The clinical assessment of analgesic drugs.
1981; Wiley; Volume: 11; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01128.x
ISSN1365-2125
Autores Tópico(s)Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
ResumoBritish Journal of Clinical PharmacologyVolume 11, Issue 4 p. 319-332 Free Access The clinical assessment of analgesic drugs. DW Littlejohns, DW LittlejohnsSearch for more papers by this authorDW Vere, DW VereSearch for more papers by this author DW Littlejohns, DW LittlejohnsSearch for more papers by this authorDW Vere, DW VereSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1981 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01128.xCitations: 21AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References AITKEN, R.C.B. (1969). Measurement of feelings using visual analogue scales. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 62, 989– 993. AITKEN, R.C.B. & ZEALLEY, A.K. (1970). Measurement of moods. Br. J. hosp. Med., 4, 215– 224. ARMSTRONG, D., DRY, R.M.D., KEELE, C.A. & MONKHAM, J.W. (1953). Observations on chemical excitants of cutaneous pain in man. J. Physiol., 120, 326– 351. AXELSEN, R. (1980). Nephrotoxicity of mild analgesics in the Gunn strain of rat. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 10, 309S– 312S. BAILEY, C.A. & DAVIDSON, P.O. (1976). The language of pain: Intensity. Pain, 2, 319– 324. BEAVER, W.T. & McMILLAN, D. (1980). Methodological considerations in the evaluation of analgesic combinations: Acetoaminophen (paracetamol) and hydroco-done in postpartum pain. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 10, 215S– 223S. BEECHER, H.K. (1957). The measurement of pain. Prototype for the quantitative study of subjective responses. Pharmac. Rev., 9, 59– 209. BEECHER, H.K. (1959). Measurement of Subjective Responses. New York: Oxford University Press. BERKOWITZ, B.A. (1976). The relationship of pharmacokinetics to pharmacological activity: Morphine, methadone and naloxone. Clin. Pharmacokin., 1, 219– 230. BLOOMFIELD, S., BARDEN, T. & MITCHELL, J. (1976). Aspirin and codeine in two post-partum pain models. Clin. Pharmac. Ther., 20, 499– 503. BUCHSBAUM, M.S., DAVIS, G.C. & BUNNEY, W.E. (1977). Naloxone alters pain perception and somatosensory evoked potentials in normal subjects. Nature, 270, 620– 622. CHAPMAN, C.R. (1977). Sensory decision theory methods in pain research: a reply to Rollman. Pain, 3, 295– 305. CHAPMAN, C.R. (1978). Pain: the perception of noxious events. In The Psychology of Pain, ed. R.A. Sternbach, pp. 169– 202. New York: Raven Press. CHAPMAN, C.R., MURPHY, T.M. & BUTLER, S.H. (1973). Analgesic strength of 33 per cent nitrous oxide: A signal detection theory evaluation. Science, 179, 1246– 1248. CLARK, W.C. (1974). Pain sensitivity and the report of pain: An introduction to sensory decision theory. Anesthesiology, 40, 272– 287. COOPER, S.A. & BEAVER, W.T. (1976). A model to evaluate mild analgesics in oral surgery outpatients. Clin. Pharmac. Ther., 20, 241– 250. CRAIG, K.D. (1978). Social modeling influences on pain. In The Psychology of Pain, ed R.A. Sternbach, pp. 73– 109. New York: Raven Press. CRAIG, K.D. & NEIDERMAYER, H. (1974). Autonomic correlation of pain thresholds influenced by social modelling. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 29, 246– 252. CROCKETT, D.J., PRKACHIN, K.M. & CRAIG, K.D. (1977). Factors of the language of pain in patient and volunteer groups. Pain, 4, 175– 182. DEODHAR, S.R., DICK, W.C., HODGKINSON, R. & BUCHANAN, W.W. (1973). Measurement of clinical response to anti-inflammatory drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Quart. J. Med., 166, 387– 401. DIEM, K. & LENTNER, C. (Ed) (1970). Documenta Geigy: Scientific tables. 7th Edition, p. 69. Basle: J.R. Geigy. DIXON, W.J. & MASSEY, F.J.J. (1969). Introduction to Statistical Analysis, 3rd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. DOWNIE, W.N., LEATHAM, P.A., RHIND, V.M., WRIGHT, V., BRANCO, J.A. & ANDERSON, J.A. (1978a). Studies with pain rating scales. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 37, 378– 381. DOWNIE, W.W., LEATHAM, P.A., RHIND, V.M., PICKUP, M.E. & WRIGHT, V. (1978b). The visual analogue scale in the assessment of grip strength. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 37, 382– 384. DUGGAN, J.M. (1980). Gastrointestinal toxicity of minor analgesics. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 10, 407S– 410S. DUNDEE, J.W. (1980). Clinical evaluation of mild analgesics. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 10, 329S– 334S. EVANS, R.J. (1972). Acid-base changes in patients with intractable pain and malignancy. Can. J. Surg., 15, 37– 42. FINNEY, D.J. (1964). Statistical Methods in Biological Assay, 2nd Edition, pp. 266– 272. New York: Hafner. FINNEY, D.J. (1971). Statistical logic in the monitoring of reactions to therapeutic drugs. Methods of Information in Medicine (Stuttgart), 10, 237– 245. FORDYCE, W.E. (1978). Learning processes in pain. In The Psychology of Pain, ed. R.A. Sternbach, pp. 49– 72. New York: Raven Press. FOWLE, A.S.E., HUGHES, D.T.D. & KNIGHT, G.J. (1971). The evaluation of histamine antagonists in man. Eur. J. clin. Pharmac., 3, 215– 220. GLYNN, C.J. & LLOYD, J.W. (1976). The diurnal variation in perception of pain. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 69, 369– 372. GOMEZ-JIMENEZ, J., FRANCO-PATINO, R., CHARGOY-VERA, J. & OLIVARES-SOSA, R. (1980). Clinical efficacy of mild analgesics in pain following gynaecological or dental surgery: Report on multicentre studies. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 10, 355S– 358S. GRACELY, R.H., McGRATH, P. & DUBNER, R. (1978a). Ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors. Pain, 5, 5– 18. GRACELEY, R.H., McGRATH, P. & DUBNER, R. (1978b). Validity and sensitivity of ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors: manipulation of affect by diazepam. Pain, 5, 19– 29. HARDY, J.D., WOLFF, H.G. & GOODELL, H. (1940). Studies on pain: A new method for measuring pain threshold: Observations on spatial summation of pain. J. clin. Invest., 19, 649– 657. HARDY, J.D., WOLFF, H.G. & GOODELL, H. (1947). Studies on pain: discrimination of differences in intensity of a pain stimulus as a basis of a scale of pain intensity. J. clin. Invest., 26, 1152– 1158. HARDY, J.D., WOLFF, H.G. & GOODELL, H. (1953). Pain Sensations and Reactions. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. HEWER, A.J.H., KEELE, C.A., KEELE, K.D. & NATHAN, P.W. (1949). A clinical method of assessing analgesics. Lancet, ii, 431– 435. HILGARD, E.R. (1978). Hypnosis and pain. In The Psychology of Pain, ed. R.A. Sternbach, pp. 219– 240. New York: Raven Press. HILLS, M. & ARMITAGE, P. (1979). The two-period crossover clinical trial. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 8, 7– 20. HINDMARCH, I. (1980). Psychomotor function and psychoactive drugs. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 10, 189– 209. HOFSTADTER, D.R. (1979). Gödel, Escher, Bach. Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press. HOUDE, R.W., WALLENSTEIN, S.L. & RODGERS, A. (1960). Clinical pharmacology of analgesics: 1. A method of assaying analgesic effect. Clin. Pharmac. Ther., 1, 163– 174. HUNTER, M., PHILIPS, C. & RACHMAN, S. (1979). Memory for pain. Pain, 6, 35– 46. HUSKISSON, E.C. (1974a). Catecholamine excretion and pain. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 1, 80– 82. HUSKISSON, E.C. (1974b). Measurement of pain. Lancet, ii, 1127– 1131. HUSKISSON, E.C. & HART, F.D. (1972). Pain threshold and arthritis. Br. med. J., 4, 193– 195. JASINSKI, D.R. (1979). Human pharmacology of narcotic analgesics. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 7, 287S– 290S. JENNETT, S. (1968). Assessment of respiratory effects of analgesic drugs. Br. J. Anaesth., 40, 746– 756. JICK, H., SLONE, D., SHAPIRO, S., LEWIS, G.P. & SISKIND, V. (1971). A new method for assessing the clinical effects of oral analgesic drugs. Clin. Pharmac. Ther., 12, 456– 463. JOHNSON, P.C. (1980). A comparison of the effects of zomepirac and aspirin on fecal blood loss. J. clin. Pharmac., 20, 401– 405. JOYCE, C.R.B., ZUTSHI, D.W., HRUBES, V. & MASON, R.M. (1975). Comparison of fixed interval and visual analogue scales for rating chronic pain. Eur. J. clin. Pharmac., 8, 415– 420. KAST, E.C. (1962). The measurement of pain: A new approach to an old problem. J. New Drugs, 2, 344– 351. KEELE, K.D. (1948). The Pain Chart. Lancet, ii, 6– 8. KEELE, K.D. (1954). Pain-sensitivity tests: The pressure algometer. Lancet, i, 636– 639. KEELE, K.D. (1968). Pain complaint threshold in relation to pain of cardiac infarction. Br. med. J., 1, 670– 673. KEELE, K.D. & STERN, P.R.S. (1973). Serum lipid changes in relation to pain. J. Roy. Coll. Physcns., (Lond.), 7, 367– 372. KNITZA, R., CLASEN, R. & FISCHER, F. (1979). Pain-induced alterations in the individual non-esterified fatty acids in serum. Pain, 6, 91– 97. LASAGNA, L. (1960). The clinical measurement of pain. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 86, 28– 37. LASAGNA, L. (1980). Analgesic methodology: A brief history and commentary. J. clin. Pharmac., 20, 373– 376. LASCELLES, P.T., EVANS, P.R., MERSKEY, H. & SABUR, M.A. (1974). Plasma cortisol in psychiatric and neurological patients with pain. Brain, 87, 533– 538. LASKA, E. & SUNSHINE, A. (1973). Anticipation of analgesia—a placebo effect. Headache, 13, 1– 11. LEVINE, J.D., GORDON, N.C., BORNSTEIN, J.C. & FIELDS, H.L. (1979). Role of pain in placebo analgesia. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 76, 3528– 3531. LEVY, G. (1980). Clinical pharmacokinetics of salicylates: A re-assessment. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 10, 285S– 290S. LINDLEY, D.V. (1965). Introduction to probability and statistics. Part 1. Probability, pp. 25 & 215– 235. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. LOESER, J.D. (1980). Perspectives on pain. In Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Proceedings of the First World Conference, ed. P. Turner, pp. 313– 316. London: Macmillan. LYNN, B. & PERL, E.R. (1977). A comparison of four tests for assessing the pain sensitivity of different subjects and test areas. Pain, 3, 353– 365. MANTEL, N. & HAENSZEL, W. (1959). Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies on disease. J. National Cancer Institute, 22, 719– 727. MELZACK, R. (1975). The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods. Pain, 1, 277– 299. MELZACK, R. & DENNIS, S.G. (1978). Neurophysiological foundations of pain. In The Psychology of Pain, ed. R.A. Sternbach, pp. 49– 72. New York: Raven Press. MELZACK, R. & TORGERSON, W.S. (1971). On the language of pain. Anesthesiology, 34, 50– 59. MERSKEY, H. & SPEAR, F.G. (1964). The reliability of the pressure algometer. Br. J. Soc. clin. Psychol., 3, 130– 136. MIELKE, C.H., KAHN, S.B., MUSCHEK, L.D., TIGHE, J.J., NG, K.T. & MINN, F.L. (1980). Effects of zomepirac on hemostasis in healthy adults and on platelet function in vitro. J. clin. Pharmac., 20, 409– 417. MIETTINEN, O.S. (1974). Simple interval-estimation of risk ratio. Am. J. Epidemiol., 100, 515– 516. MONGAR, J.L. (1955). A study of two methods for testing local anaesthetics in man. Br. J. Pharmac., 10, 240– 246. MUMFORD, J.M. & BOWSHER, D. (1976). Pain and proto-pathic sensibility. A review with particular reference to the teeth. Pain, 2, 223– 243. NANRA, R.S. (1980). Clinical and pathological aspects of analgesic nephropathy. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 10, 349S– 368S. NATHAN, P.W. (1977). Pain. Br. med. Bull., 33, 149– 156. NAYMAN, J. (1979). Measurement and control of postoperative pain. Ann. Roy. Coll. Surg. Engl., 61, 419– 426. NICHOLSON, A.N. (1978). Visual analogue scales and drug effects in man. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 6, 3– 4. OHNHAUS, E.E. & ADLER, R. (1975). Methodological problems in the measurement of pain: a comparison between the verbal rating scale and the visual analogue scale. Pain, 1, 379– 384. OLDHAM, J.D. (1968). Measurement in Medicine. London: English University Press. PARKHOUSE, J. & HOLMES, C.M. (1963). Assessing postoperative pain relief. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 56, 579– 583. PATON, W.D.M. (1957). Histamine release by compounds of simple chemical structure. Pharmac. Rev., 9, 269– 328. PIKE, M.C. & MORROW, R.H. (1970). Statistical analysis of patient-control studies in epidemiology: factor under investigation an all-or-none variable. Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med., 24, 42– 44. POSER, E.G. (1962). A simple and reliable apparatus for the measurement of pain. Am. J. Psychol., 75, 304– 305. PRESCOTT, L.F. (1980a). Kinetics and metabolism of paracetamol and phenacetin. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 10, 291S– 298S. PRESCOTT, L.F. (1980b). Hepatotoxicity of mild analgesics. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 10, 373S– 379S. REVILL, S.I., ROBINSON, J.O., ROSEN, M. & HOGG, M.I.J. (1976). The reliability of a linear analogue for evaluating pain. Anaesthesia, 31, 1191– 1198. ROLLMAN, G.B. (1977). Signal detection theory measurement of pain: A review and critique. Pain, 3, 187– 211. ROLLMAN, G.B. (1979). Signal detection theory pain measures: empirical validation studies and adaptation-level effects. Pain, 6, 9– 21. SAUNDERS, K.B. (1980). Methods in the assessment of the control of breathing. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 9, 3– 9. SCOTT, J. & HUSKISSON, E.C. (1976). Graphic representation of pain. Pain, 2, 175– 184. SITARAM, N., BUCHSBAUM, M.S. & GILLIN, C. (1977). Physostigmine analgesia and somatosensory evoked responses in man. Eur. J. Pharmac., 42, 285– 290. SMITH, G.M., EGBERT, L.D., MARCOWITZ, R.A., MOSTELLER, F. & BEECHER, H.K. (1966). An experimental pain method sensitive to morphine in man: The submaximal effort tourniquet technique. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 154, 324– 332. SMITH, G.M., LOWENSTEIN, E., HUBBARD, J.H. & BEECHER, H.K. (1968). Experimental pain produced by the submaximal tourniquet technique: Further evidence of validity. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 163, 468– 474. SUNSHINE, A. (1980). Clinical evaluation of mild analgesics in post partum pain. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 10, 335S– 337S. SWETS, J.A. (1973). The relative operating characteristic in psychology. Science, 182, 990– 1000. SZCZEKLIK, A. (1980). Analgesics, allergy and asthma. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 10, 401S– 405S. TURSKY, B. (1975). The development of a pain perception profile: A psychophysical approach. In Pain: New Perspectives in Therapy and Research, eds M. Weisenberg & B. Tursky, pp. 171– 194. New York: Plenum Press. TWYCROSS, R.G. (1975). The evaluation of narcotic analgesics in patients with terminal cancer. Paul Martini Award Essay. VALBO, A.B. & HAGBARTH, K.-E. (1968). Activity from skin mechanoreceptors in awake human subjects. J. exp. Neurol., 21, 270– 289. VAN BUREN, J. & KLEINKNECHT, R.A. (1979). An evaluation of the McGill Pain Questionnaire for use in dental pain assessment. Pain, 6, 23– 33. VAN DOBBEN de BRUYN, C.S. (1968). Cumulative Sum Tests: Theory and Practice. London: Griffin. VINCENT, C.H. (1973). Random Pulse Trains, their measurement and statistical properties I.E.E. Monograph Series, No 13. London: Peter Peregrinus. von GRAFFENRIED, B., ADLER, R., ABT, K., NUESCH, E. & SPIEGEL, R. (1978). The influence of anxiety and pain sensitivity on experimental pain in man. Pain, 4, 253– 263. von GRAFFENRIED, B. & NUESCH, (1980). Non-migrainous headache for the evaluation of oral analgesics. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 10, 225S– 231S. WALLENSTEIN, S.L., HEIDRICH, G., KAIKO, R. & HOUDE, R.W. (1980). Clinical evaluation of mild analgesics: The measurement of clinical pain. Br. J. clin. Pharmac., 10, 319S– 327S. WALLENSTEIN, S.L. & HOUDE, R.W. (1975). The clinical evaluation of analgesic effectiveness. In Methods in Narcotics Research, eds. S. Ehrenpreis & A. Neidle, pp. 127– 145. New York: Marcel Dekker. WARDELL, W.A. (1977). Post-marketing surveillance: case-study approach. In Drug Monitoring, ed. F.H. Gross & W.H.W. Inman London: Academic Press. WOLFF, B.B. (1977). Analgesic drug and dose discriminations by experimental human pain response parameters. Clin. Pharmac. Ther., 21, 123– 132. WOLFF, B.B. (1978). Behavioural measurement of human pain. In The Psychology of Pain, ed. R.A. Sternbach, pp. 129– 168. New York: Raven Press. WOLFF, B.B., KANTOR, T.G., JARVIK, M.E. & LASKA, E. (1969). Response of experimental pain to analgesic drugs: III. Codeine, aspirin, secobarbital, and placebo. Clin. Pharmac. Ther., 10, 217– 228. WOODFORDE, J.M. & MERSKEY, H. (1972). Some relationships between subjective measures of pain. J. psychosom. Res., 16, 173– 178. YAKSH, T.L. & RUDY, T.A. (1978). Narcotic analgesics: CNS sites and mechanisms of action as revealed by intracerebral injection techiques. Pain, 4, 299– 359. YANG, J.C., CLARK, W.C., NGAI, S.H., BERKOWITZ, B.A. & SPECTOR, S. (1979). Analgesic action and pharmacokinetics of morphine and diazepam in man. Anesthesiology, 51, 495– 502. Citing Literature Volume11, Issue4April 1981Pages 319-332 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)