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Planning and Agricultural Development in Iran

2006; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 15; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/10669920600997084

1473-9666

Ali Shakoori,

Islamic Studies and History

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 52 See further World Bank, Iran: Reconstruction and Economic Growth (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1991 World Bank. 1991. Iran: Reconstruction and Economic Growth, Washington, DC: World Bank. vols. 1 and 2, Report no. 9072 IRN [Google Scholar]); and Schirazi, Islamic Policy. 51 See, for example, Pesaran (1982 Pesaran, H. 1982. The system of dependent capitalism in pre-revolutionary Iran. International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 14: 501–522. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) ‘The system of dependent capitalism in pre-revolutionary Iran,’ pp. 501–522; Sharif, ‘Arziyabi-ye barnameha-ye gabl va bad az englab,’ pp. 125–167; and Askari Askari, M. 2004. “Tajziyeh va tahlil-e bakhsh-e keshavarzi dar eqtesad-e kalan-e Iran [Analysis of the agricultural sector in Iran's macro-economy]”. In A Collection of Papers Presented at the Seminar on Agriculture and National Development, 214–241. Tehran: Ministry of Agricultural Jehad. [Google Scholar], ‘Tajziyeh va tahlil-e bakhsh-e keshavarzi dar eqtesad-e kalan-e Iran,’ in: A Collection of Papers Presented at the Seminar on Agriculture and National Development (Tehran: Ministry of Agricultural Jehad), pp. 214–241. 50 S. H. Zolnour Zolnour, S. H. 2004. “Bakhsh-e keshavarzi va eqetesad-e Iran [Agricultural sector and Iran's economy]”. In A Collection of Papers Presented at the Seminar on Agriculture and National Development, 198–208. Tehran: Ministry of Agriculture. [Google Scholar], Bakhsh-e keshavarzi va eqetesad-e Iran, in: A Collection of Papers Presented at the Seminar on Agriculture and National Development (Tehran: Ministry of Agriculture), pp. 198–208. 49 Management & Planning Organization (2004 Management and Planning Organization. 2004. Gozaresh-e eqtesadi-ye 1381 va nezarat bar amalkard-e chahar sal-e aval-e barnameh-e sevom, Tehran: Plan and Budget Organization. [Economic report of 2001/2002 and monitoring of the performance of the first four years of the third plan] [Google Scholar]) Gozaresh-e eqtesadi-ye 1381 va nezarat bar aaalkard-e chahar sal-e aval-e barnameh-e sevom, p. 134. 48 Statistical Centre of Iran, Natayej-e tafsili-ye amagiri az hazineh va daramad-e khanevarha-ye shahri va rustai (Tehran: Statistical Center of Iran, 2003 Statistical Center of Iran. 2003. Natayej-e tafsili-ye amagiri az hazineh va daramad-e khanevarha-ye shahri va rustai, Tehran: Statistical Center of Iran. [Results of the detailed statistics collection of rural and urban family expenditures and income] [Google Scholar]). 47 Azkia, Jamehshenasi-ye tousehi-ye rustai va tousehnayaftegi-ye jamehi-ye rustai-ye Iran, p. 159. 46 Sharif, ‘Arziyabi-ye barnameh-e,’ p. 146. 45 See further Sharif, ‘Arziyabi-ye barnameh-e,’ p. 138. In addition, the government subsidized the agricultural sector excessively with respect to fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, etc. For example, in 2004, the government's subsidies on these inputs were 12,520 billion rials. See further Golriz Golriz, N. (2005) Donya-ye eqtesad [Economic world], no. 690. [Google Scholar], Donya-ye eqtesad, 6 July 2005. Further, of this amount, the authorities stated that the proportion for wheat production was near 50 percent (author interview, Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, 2004). These enormous subsidies made the production of wheat profitable and consequently created huge incentives for peasants to produce it. Nevertheless, the government's policy of higher wheat production and the country's self-sufficiency in this yield cannot be evaluated positively because the profitability of wheat production changed the exploitation of land in favor of wheat and at the cost of other yields such as barely, animal fodder, and so on. Moreover, considering that the government purchased wheat for 1780 rials/kilo and sold flour to bakeries at only 40–50 rials/kilo, the production of wheat is very costly. The international price for wheat is about $190/ton, but, in effect, the government of Iran is selling wheat to consumers for about $0.58/ton. 44 World Bank, Islamic Republic of Iran: An Agricultural Policy Note (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004 World Bank. 2004. Islamic Republic of Iran: An Agricultural Policy Note, Washington, DC: World Bank. 22 June, no. 29428-IR [Google Scholar]), p. 22., p. 5. 43 World Bank, Islamic Republic of Iran: An Agricultural Policy Note (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004 World Bank. 2004. Islamic Republic of Iran: An Agricultural Policy Note, Washington, DC: World Bank. 22 June, no. 29428-IR [Google Scholar]), p. 22. 42 World Bank, Islamic Republic of Iran: An Agricultural Policy Note (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004 World Bank. 2004. Islamic Republic of Iran: An Agricultural Policy Note, Washington, DC: World Bank. 22 June, no. 29428-IR [Google Scholar]), p. 22. 41 Shakoori, The State and Rural Development in the Post-revolutionary Iran, pp. 108–109. 40 M. Azkia Azkia, M. 1986. Jamehshenasi-ye tousehi-ye rustai va tousehnayaftegi-ye jamehi-ye rustai-ye Iran, Tehran: Entesharat-e Ettelaat. [Sociology of rural development and underdevelopment of Iranian rural society] [Google Scholar], Jamehshenasi-ye tousehi-ye rustai va tousehnayaftegi-ye jamehi-ye rustai-ye Iran (Tehran: Entesharat-e Ettelaat), pp. 8–9. 39 However, during the period of the plan holiday, after the revolution, there were no quantitative and clear objectives to make a precise assessment; the average annual value-added for the agricultural sector is estimated to be 4.5 per cent, which was higher than that of the pre-revolutionary plans (see Table 4). It seems that the slight growth of value-added after the revolution, as noted by some researchers, was not a consequence of a developmental process but due mainly to public support and popular movements in the framework of the revolutionary organization Jihad-e Sazandegi and so on, particularly during the plan holiday, and due to such factors as rainfall and large subsidies for some strategic products (especially wheat etc.) in later periods. For more information see Sharif, ‘Arziyabi-ye barnameha-ye gabl va bad az englab,’ pp. 140–141; M. Jomehpour Jomehpour, M. 1999. “Jayegah-e toseh-e rustaei dar nezam-e barnamehrizi-e keshvar [Status of rural development in the country's planning system]”. In A Collection of Papers Presented at the Seminar on Fifty Years of Development Planning in Iran, 197–213. Tehran: Plan and Budget Organization. [Google Scholar], ‘Jayegah-e toseh-e rustaei dar nezam-e barnamehrizi-e keshvar,’ in: A Collection of Papers Presented at the Seminar on Fifty Years of Development Planning in Iran (Tehran: Plan and Budget Organization), pp. 167–197. 38 Management and Planning Organization, Gozaresh-e eqtesadi-ye 1381 va nezarat bar amalkard-e chahar sal-e aval-e barnameh-e sevom, p. 288. 37 Management and Planning Organization Management and Planning Organization. 2002. Majmaeh-e sakhes va ahdaf-e kamiyeh sanad-e barnameh-e sevvom-e toseh-e eqtesadi, ejtemaei va fearhanghi, Tehran: Plan and Budget Organization. [Collection of indices and quantitative objectives of the third socio-economic and cultural development plan document] [Google Scholar], Majmaeh-e sakhes va ahdaf-e kamiyeh sanad-e barnameh-e sevvom-e toseh-e eqtesadi, ejtemaei va fearhanghi (Tehran: Management & Planning Organization, 2002 Management and Planning Organization. 2002. Majmaeh-e sakhes va ahdaf-e kamiyeh sanad-e barnameh-e sevvom-e toseh-e eqtesadi, ejtemaei va fearhanghi, Tehran: Plan and Budget Organization. [Collection of indices and quantitative objectives of the third socio-economic and cultural development plan document] [Google Scholar]), pp. 30–37. 36 Plan and Budget Organization (Tehran: Plan and Budget Organization, 1999), p. 361. 35 The price of oil, revenues from which comprised the main source of funding for the plan, had been estimated at $20/barrel during formulation of the second plan, but during the plan's implementation, the price of oil actually fell to less than $10/barrel. 34 Management and Planning Organization Management and Planning Organization. 2001. Gozaresh-e amaliyat-e omrani dar barnameh-e dovom-e toseh, Tehran: Plan and Budget Organization. [Operational report on the second development plan] [Google Scholar], Gozaresh-e amaliyat-e omrani dar barnameh-e dovom-e toseh (Tehran: Management & Planning Organization, 2001 Management and Planning Organization. 2001. Gozaresh-e amaliyat-e omrani dar barnameh-e dovom-e toseh, Tehran: Plan and Budget Organization. [Operational report on the second development plan] [Google Scholar]), p. 52. 33 Plan and Budget Organization, Amalkard-e barnameh-e dovom-e Jomhur-iye Islami-ye Iran (Tehran: Plan & Budget Organization, 1996 Plan and Budget Organization. 1996. Amalkard-e barnameh-e dovom-e Jomhur-iye Islami-ye Iran, Tehran: Plan and Budget Organization. [Performance of the second plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran] [Google Scholar]), pp. 13–14. 32 Plan and Budget Organization, Amalkard-e barnameh-e dovom-e Jomhur-iye Islami-ye Iran (Tehran: Plan & Budget Organization, 1996 Plan and Budget Organization. 1996. 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