Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Do Stress Proteins Play a Role in Arthritis and Autoimmunity?

1991; Wiley; Volume: 121; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1600-065x.1991.tb00829.x

1600-065X

John B. Winfield, Wale Jarjour,

Pharmacological Effects of Natural Compounds

Immunological ReviewsVolume 121, Issue 1 p. 193-220 Do Stress Proteins Play a Role in Arthritis and Autoimmunity? John Winfield, John Winfield Division of Rheumatology and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorWale Jarjour, Wale Jarjour Division of Rheumatology and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author John Winfield, John Winfield Division of Rheumatology and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorWale Jarjour, Wale Jarjour Division of Rheumatology and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1991 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.1991.tb00829.xCitations: 39 We thank Melody Shaw for expert technical assistance with some of the experiments described herein, and Dr. Philip Cohen for helpful comments. The experimental work cited in this article was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grants R01 AM30863, T32 AR7416, and P60 AR30701, and a Biomedical Research Center grant from the Arthritis Foundation. Wael Jarjour is a Fellow of the Terri Gotthelf Lupus Research Institute. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES Anderson, D. C., Van Schooten, W. C. A., Barry, M. E., Janson, A. A. M., Buchanan, T. M. & De Vries, R. R. R (1988) A Mycobacterium leprae-specific human T cell epitope cross-reactive with an HLA-DR2 peptide. Science 242, 259. Bahr, G. M., Rook, G. A. W., Al-Saffar, M., van Embden, J., Stanford, J. L. & Behbehani, K. (1988b) Antibody levels to mycobacteria in relation to HLA type: evidence for non-HLA-linked high levels of antibody to the 65 kD heat shock protein of M. bovis in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 74, 211. Bahr, G. M., Rook, F. A. W., Shahin, A., Stanford, J. L., Sattar, M. I. & Behbehani, K. (1988a) HLA-DR-associated isotype-specific regulation of antibody levels to mycobacteria in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 72, 26. Benjamin, I. J., Kroger, B. & Williams, R. S. (1990) Activation of the heat shock transcription factor by hypoxia in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6263. Billingham, M. E. J., Carney, S., Butler, R. & Colston, M. J. (1990) A mycobacterial 65-kD heat shock protein induces antigen-specific suppression of adjuvant arthritis, but is not itself arthritogenic. J. Exp. Med. 171, 339. Blake, D. R., Merry, P., Unsworth, J., Kidd, B. L., Outhwaite, J. M., Ballard, R., Morris, C. J., Gray, L. & Lunec, J. (1989) Hypoxic-reperfusion injury in the inflamed human Lancet i, 289. Bond, U. & Schlesinger, M. J. (1985) Ubiquitin is a heat shock protein in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Mol. Cell Biol. 5, 949. Bond, U. & Schlesinger, M. J. (1987) Heat-shock proteins and development. Adv. Genet. 24, 1. Born, W., Hall, L., Dallas, A., Boymel, J., Shinnick, T., Young, D., Brennan, P. & O'Brien, R. (1990b) Recognition of a peptide antigen by heat shock-reactive γδ T lymphocytes. Science 249, 67. Born, W., Happ, M. P., Dallas, A., Reardon, C., Kubo, R., Shinnick, T., Brennan, P. & O'Brien, R. (1990a) Recognition of heat shock proteins and γ/δ cell function. Immunol. Today 11, 40. Brand, S. R., McIntosh, D. P. & Bernstein, R. M. (1989) Antibody to a 63 kD protein in ankylosing spondylitis [Abstract]. Br. J. Rheumatol. 28 (suppl 1), 5. Brennan, F. M., Londei, M., Jackson, A. M., Hercend, T., Brenner, M. B., Maini, R. N. & Feldmann, M. (1988) T cells expressing γδ chain receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Autoimmun. 1, 319. Buchmeier, N. A. & Heffron, F. (1990) Induction of salmonella stress proteins upon infection of macrophages. Science 248, No. 4956, 730. Bukh, A., Martinez-Valdez, H., Freedman, S. J., Freedman, M. H. & Cohen, A. (1990) The expression of c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc genes is regulated by heat shock in human lymphoid cells. J. Immunol. 144, 4835. Cherrie, A. H., McLean, L. & Archer, J. R. (1989) Immunoblot for stress proteins in synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 32, SI52, (Abstract). Cohen, I. R., Holoshitz, J., Van Eden, W. & Frenkel, A. (1985) T lymphocyte clones illuminate pathogenesis and effect therapy of experimental arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 28, 841. Collins, P. C. & Hightower, L. E. (1982) Newcastle disease virus stimulates the cellular accumulation of stress (heat shock) mRNAs and proteins. J. Virol. 44, 703. Colotta, F., Polentarutti, N., Staffico, M., Fincato, G. & Mantovani, A. (1990) Heat shock induces the transcriptional activation of c-fos protooncogene. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 168, 1013. Coutinho, A. (1989) Beyond clonal selection and network. Immunol. Rev. 110, 63. Coutinho, A. & Bandeira, A. (1989) Tolerize one, tolerize them all: tolerance is self-assertion. Immunol. Today 10, 264. De Graeff-Meeder, E. R., Voorhorst, M., Van Eden, W., Schuurman, H. J., Huber, J., Barkley, D., Maini, R. N., Kuis, W., Rijkers, G. T. & Zegers, B. J. M. (1990) Antibodies to the mycobacterial 65-kd heat-shock protein are reactive with synovial tissue of adjuvant arthritic rats and patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Am. J. Pathol. 137, 1013. De Maria, A., Malnati, M., Moretta, A., Pende, D., Bottino, C., Casorati, G., Cottafava, F., Melioli, G., Mingari, M. C., Migone, N., Romagnani, S. & Moretta, L. (1987) CD3+4-8-WT31- (T cell receptor γ+) cells and other unusual phenotypes are frequently detected among spontaneously interleukin 2-responsive T lymphocytes present in the joint fluid in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A clonal analysis. Eur. J. Immunol. 17 (12), 1815. Dinarello, C. A., Dempsey, R. A., Allegretta, M., Lo Preste, G., Dainiak, N., Parkinson, D. R. & Mier, W. (1986) Inhibitory effects of elevated temperature on human cytokine production. Cancer Res. 46, 6236. Ellis, R. J. & Hemmingsen, S. M. (1989) Molecular chaperones: proteins essential for the biogenesis of some macromolecular structures. Trends Biochem. Sci. 14, 339. Ferris, D. K., Hard Bellan, A., Morimoto, R. I., Welch, W. J. & Farrar, W. L. (1988) Mitogen and lymphokine stimulation of heat shock proteins in T lymphocytes. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 3850. Fisch, P., Malkovsky, M., Braakman, E., Sturm, E., Bolhuis, R. L. H., Prieve, A., Sosman, J. A., Lam, V. A. & Sondel, P. M. (1990b) γ/δ T cell clones and natural killer cell clones mediate distinct patterns of non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytolysis. J. Exp. Med. 171, 1567. Fisch, P., Malkovsky, M., Kovats, S., Sturm, E., Braakman, E., Klein, B. S., Voss, S. D., Morrissey, L. W., DeMars, R., Welch, W. J., Bolhuis, R. L. H. & Sondel, P. M. (1990a) Recognition by human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells of a groEL homolog on Daudi Burkitt's lymphioma cells. Science 250, 1269. Fleischer, B. (1989) Bacterial toxins as probes for the T-cell antigen receptor. Immunol. Today 10, 262. Ford, D. K., da Roza, D. & Schulzer, M. (1985) Lymphocytes from the site of disease but not blood lymphocytes indicate the cause of arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis 44, 701. Friedman, S. M., Posnett, D. N., Tumang, J. R., & Crow, M. K. (1990) A potential role for microbial superantigens in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune disease. Arthritis Rheum, (in press). Froude, J., Gibofsky, A., Buskirk, D. R., Khanna, A. & Zabriskie, J. B. (1989) Cross-reactivity between streptococcus and human tissue: a model of molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 145, 5. Fujinami, R. S. & Oldstone, M. B. (1989) Molecular mimicry as a mechanism for virus-induced autoimmunity. Immunol. Res. 8, 3. Gaitanaris, G. A., Papavassiliou, A. G., Rubock, P., Silverstein, S. J. & Gottesman, M. E. (1990) Renaturation of denatured lambda repressor requires heat shock proteins. Cell 61, 1013. Gaskins, H. R., Prochazka, M., Nadeau, J. H., Henson, V. W. & Leiter, E. H. (1990) Localization of a mouse heat shock Hsp70 gene within the H-2 complex. Immunogenetics 32, 286. Gaston, J. S. H., Life, P. F., Bailey, L. & Bacon, P. A. (1988) Synovial fluid T cells and 65 kD heat-shock protein. Lancet 2, 856. Gaston, J. S. H., Life, P. F., Bailey, L. C. & Bacon, P. A. (1989a) In vitro responses to a 65-kilodalton mycobacterial protein by synovial T cells from inflammatory arthritis patients. J. Immunol. 143, 2494. Gaston, J. S., Life, P. F., Granfors, K., Merilahti Palo, R., Bailey, L., Consalvey, S., Toivanen, A. & Bacon, P. A. (1989b) Synovial T lymphocyte recognition of organisms that trigger reactive arthritis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 76, 348. Gaston, J. S., Life, P. F, Jenner, P. J., Colston, M. J. & Bacon, P. A. (1990a) Recognition of a mucobacteria-specific epitope in the 65-kD heat-shock protein by synovial fluid-derived T cell clones. J. Exp. Med. 171, 831. Gaston, J. S. H., Life, P. F., Jenner, P. J., Colston, M. J. & Bacon, P. A. (1990b) Fine specificity of mycobacterial 65 kD stress protein-specific synovial T cell clones from patients with self-limiting and persistent inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 33, S16, (Abstract). Granelli Piperno, A., Andrus, L. & Steinman, R. M. (1986) Lymphokine and nonlymphokine mRNA levels in stimulated human T cells Kinetics, mitogen requirements, and effects of cyclosporin A. J. Exp. Med. 163, 922. Gupta, R. S. (1990a) Sequence and structural homology between a mouse T-complex protein TCP-1 and the "chaperonin" family of bacterial (GroEL, 60-65 kDa heat shock antigen) and eukaryotic proteins. Biochem. Int. 24, 833. Gupta, R. S. (1990b) Mitochondria, molecular chaperone proteins and the in vivo assembly of micro tubules. Trans. Int. Biochem. Soc. 15, 415. Haas, I. G. & Meo, T. (1988) cDNA cloning of the immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 2250. Haas, I. G. & Wabl, M. (1983) Immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein. Nature 306, 387. Haire, R. N., Peterson, M. S. & OLeary, J. J. (1988) Mitogen activation induces the enhanced synthesis of two heat-shock proteins in human lymphocytes. J Cell Biol 106, 883. Hanufusa, T., Pujol Borrell, R., Chiovato, L., Russell, R. C., Doniach, D. & Bottazzo, G. F. (1983) Aberrant expression of HLA-DR antigen on thyrocytes in Graves' disease: relevance for autoimmunity. Lancet 2, 1111. Handley, H. H., Nonaka, S., Gupta, R. S. & Vaughan, J. H. (1990) Autoimmune responses to the human chaperonin, HSP63. Arthritis Rheum. 33, S46. Handley, H. H., Shiro, N., Yu, J., Singh, B., Gupta, R. S. & Vaughan, J. H. (1991) Humoral autoimmunity to human hsp60. (submitted). Haregewoin, A., Soman, G., Hom, R. C. & Finberg, R. W. (1989) Human γδ+ T cells respond to mycobacteria heat-shock protein. Nature 340, 309. Hemmingsen, S. M., Woolford, C., van der. Vies, S. M., Tilly, K., Dennis, D. T., Georgopoulos, C. P., Hendrix, R. W. & Ellis, R. J. (1988) Homologous plant and bacterial proteins chaperone oligomeric protein assembly. Nature 333, 330. Henderson, B., Pettipher, E. R. & Higgs, G. A. (1987) Mediators of rheumatoid arthritis Br. Med. Bull. 43, 415. High tower, L. E. & Guidon, P. T. Jr. (1989) Selective release from cultured mammalian cells of heat-shock (stress) proteins that resemble glia-axon transfer proteins. J. Cell. Physiol. 138, 257. Holoshitz, J., Koning, F., Coligan, J. E., de Bniyn, J. & Strober, S. (1989) Isolation of CD4- CD8- mycobacteria-reactive T lymphocyte clones from rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid. Nature 339, 226. Horie, M., Matsuura, A., Chang, K.-J., Niikawa, J. & Shen, F.-W. (1990) Properties of the promoter region of the T13c Tla gene. Immunogenetics (in press). Howard, K. J., Holley, S. J., Yamamoto, K. R. & Distelhorst, C. W. (1990) Mapping the HSP90 binding region of the glucocorticoid receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 11928. Hurst, N. P. (1990) Stress (heat shock) proteins and rheumatic disease, new advance or just another bandwagon Rheumatol. Int. 9, 271. Inman, R. D. & Morrison, R. P. (1990) Immunoblot analysis of reactivity to chlamydial 57 kD heat shock protein in Reiter's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 33, S26 (Abstract). Ish-Shalom, D., Kloppstech, K. & Ohad, I. (1990) Light regulation of the 22 kd heat shock gene transcription and its translation product accumulation in chlamydomonas reinhardtii. EMBO J. 9, No. 9, 2657. Jacobs, M. R. & Haynes, B. F. (1990) Distribution of TCR γδ T cells in tissues from patients with inflammatory diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 33, S16, (Abstract). Janeway, C. A. Jr., Fischer-Lindahl, K. & Hammerling, U. (1988) The Mis locus: new clues to a lingerling mystery. Immunol. Today 9, No. 5, 125. Janeway, C. A. Jr., Yagi, J., Conrad, P. J., Katz, M. E., Jones, B. & Buxser, S. (1989) T- cell responses to Mis and to bacterial proteins that mimic its behavior. Immunol. Rev 107, 61. Janis, E. M., Kaufmann, H. E., Schwartz, R. H. & PardoU, D. M. (1989) Activation of γδ T cells in the primary immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 244, 713. Jarjour, W. N., Jeffries, B. D., Davis, J. S., IV, Welch, W. J., Mimura, T. & Winfield, J. B. (1991) Autoantibodies to stress proteins: a survey of various rheumatic and inflammatory diseases, (submitted). Jarjour, W., Mizzen, L. A., Welch, W. J., Denning, S., Shaw, M., Mimura, T., Haynes, B. F. & Winfield, J. B. (1990) Constitutive expression of a groEL-related protein on the surface of human γ/δ cells. J. Exp. Med. 172, 1857. Jarjour, W., Tsai, V., Woods, V., Welch, W., Pierce, S., Shaw, M., Mehta, H., Dillmann, W., Zvaifler, N. & Winfield, J. (1989) Cell surface expression of heat shock proteins. Arthritis Rheum. 32, S44 (Abstract). Jay, G., Shiu, R. P., Jay, F. T., Levine, A. S. & Pastan, I. (1978) Identification of a transformation-specific protein induced by a Rous sarcoma virus. Cell 13, 527. Johnson, A. D., Berberian, P. A. & Bond, M. G. (1990) Effect of heat shock proteins on survival of isolated aortic cells from normal and atherosclerotic cynomolgus macaques. Atherosclerosis 84, 111. Johnston, R. N. & Kucey, B. L. (1988) Competitive inhibition of hsp70 gene expression causes thermosensitivity. Science 242, 1551. Kabelitz, D., Bender, A., Schondelmaier, S., Schoel, B. & Kaufmann, S. H. E. (1990) A large fraction of human peripheral blood y/b + T cells is activated by mycobacterium tuberculosis but not by its 65-kD heat shock protein. J. Exp. Med. 171, 667. Karlsson-Parra, A., Söderström, K., Ferm, M., Ivanyi, J., Kiessling, R. & Klareskog, L. (1990) Presence of human 65 kD heat shock protein (hsp) in inflamed joints and subcutaneous nodules of RA patients. Scand. J. Immunol. 31, 283. Kaufmann, S. H. E. (1990a) Heat shock proteins and the immune response Immunol Today 11, 129. Kaufmann, S. H. E., Schoel, B., Wand-Württenberger, A., Steinhoff, U., Munk, M. E. & Koga, T. (1990b) T-cells, stress proteins, and pathogenesis of mycobacterial infections. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 155, 125. Kaufmann, S. H., Vath, U., Thole, J. E., van Embden, J. D. & Emmrich, K (1987) Enumeration of T cells reactive with Mycobacteriimi tuberculosis organisms and specific for the recombinant mycobacterial 65-kDa protein. Eur. J. Immunol. 17, 351. Keyse, S. M. & Tyrrell, R. M. (1989) Heme oxygenase is the major 32-kDa stress protein induced in human skin fibroblasts by UVA radiation, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium arsenite. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 99. Koga, T., Wand Wurttenberger, A., DeBruyn, J., Munk, M. E., Schoel, B. & Kaufmann, S. H. (1989) T cells against a bacterial heat shock protein recognize stressed macrophages Science 245, 1112. Roller, B. H., Marrack, P., Kappler, J. W. & Smithies, O. (1990) Normal development of mice defcient in beta-2M, MHC class I proteins, and CD8+ T cells. Science 248, 1227. Kusher, D. I., Ware, C. F. & Gooding, L. R. (1990) Induction of the heat shock response protects cells from lysis by tumor necrosis factor. J. Immunol. 145, 2925. Köller, M., Brom, C., Brom, J. & König, W. (1989) Heat shock induces alterations of lipoxygenase pathway in human polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Prostaglandins Leu- kotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 38, 99. Lafaille, J. J., Haas, W., Coutinho, A. & Tonegawa, S. (1990) Positive selection of γδ T cells. Immunol. Today 11, No. 3, 75. Lakey, E. K., Margoliash, E. & Pierce, S. K. (1987) Identification of a peptide binding protein that plays a role in antigen presentation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 1659. Lakomek, H. J., Will, H., Zech, M. & Kruskemper, H. L. (1984) A new serologic marker in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 27, 961. Lamb, J. R., Bal, V., Mendez-Samperlo, P., Mehlert, A., So, A., Rothbard, J., Jindal, S., Young, R. A. & Young, D. B. (1989) Stress proteins may provide a link between the immune response to infection and autoimmunity. Int. Immunol. 1, 191. Landry, S. J. & Bartlett, S. G. (1989) The small subunit of ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and its precursor expressed in Escherichia coli are associated with groEL protein. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 9090. Lasky, H. P., Bauer, K. & Pope, R. M. (1988) Increased helper inducer and decreased suppressor inducer phenotypes in the rheumatoid joint. Arthritis Rheum. 31, 52. La Thangue, N. B. & Latchman, D. S. (1988) A cellular protein related to heat-shock protein 90 accumulates during herpes simplex virus infection and is overexpressed in transformed cells. Exp. Cell Res. 178, 169. Lecker, S., Lill, R., ZiegelhofTer, T., Georgopoulos, C., Bassford, P. J., Jr., Kumamoto, C. A. & Wickner, W. (1989) Three pure chaperone proteins of escherichia coli - SecB, trigger factor, and GroEL - form soluble complexes with precursor proteins in vivo. EMBO J. 9 (9), 2703. Life, P.F., Viner, N. J., Bacon, P. A. & Gaston, J. S. H. (1990) Synovial fluid antigen-presenting cells unmask peripheral blood T cells responses to bacterial antigens in inflammatory arthritis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 79, 189. Lindquist, S. (1986) The heat-shock response. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 55, 1151. Locke, M., Noble, E. G. & Atkinson, B. G. (1990) Exercising mammals synthesize stress proteins. Am. J. Physiol. 258, No. 4, C723. Maher, P. A. & Pasquale, E. B. (1989) Heat shock induces protein tyrosine phosphorylation in cultured cells. J. Cell Biol. 108, 2029. Mapp, P. I., Cherrie, A. H., Blake, D. R., Archer, J. R., Winrow, V. R. & McLean, L. (1989) 70 kDa stress protein in the arthritic synovial membrane. Arthritis Rheum. 32, SI52 (Abstract). Martin, M. L. & Regan, C. M. (1988) The anticonvulsant sodium valproate specifically induces the expression of a rat glial shock protein which is identified as the collagen type IV receptor. Brain Res. 459, 131. McCormick, P. J., Keys, B. J., Pucci, C. & Millis, A. J. T. (1979) Human fibroblast- conditioned medium contains a 100 k dalton glucose-regulated cell surface protein. Cell 18, 173. McCormick, P. J., Millis, A. J. T. & Babiarz, B. (1982) Distribution of a 100 k dalton glucose-regulated cell surface protein in mammalian cell cultures and sectioned tissues. Exp. Cell Res. 138, 63. McLean, L., Archer, J., Cawley, M., Kidd, B., Pegley, F. & Thompson, P. (1990) 65 kDa stress protein (SP65) antibodies in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Arthritis Rheum. 33, S68, (Abstract). McLean, L., Winrow, V. R., Mapp, P. L, Cherrie, A. H., Archer, J. R. & Blake, D. R. (1988) Synvoial fluid T cells and 65 kD heat-shock protein. Lancet II, 856. Mensi, N., Webb, D. R., Turck, C. W. & Peltz, G. A. (1990) Characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi proteins reactive with antibodies in synovial fluid of a patient with Lyme Arthritis. Infect. Immun. 58, 2404. Milarski, K. L., Welch, W. J. & Morimoto, R. I. (1989) Cell cycle-dependent association of HSP70 with specific cellular proteins. J. Ceil Biol. 108, 413. Milner, C. M. & Campbell, R. D. (1990) Structure and expression of the three MHC-linked HSP70 genes. Immunogenetics 32, 242. Minota, S., Cameron, B., Welch, W. J. & Winfield, J. B. (1988b) Autoantibodies to the constitutive 73-kD member of the hsp70 family of heat shock proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Exp. Med. 168, 1475. Minota, S., Koyasu, S., Yahara, I. & Winfield, J. B. (1988a) Autoantibodies to the heat-shock protein hsp90 in systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Clin. Invest. 81, 106. Mizzen, L. A., Chang, C., Garrels, J. I. & Welch, W. J. (1989) Identification, characterization, and purification of two mammalian stress proteins in mitochondria, grp 75, a member of the hsp 70 family and hsp 58, a homolog of the bacterial groEL protein. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 20664. Modlin, R. L., Pirmez, C., Hofman, F. M., Torigian, V., Uyemura, K., Rea, T. H., Bloom, B. R. & Brenner, M. B. (1989) Lymphocytes bearing antigen-specific γδ T-cell receptors accumulate in human infectious disease lesions. Nature 339, 544. Monaco, J. J., Cho, S. & Attaya, M. (1990) Transport protein genes in the murine MHC: possible implications for antigen processing. Science 250, 1723. Morrison, R. P., BeUand, R. J., Lyng, K. & Caldwell, H. D. (1989) Chlamydial disease pathogenesis. The 57-kD chlamydial hypersensitivity antigen is a stress response protein. J. Exp. Med. 170, 1271. Muller, S., Briand, J. P. & Van Regenmortel, M. H. (1988) Presence of antibodies to ubiquitin during the autoimmune response associated with systemic lupus erythemato-sus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 8176. Munk, M. E., Gatrill, A. J. & Kaufmann, S. H. E. (1990) Target cell lysis and IL-2 secretion by yl6 T lymphocytes after activation with bacteria. J. Immunol. 145, 2334. Munk, M. E., Schoel, B., Modrow, S., Karr, R. W., Young, R. A. & Kaufmann, S. H. (1989) T lymphocytes from healthy individuals with specificity to self-epitopes shared by the mycobactedal and human 65-kilodalton heat shock protein. J. Immunol. 143 2844. Munro, S. & Pelham, H. R. (1986) An Hsp70-like protein in the ER: identity with the 78 kd glucose-regulated protein and immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein. Cell 46, 291. Nagata, K., Saga, S. & Yamada, K. M. (1988) Characterization of a novel transformation-sensitive heat-shock protein (HSP47) that binds to collagen. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153, 428. Nakai, A., Hirayoshi, K., Saga, S., Yamada, K. M. & Nagata, K. (1989) The transformation-sensitive heat shock protein (hsp47) binds specifically to Fetuin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 164, 259. Nevins, J. R. (1982) Induction of the synthesis of a 70,000 dalton mammalian heat shock protein by the adenovirus EIA gene product. Cell 29, 913. Nover, L. (1984) Heat shock response of eukaryotic celts. Springer-verlag. New York . O'Brien, R. L., Happ, M. P., Dallas A., Palmer E., Kubo, R. & Born, W. K. (1989) Stimulation of a major subset of lymphocytes expressing T cell receptor γδ by an antigen derived from Myeobacterium tuberculosis. Cell 57, 667. Ohno, K., Fukushima, M., Fujiwara, M. & Narumiya, S. (1988) Induction of 68,000-dalton heat shock proteins by cyclopentenone prostaglandins. J. Biol. Chem. 263, No. 36, 19764. Opperman, H., Levinson, W. & Bishop, J. M. (1981) A cellular protein that associates with a transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus is also a heat-shock protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 1067. Ottenhoff, T. H., Ab, B. K., van Embden, J. D., Thole, J. E. & Kiessling, R. (1988) The recombinant 65-kD heat shock protein of Mycobactedum bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guedn/M. tuberculosis is a target molecule for CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes that lyse human monocytes. J. Exp. Med. 168, 1947. Pallas, D. C, Morgan, W. & Roberts, T. M. (1989) The cellular proteins which can associate specifically with polyomavirus middle T antigen in human 293 cells include the major human 70-kilodalton heat shock proteins. J. Virol. 63, 4533. Pelham, H. R. B. (1984) HSP 70 accelerates the recovery of nuclear morphology after heat shock. EMBO J. 3, 3095. Pereira, P., Bandeira, A., Coutinho, A., Marcos, M. A., Todbio, M. & Martinez, C. (1989) V-region connectivity in T cell repertoires. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 7, 209. Pfeffer, K., Schoel, B., Guile, H., Kaufmann, S. H. E. & Wagner, H. (1990) Pdmary responses of human T cells to mycobacteda: a frequent set of γα T cells are stimulated by protease-resistant ligands. Eur. J. Immunol. 20, 1175. Picard, D., Khursheed, B., Garabedian, M. J., Fortin, M. G., Lindquist, S. & Yamamoto, K. R. (1990) Reduced levels of hsp90 compromise steroid receptor action in vivo. Nature 348, 166. Pitzalis, C, Kingsley, G., Murphy, J. & Panayi, G. (1987) Abnormal distribution of the helper-inducer and the suppressor-inducer T lymphocyte subsets in the rheumatoid joint. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 45, 252. Plau', S., MuUer, S. & Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (1990) A branched, synthetic octapeptide of ubiquitinated histone H2A as target of autoantibodies. J. Exp. Med. 169, 1607. Polla, B. S. (1988) A role for heat shock proteins in inflammation. Immunol. Today 9, 134. Pope, R., Lessard, J. & Landay, A. (1990) δbL/γ T cell receptor (TCR) positive T lymphocytes: lack of evidence for significant involvement in activation of synovial lymphocytes by mycobacterial antigens. Arthritis. Rheum. 33, S57 (Abstract). Pope, R. M., Pahlavani, M. A., LaCour, E., Sambol, S. & Desai, B. V. (1989) Antigenic specificity of rheumatoid synovial fluid lymphocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 32, 1371. Porcelli, S., Brenner, M. B., Greenstein, J. L., Balk, S. P., Terhorst, C. & Bleicher, P. A. (1989) Recognition of cluster of differentiation 1 antigens by human CD4-CD8-cytolyticT lymphocytes. Nature 341, 447. Pratt, W. B. (1990) Interaction of hsp90 with steroid receptors: Organizing some diverse observations and presenting the newest concepts. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 74, C69. Putney, D. J., Malayer, J. R., Gross, T. S., Thatcher, W. W, Hansen, R J. & Drost, M. (1988) Heat stress-induced alterations in the synthesis and secretion of proteins and prostaglandins by cultured bovine conceptuses and uterine endometrium. Biol. Reprod. 39, 717. Quinn DeJoy, S., Ferguson-Chanowitz, K., Oronsky, A. L., Zabriskie, J. B. & Kerwar, S. S. (1990) Studies on the homing of Mycobacterium-sensitized T lymphocytes to the synovium during passive adjuvant arthritis. Ceil. Immunol. 130, 195. Rajesekar, R., Sim, G-K. & Augustin, A. (1990) Self heat shock and γδ T-cell reactivity. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 87, 1767.