The Vatican and the War in the Far East, 1941‐1943
1978; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 40; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1540-6563.1978.tb01906.x
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. Louis Wei Tsing‐sing, Le Saint Siège, la France et la Chine sous le Pontificat de Leon XIlI (Schoneck‐Beckenried, 1966), passim; H. M. Cole, “Origins of the French Protectorate over Catholic Missions in China,” American Journal of International Law 34 (July 1940): 478–82; David J. Alvarez, “The Department of State and the Abortive Papal Mission to China, August 1918,” Catholic Historical Review 62 (July 1976): 455–63; Anthony Rhodes, The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, 1922–1945 (New York, 1973). 307.2. Notes of Hurley, 7/4/40, Actes et Documents du Saint Siège Relatif a la Seconde Guerre Mondiale (Vatican City, 1967 ‐), 4:75 (hereafter cited as Actes et Documents).3. Marella to Maglione, 1/20/41, Actes et Documents, 4:358; Marella to Maglione, 6/20/41, ibid., 564; Marella to Maglione, 7/5/41, ibid., 5:74. An apostolic Delegate has no diplomatic status, and, theoretically, he limits his responsibility to ecclesiastical affairs in the country to which he is delegate. In practice, however, a delegate mainrains informal contacts with the host government.4. Marella to Maglione, 1/20/41, Actes et Documents, 4: 358.5. Notes of the Secretariat of State, 4/2/41, Actes et Documents, 4: 432–37.6. Ibid.7. John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945 (New York, 1970), 179; Robert Butow, Tojo and the Coming of the War (Stanford, 1961), 277.8. Jean Monsterleet, Bilan et Prospective du Catholicisme au Japan (Paris, 1967), 134–36; Johannes Laures, The Catholic Church in Japan (Rutland, Vt., 1954), 244.9. Marella to Maglione, 1/20/41, Actes et Documents, 4: 359; Marella to maglione, 7/5/41, ibid., 5: 74–76; Secretariat of State to the Special Delegation of Japan, 10/3/42, ibid., 763, n. 2.10. Marella to Maglione, 1/20/41, Actes et Documents, 4: 359.11. Rhodes, The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, 307.12. Notes of Tardini, 1/21/42, Actes et Documents, 5: 384–85; Marella to Maglione, 1/30/42, ibid., 398–99. For domestic political reasons, President Franklin D. Roosevelt could not establish formal relations with the Vatican by nominating an ambassador or minister. To circumvent this problem, the President appointed Myron C. Taylor as his “personal representative” to Pope Pius XII. See, John S. Conway, “Myron C. Taylor's Mission to the Vatican. 1940–1950,” Church History 44 (March 1975): 85–99.13. Notes of Tardini, 1/21/42, Actes et Documents, 5: 385; Maglione to Marella, 1/31/42, ibid., 399–400. The Vatican decided not to appoint a nuncio to Japan but to allow Monsignor Marella to continue to represent the Vatican without formal diplomatic rank.14. Huddle to the Secretary of State, 2/9/42, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1942, vol. 3, Europe (Washington, 1961), 778 (hereafter cited as Foreign Relations). Harold Tittman, as assistant to Myron Taylor, represented American interests at the Vatican during Taylor's absence in Washington.15. David J. Alvarez, “The United States, the Vatican, and World War II,” Research Studies 40 (December 1972): 242–43.16. Secretary of State to Huddle, 2/17/42, Foreign Relations, 779; Osborne to Pius XII, 2/23/42, Actes et Documents, 5: 447–48; Osborne to Maglione, 2/26/42, ibid., 451. Despite British suspicions, Japan did not consult with its Axis allies before approaching the Vatican. Germany was as surprised by the action as the Allies. See, Notes of Tardini, 3/8/42, ibid., 469.17. apostolic Delegation to the Department of State, 3/3/42. Foreign Relations, 780–81; Notes of Tardini, 3/2/42. Actes et Documents, 5: 455–57.18. Memoranda by Welles, 3/3/42, 3/6/42, Foreign relations, 779–82.19. Memorandum by Welles, 3/3/42, Foreign Relations, 780; Welles to Roosevelt, 3/14/42, President's Secretary's File, Spellman, Box 185, Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York (hereafter referred to as Roosevelt Papers).20. Cicognani to Maglione, 3/5/42, Actes et Documents, 5: 462–63. In their concern over papal policy. Church officials often worked at cross‐purposes with the Vatican. Monsignor Ready urged Summer Welles to have President Roosevelt complain to Archbishop Francis Spellman of New York while Archbishop Cicognani advised the State Department to make forceful representations to Cardinal Maglione and Monsignor Domenico Tardini, the influential papal undersecretary of state. Cicognani admitted to Welles that he could see no justifiable reason for the Vatican's decision. See, Welles to Roosevelt, 3/14/42, PSF, Spellman, Box 185, Roosevelt Papers. Memorandum by Welles, 3/6/42, Foreign Relations, 782.21. Notes of Tardini, 3/8/42, Actes et Documents, 5: 472–73.22. Maglione to Cicognani, 3/12/42, Actes et Documents, 5: 479–81.23. Roosevelt to Spellman, 3/14/42. PSF, Spellman, Box 185, Roosevelt Papers.24. Huddle to the Secretary of State, 2/9/42. Foreign Relations. 778; Tittman to the Secretary of State, 3/6/42, ibid., 783.25. Cicognani to Maglione, 3/18/42, Actes et Documents, 5: 491–93.26. Memorandum by Welles, 3/19/42, Foreign Relations, 787–88.27. Ibid.; Cicognani to Maglione, 3/22/42, Actes et Documents, 5: 494.28. Harrison to the Secretary of State, 3/19/42, Foreign Relations, 787; Maglione to Cicognani, 3/28/42. Actes et Documents, 5:507. On June 24, 1942, the Chinese government announced the appointment of Chou Kang Sie as minister to the Holy See. The Vatican did not appoint a nuncio to China until 1946. Arrangements for diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the Netherlands were completed in August 1943, but the German occupation of Rome delayed the arrival of a Dutch mission until June 1944.29. Tojo to Maglione, 3/26/42, Actes et Documents, 5: 502.30. Marella to Maglione, 4/5/42. Actes et Documents, 5:513; Notes of the Secretariat of State, 4/8/42, ibid., 515–16.31. Maglione to Marella, 4/11/42, Actes et Documents, 5: 526.32. Notes of Maglione, 4/20/42, 5/12/42, and 5/16/42, Actes et Documents, 5: 546, 565–66, 570–71. In 1943 the Vatican invoked it is nonrecognition policy when Japanese client regimes in Burma and the Phillipines sought to establish relations with the Holy See. See, Maglione to Marella, 8/26/43, ibid., 7: 587; Notes of Maglione, 10/22/43, ibid., 679.33. Tittman to Welles, 6/12/42. President's Secretary's File, Welles, Box 96, Roosevelt Papers.34. Maglione to Marella, 7/19/42, Actes et Documents, 8: 603; Harada to Maglione, 8/842, ibid., 616–17; Marella to Maglione, 12/10/42, ibid., 743–44.35. Maglione to Marella, 5/11/42, Actes et Documents, 8: 533; Maglione to Constantini, 10/6/42, ibid., 673–74. It is impossible to determine from the available documents the exact amounts sent to the Far East. Monsignor Marella received at least $100,000 for use in Japan alone. See, Cicognani to maglione, 12/2/42, ibid., 735.36. Marella to Maglione, 11/15/42, Actes et Documents, 8: 717; Godfrey to Maglione, 5/16/42, ibid., 535. On the Vatican's experience in Europe, see, Rhodes, The Vatican in the Age of Dictotrs, 239–250.37. Marella to Maglione, 6/4/42, Actes et Documents, 5: 591–92.38. Ibid.; Marella to Maglione, 6/8/42, ibid., 596–97.39. Secretariat of State to the Special Delegation of Japan, 10/3/42, Actes et Documents, 5: 735–36; Special Delegation of Japan to the Secretariat of State, 11/4/42, ibid., 7: 74–75.40. Notes of Maglione. 10/27/42, Actes et Documents, 5: 750–51.41. Ibid; Maglione to Cicognani, 10/8/42, ibid., 8:695; Marella to Maglione, 10/29/42, ibid., 701.42. Louis Wei Tsing‐sing, Le Saint Siège et la Chine (Sotterville‐Les‐Rouen, 1971), 143; Marella to Maglione, 12/10/42, Actes et Documents, 8: 743.43. Secretariat of State to the Special Delegation of Japan, 4/4/43. Actes et Documents, 7: 289–90; Secretariat of State to the Chinese Legation, 4/4/43, ibid., 290–91; Nicuwenhuys to Maglione, 4/9/43, ibid., 299–300. It is important to note the parallels between the Vatican's difficulties in the Far East anthose in occupied Europe where the German authorities, despite the interecession of the Holy See, restricted the activity of papal representatives, incarcerated and executed priests, religious, and faithful Catholics, and confiscated Church propwerty. See, John S. Conway, The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933–45 (New York, 1968), chapters 9–11.44. Secretariat of State to the Special Delegation of Japan, 4/4/43, Actes et Documents, 7: 289–90; Secretariat of State to the Chinese Legation, 4/4/43, ibid., 290–91.45. Special Delegation of Japan to the Secretariat of State, 4/14/43, Actes et Documents, 7: 302; Chinese Legation to the Secretariat of State, 5/7/43, ibid., 313–15.
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