Animal Behaviour, 10.1006/anbe.2001.1915, 63:2, (227-233), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2002. Aoki K (2009) Sexual selection as a cause of human skin colour variation: Darwin's hypothesis revisited, Annals of Human Biology, 10.1080/0301446021000019144, 29:6, (589-608), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2002. Wilson M, Daly M and Pound N (2002) An Evolutionary Psychological Perspective on the Modulation of Competitive Confrontation and Risk-Taking Hormones, Brain and Behavior, 10.1016/B978-012532104-4/50096-2, (381-408), . Amundsen T and Forsgren E (2001) Male mate choice selects for female coloration in a fish, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 10.1073/pnas.211439298, 98:23, (13155-13160), Online publication date: 6-Nov-2001. Oliveira R, Canario A and Grober M (2001) Male Sexual Polymorphism, Alternative Reproductive Tactics, and Androgens in Combtooth Blennies (Pisces: Blenniidae), Hormones and Behavior, 10.1006/hbeh.2001.1683, 40:2, (266-275), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2001. Lindström K (2001) Effects of Resource Distribution on Sexual Selection and the Cost of Reproduction in Sandgobies, The American Naturalist, 10.1086/320867, 158:1, (64-74), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2001. Kokko and Monaghan (2001) Predicting the direction of sexual selection, Ecology Letters, 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00212.x, 4:2, (159-165), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2001. Whittingham L and Dunn P (2001) Male Parental Care and Paternity in Birds Current Ornithology, Volume 16, 10.1007/978-1-4615-1211-0_5, (257-298), . Matsumoto K and Yanagisawa Y (2001) Monogamy and sex role reversal in the pipefish Corythoichthys haematopterus, Animal Behaviour, 10.1006/anbe.2000.1550, 61:1, (163-170), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2001. Eens M and Pinxten R (2000) Sex-role reversal in vertebrates: behavioural and endocrinological accounts, Behavioural Processes, 10.1016/S0376-6357(00)00124-8, 51:1-3, (135-147), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2000. MCNAMARA J, SZÉKELY T, WEBB J and HOUSTON A (2000) A Dynamic Game-theoretic Model of Parental Care, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 10.1006/jtbi.2000.2093, 205:4, (605-623), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2000. Jones A, Rosenqvist G, Berglund A, Arnold S and Avise J (2000) The Bateman gradient and the cause of sexual selection in a sex–role–reversed pipefish, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 267:1444, (677-680), Online publication date: 7-Apr-2000. Amundsen T (2000) Why are female birds ornamented?, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01800-5, 15:4, (149-155), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2000. Geary D (2000) Evolution and proximate expression of human paternal investment., Psychological Bulletin, 10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.55, 126:1, (55-77) Masonjones H and Lewis S (2000) Differences in potential reproductive rates of male and female seahorses related to courtship roles, Animal Behaviour, 10.1006/anbe.1999.1269, 59:1, (11-20), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2000. Debuse V, Addison J and Reynolds J (1999) The effects of sex ratio on sexual competition in the European lobster, Animal Behaviour, 10.1006/anbe.1999.1213, 58:5, (973-981), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1999. Greeff J and Michiels N (1999) Low potential for sexual selection in simultaneously hermaphroditic animals, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 266:1429, (1671-1676), Online publication date: 22-Aug-1999. Okuda N (1999) Sex Roles Are Not Always Reversed When the Potential Reproductive Rate Is Higher in Females, The American Naturalist, 10.1086/303196, 153:5, (540-548), Online publication date: 1-May-1999. Baras E (1999) Functional implications of early sexual growth dimorphism in vundu, Journal of Fish Biology, 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00616.x, 54:1, (119-124), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1999. CUNNINGHAM E and BIRKHEAD T (1998) Sex roles and sexual selection, Animal Behaviour, 10.1006/anbe.1998.0953, 56:6, (1311-1321), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1998. JONES A, KVARNEMO C, MOORE G, SIMMONS L and AVISE J (2002) Microsatellite evidence for monogamy and sex‐biased recombination in the Western Australian seahorse Hippocampus angustus , Molecular Ecology, 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00481.x, 7:11, (1497-1505), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1998. KVARNEMO C and SIMMONS L (1998) Male potential reproductive rate influences mate choice in a bushcricket, Animal Behaviour, 10.1006/anbe.1998.0732, 55:6, (1499-1506), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1998. Magurran A, May R, Parker G and Partridge L (1998) Sexual conflict and speciation, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 353:1366, (261-274), Online publication date: 28-Feb-1998.Simmons L and Kvarnemo C (1997) Ejaculate expenditure by malebush crickets decreases with sperm competition intensity, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 264:1385, (1203-1208), Online publication date: 22-Aug-1997.Simmons L and Parker G (1997) Parental investment and the control of sexual selection: can sperm competition affect the direction of sexual competition?, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 263:1370, (515-519), Online publication date: 22-May-1996. This Issue22 March 1996Volume 263Issue 1368 Article InformationDOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1996.0048Published by:Royal SocietyPrint ISSN:0962-8452Online ISSN:1471-2954History: Manuscript received28/11/1995Manuscript accepted15/12/1995Published online01/01/1997Published in print22/03/1996 License:Scanned images copyright © 2017, Royal Society Citations and impact Large datasets are available through Proceedings B's partnership with Dryad

Referência(s)