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Phosphorylation of the Vesicle Docking Protein p115 Regulates Its Association with the Golgi Membrane

1998; Elsevier BV; Volume: 273; Issue: 9 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1074/jbc.273.9.5385

1083-351X

Miwa Sohda, Yoshio Misumi, Akiko Yano, Noboru Takami, Yukio Ikehara,

Pancreatic function and diabetes

The vesicle docking protein p115 was found to be phosphorylated in a cell cycle-specific manner; it was found phosphorylated in interphase but not in mitotic cells. During interphase, however, two forms of p115 were detected in the cells; the phosphorylated form was found exclusively in cytosol, whereas the unphosphorylated form was associated with membranes, mostly of the Golgi complex. The latter form was released from the membranes upon phosphorylation. Mutational analysis revealed that the phosphorylation site of p115 was the Ser942 residue in the C-terminal acidic domain. A mutant with a single substitution of Ser942 → Ala markedly increased its association with the Golgi membrane. Another mutant with Ser942 → Asp was able to associate with the membrane, although at a decreased level, indicating that the dissociation of p115 from the membrane is not simply due to the negative charge of phosphorylated Ser942. Taken together, these results suggest that the phosphorylation of Ser942 at the C-terminal acidic domain regulates the interaction of p115 with the Golgi membrane, possibly taking part in the regulatory mechanism of vesicular transport. The vesicle docking protein p115 was found to be phosphorylated in a cell cycle-specific manner; it was found phosphorylated in interphase but not in mitotic cells. During interphase, however, two forms of p115 were detected in the cells; the phosphorylated form was found exclusively in cytosol, whereas the unphosphorylated form was associated with membranes, mostly of the Golgi complex. The latter form was released from the membranes upon phosphorylation. Mutational analysis revealed that the phosphorylation site of p115 was the Ser942 residue in the C-terminal acidic domain. A mutant with a single substitution of Ser942 → Ala markedly increased its association with the Golgi membrane. Another mutant with Ser942 → Asp was able to associate with the membrane, although at a decreased level, indicating that the dissociation of p115 from the membrane is not simply due to the negative charge of phosphorylated Ser942. Taken together, these results suggest that the phosphorylation of Ser942 at the C-terminal acidic domain regulates the interaction of p115 with the Golgi membrane, possibly taking part in the regulatory mechanism of vesicular transport. Vesicular transport of proteins is carried out by the formation of coated vesicles from a donor compartment, followed by their uncoating and subsequent docking and fusion of the vesicles with a target compartment membrane, in which a number of soluble and membrane proteins are involved (1Rothman J.E. Nature. 1994; 372: 55-63Google Scholar). The docking of vesicles to target membranes is accomplished through the specific interaction between membrane proteins named v- and t-SNAREs (vesicle and target SNAP receptors) (1Rothman J.E. Nature. 1994; 372: 55-63Google Scholar,2Rothman J.E. Wieland F.T. Science. 1996; 272: 227-234Google Scholar). This is followed by binding of SNAPs (solubleN-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment proteins) and N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor, which lead to membrane fusion. Vesicle docking is also controlled by interactions of SNAREs with other proteins including Rab proteins (3Nuoffer C. Balch W.E. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1994; 63: 949-990Google Scholar). p115, a peripheral membrane protein localized to the Golgi apparatus and also present in the cytoplasm, was first identified as a component required for intra-Golgi transport (4Waters M.G. Clary D.O. Rothman J.E. J. Cell Biol. 1992; 118: 1015-1026Google Scholar) and found to be identical to the transcytosis-associated protein TAP (5Barroso M. Nelson D.S. Sztul E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 527-531Google Scholar). Structural analysis also indicates that it is a homolog to Uso1p, a yeast protein required for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi (6Nakajima H. Hirata A. Yonehara T. Yoneda K. Yamasaki M. J. Cell Biol. 1991; 113: 245-260Google Scholar). p115/TAP exits as a parallel homodimer with two globular heads followed by a rod-like domain containing a C-terminal acidic tail (5Barroso M. Nelson D.S. Sztul E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 527-531Google Scholar, 7Sapperstein S.K. Walter D.M. Grosvenor A.R. Heuser J.E. Waters M.G Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 522-526Google Scholar). p115/TAP and Uso1p have been shown to function in a docking step prior to membrane fusion (8Sapperstein S.K. Lupashin V.V. Schmitt H.D. Waters M.G. J. Cell Biol. 1996; 132: 755-767Google Scholar). Recently, Warren and his colleagues (9Levine T.P. Rabouille C. Kieckbusch R.H. Warren G. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 17304-17311Google Scholar) demonstrated that p115 binds to Golgi membranes with high affinity during interphase but not during mitosis. In addition, GM130, a peripheral protein tightly associated with the cis-Golgi membrane (10Nakamura N. Rabouille C. Watson R. Nilsson T. Hui N. Slusarewicz P. Kreis T.E. Warren G. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 131: 1715-1726Google Scholar), was identified as the binding site for p115 on the Golgi membrane (11Nakamura N. Lowe M. Levine T.P. Rabouille C. Warren G. Cell. 1997; 89: 445-455Google Scholar). GM130 was modified by phosphorylation only during mitosis, resulting in no binding of GM130 to p115. The mechanism of membrane binding inhibition by p115 during mitosis would provide a molecular explanation for the blocking of vesicular transport and for the vesicle-mediated fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus (12Featherstone C. Griffiths G. Warren G. J. Cell Biol. 1985; 101: 2036-2046Google Scholar). During the interphase of cell cycle, however, p115 must recycle between membranes and cytosol to maintain vesicular transport. Because GM130 is stably associated with membranes and able to bind to p115 during interphase (9Levine T.P. Rabouille C. Kieckbusch R.H. Warren G. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 17304-17311Google Scholar, 11Nakamura N. Lowe M. Levine T.P. Rabouille C. Warren G. Cell. 1997; 89: 445-455Google Scholar), the recycling of p115 should be regulated by its own modification or by other factors. In the present study, we demonstrate that the membrane interaction of p115 is indeed regulated by phosphorylation, i.e. when not phosphorylated, p115 associates with the Golgi membrane but dissociates from the membrane upon its phosphorylation. The full-length cDNA for human p115 was isolated from a liver cDNA library using a rat p115 cDNA fragment as a probe (5Barroso M. Nelson D.S. Sztul E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 527-531Google Scholar, 13Misumi Y. Sohda M. Yano A. Fujiwara T. Ikehara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 23851-23858Google Scholar). The cDNA (3.9 kilobase pairs) was found to encode a protein of 962 amino acids (108 kDa) that shows 95.3 and 91.9% identity with p115 of bovine and rat, respectively (5Barroso M. Nelson D.S. Sztul E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 527-531Google Scholar, 7Sapperstein S.K. Walter D.M. Grosvenor A.R. Heuser J.E. Waters M.G Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 522-526Google Scholar). Two chimeric proteins of p115 fragments (amino acid numbers 644–730 or 744–855) fused to the C terminus of glutathione S-transferase were constructed in the expression vector pGEX3X (14Smith D.B. Johnson K.S. Gene (Amst.). 1988; 67: 31-40Google Scholar). The recombinant proteins were expressed in and purified from bacteria and injected into rabbits to raise anti-p115 antibodies as described previously (13Misumi Y. Sohda M. Yano A. Fujiwara T. Ikehara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 23851-23858Google Scholar). A cDNA covering the entire coding region of human p115 was inserted into the EcoRI site of pSG5 expression vector and designated pSG5/p115. The FLAG™ sequence encoding the amino acid sequence MDYKDDDDK was ligated in-frame into the BalI site of pSG5/p115 that had been introduced at 11 bases upstream from the N-terminal ATG codon. Constructs of truncated p115 were generated by site-directed mutagenesis; the termination codon TAG was introduced into the Lys928 codon (AAG) for truncation of the C-terminal acidic tail domain (designated ΔAD) and also into the Gln647 codon (CAG) for truncation of both the rod-like coiled-coil domain and the acidic domain (designated ΔRAD). A construct lacking the N-terminal head domain was generated by in-frame ligation of the BglII-XhoI cDNA fragment of pSG5/p115 downstream of the FLAG sequence (designated ΔHD). Mutants with the following substitutions were also prepared by site-directed mutagenesis of pSG5/p115; Ser942 (TCT) → Ala (GCT), Ser952(AGT) → Ala (GCT), and Ser942 → Ala/Ser952 → Ala. All the constructs prepared by site-directed mutagenesis were verified by sequencing. Each plasmid (20 μg) was transfected into COS-1 cells as described (13Misumi Y. Sohda M. Yano A. Fujiwara T. Ikehara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 23851-23858Google Scholar). HeLa cells (4 × 106cells/dish) or transfected COS-1 cells (5 × 106cells/dish) were labeled at 37 °C for 5 h with [35S]methionine (4 MBq/dish) or with [32P]orthophosphate (20 MBq/dish). When indicated, interphasic and mitotic cells that had been prepared according to Suprynowicz and Gerace (15Suprynowicz F.A. Gerace L. J. Cell Biol. 1986; 103: 2073-2081Google Scholar) were also labeled as above. Cell lysates were prepared and subjected to immunoprecipitation with polyclonal anti-p115, anti-human GM130, or monoclonal anti-FLAG M2 antibodies (Eastman-Kodak, New Heaven, CT). The immunoprecipitates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE 1The abbreviation used is: PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (7% gels) and fluorography (16Misumi Y. Oda K. Fujiwara T. Takami N. Tashiro K. Ikehara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1991; 266: 16954-16959Google Scholar). A postnuclear fraction was prepared from HeLa cells or transfected COS-1 cells and centrifuged at 105,000 × g for 1 h into membrane and cytosol fractions as described previously (13Misumi Y. Sohda M. Yano A. Fujiwara T. Ikehara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 23851-23858Google Scholar). A Golgi-enriched fraction was prepared by flotation of the postnuclear fraction in a sucrose gradient as described by Balch et al. (17Balch W.E. Dunphy W.G. Braell W.A. Rothman J.E. Cell. 1984; 39: 405-416Google Scholar). The samples, when indicated, were incubated at 37 °C for 30 min in the presence or the absence of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (50 units/ml) in 50 mm Tris-HCl (pH 9.0). Each sample was analyzed by SDS-PAGE (7% gels) or by isoelectric focusing (18Ames G.F.-L. Nikaido K. Biochemistry. 1976; 15: 616-623Google Scholar, 19Misumi Y. Misumi Y. Miki K. Takatsuki A. Tamura G. Ikehara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1986; 261: 11398-11403Google Scholar) followed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies (at dilution 1:1000 of each antibody). The immunoreactive proteins were visualized using the ECL kit (20Haruta T. Takami N. Ohmura M. Misumi Y. Ikehara Y. Biochem. J. 1997; 325: 455-463Google Scholar). In some experiments the immunoblotts were scanned with a GT-8500 scanner (Epson, Inc., Tokyo) and analyzed by Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Photosystems, Columbia, MD) and NIH Image software (20Haruta T. Takami N. Ohmura M. Misumi Y. Ikehara Y. Biochem. J. 1997; 325: 455-463Google Scholar). A cytosol fraction was prepared from the postnuclear fraction of HeLa S3 cells by centrifugation at 105,000 × g for 1 h. An aliquot of the cytosol (100 μl of 5 mg protein/ml) was incubated with Sepharose CL-4B beads coupled with anti-p115 IgG at 4 °C overnight with gentle shaking. After spinning the beads down, the supernatant was adjusted to contain 25 mm Hepes-KOH (pH 7.2), 60 mm potassium acetate, 2.5 mm magnesium acetate, and a mixture of protease inhibitors (19Misumi Y. Misumi Y. Miki K. Takatsuki A. Tamura G. Ikehara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1986; 261: 11398-11403Google Scholar) and used as the p115-depleted cytosol. The Golgi membrane (60 μg) was incubated at 37 °C for 10 min in 200 μl of a reaction mixture containing 25 mm Hepes (pH 7.2), 60 mm potassium acetate, 2.5 mm magnesium acetate, 400 μg of the control or p115-depleted cytosol, 50 μm Mg-ATP, and [γ-32P]ATP (3.7 MBq). At the end of incubation, an equal volume of × 2 concentrated lysis buffer (16Misumi Y. Oda K. Fujiwara T. Takami N. Tashiro K. Ikehara Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1991; 266: 16954-16959Google Scholar) was added into the reaction mixture, followed by immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE as described above. Total cell lysates prepared from HeLa cells that had been labeled with [35S]methionine or32Pi were immunoprecipitated with anti-p115 antibodies. The immunoprecipitate contained a single32P-labeled protein with the same mobility in SDS-PAGE as35S-labeled p115 (Fig. 1 A), demonstrating that p115 is phosphorylated. The protein was found to be phosphorylated in all mammalian cells tested (Fig. 1 B). We then examined whether the phosphorylation of p115 was regulated by the cell cycle. When interphasic and mitotic cells were prepared and incubated with32Pi, labeled p115 was found in the interphasic cells but not in the mitotic cells (Fig. 1 C, lanes 1 and 2). Immunoblot analysis showed that the same amount of p115 was present in the interphasic and mitotic preparations (lanes 3 and 4). This is in contrast to the incorporation of 32Pi into GM130, which occurred only in the mitotic phase (Fig. 1 C, lanes 5 and 6), as reported previously (11Nakamura N. Lowe M. Levine T.P. Rabouille C. Warren G. Cell. 1997; 89: 445-455Google Scholar). The primary and secondary structures of p115 predict that the protein consists of an N-terminal head domain, a coiled-coil rod-like dimerization domain, and a C-terminal acidic domain (6Nakajima H. Hirata A. Yonehara T. Yoneda K. Yamasaki M. J. Cell Biol. 1991; 113: 245-260Google Scholar, 7Sapperstein S.K. Walter D.M. Grosvenor A.R. Heuser J.E. Waters M.G Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 522-526Google Scholar). To determine the approximate location of the phosphorylated site in p115, we constructed deletion mutants of FLAG-tagged p115, each of which lacked one of the domains (Fig. 2 A). The constructs were transfected into COS-1 cells, and the mutant proteins were examined after metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation with anti-FLAG antibodies. Each [35S]methionine-labeled mutant protein was identified as a molecule with the expected molecular size (Fig. 2 B, lanes 2–5). When the transfected cells were incubated with 32Pi, only the mutant containing the C-terminal acidic domain, but not the other mutants, was heavily labeled (Fig. 2 B, lanes 7–10). The result indicates that the phosphorylation site(s) of p115 is contained in the C-terminal acidic domain. The C-terminal acidic domain of human p115 contains no Tyr and Thr residues but contains two Ser residues at positions 942 and 952 (Fig. 2 C). The possible phosphorylation of the Ser residues in the domain was examined by substitution of Ser → Ala in each position. The band labeled with 32Pi was dramatically reduced in intensity in the mutant containing Ser942 → Ala alone and was undetectable in the double mutant (Fig. 2 D, lanes 2 and 4). In contrast, a substitution Ser952 → Ala alone caused no significant effect on the phosphorylation of p115 (Fig. 2 D, lane 3). The results indicate that the Ser942 residue is the predominant site of phosphorylation. In fact, the Ser942 but not the Ser952 is conserved in p115 from other species (Fig. 2 C), which was also found to be phosphorylated as shown in Fig. 1 B. When a postnuclear fraction prepared from32Pi-labeled cells was separated into membrane and cytosol fractions, more than 90% of the 32P-labeled p115 was recovered in the cytosol fraction (Fig. 3 A, lanes 1 and 2). Immunoblot analysis, however, showed that the membrane fraction contained approximately one-third of the total p115 (Fig. 3 A, lanes 3 and 4). The membrane-associated and cytosolic forms were found to have a different pI when analyzed by isoelectric focusing, and the more acidic cytosolic form was converted to a form with the same mobility as the membrane form by alkaline phosphatase treatment (Fig. 3 A, lanes 5–8). These results indicate that the cytosolic p115 is the phosphorylated form, whereas the membrane-associated protein is the unphosphorylated one. We then examined whether p115 is released from the Golgi membrane upon its phosphorylation in vitro. When the Golgi membrane was incubated with [32P]ATP, p115 was phosphorylated equally in the presence or the absence of the p115-depleted cytosol (Fig. 3 B, lanes 2 and 3), suggesting that phosphorylation of p115 requires no cytosolic factor. When the reaction mixture was separated by centrifugation into a supernatant and a membrane pellet, all the 32P-labeled protein was recovered in the supernatant (Fig. 3 B, lanes 4 and 5), suggesting that the protein is released from the membrane upon its phosphorylation. We further examined the effect of mutations of the phosphorylation site Ser942 on the membrane association of p115. The wild-type p115 and mutants with a substitution of Ser942 → Ala or Ser942 → Asp were transfected into COS-1 cells, from which postnuclear and Golgi-enriched fractions were prepared. Immunoblot analysis of p115 in the postnuclear fraction demonstrated that all the wild-type and mutant proteins were expressed at a similar level in the transfected cells (Fig. 3 C, lane 1, 3, and 5.). Recovery of the mutants in the Golgi membrane was increased approximately 180% for the mutant with Ser942 → Ala, whereas the mutant with Ser942 → Asp was decreased by 50%, compared with that of the wild type (Fig. 3 D). The value obtained for the wild-type protein may reflect a steady state of its membrane association, possibly regulated by its phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Lack of phosphorylation of the mutant with a Ser942 → Ala substitution could prevent its dissociation from the membrane, resulting in a 2-fold increase of the association, which may reflect a saturated level on the membrane. The results also suggest that the functional role of the phosphorylated Ser942 is not completely compensated by the negatively charged residue Asp. In the present study we demonstrated that p115 is phosphorylated in interphase cells but not in mitotic cells. This is in contrast to the phosphorylation of GM130 that takes place only during mitosis (9Levine T.P. Rabouille C. Kieckbusch R.H. Warren G. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 17304-17311Google Scholar,11Nakamura N. Lowe M. Levine T.P. Rabouille C. Warren G. Cell. 1997; 89: 445-455Google Scholar). What is the functional significance of such a differential phosphorylation response of the two proteins in vesicular transport? Available evidence indicates that the N-terminal 73-residue domain of GM130 binds p115, whereas the C-terminal half is involved in binding to the Golgi membrane (11Nakamura N. Lowe M. Levine T.P. Rabouille C. Warren G. Cell. 1997; 89: 445-455Google Scholar). The binding of GM130 to the Golgi membrane is unlikely to be regulated, because mitotic phosphorylation both in vivo (9Levine T.P. Rabouille C. Kieckbusch R.H. Warren G. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 17304-17311Google Scholar) and in vitro (11Nakamura N. Lowe M. Levine T.P. Rabouille C. Warren G. Cell. 1997; 89: 445-455Google Scholar) does not release GM130 from the membrane. Mitotic phosphorylation of GM130 at the N-terminal domain, however, prevents its association with p115 that mediates docking of transport vesicles to the membrane. This may explain why vesicular transport is blocked during mitosis and the Golgi membranes are concurrently fragmented (12Featherstone C. Griffiths G. Warren G. J. Cell Biol. 1985; 101: 2036-2046Google Scholar, 21Lucocq J.M. Pryde J.G. Berger E.G. Warren G. J. Cell Biol. 1987; 104: 865-874Google Scholar). The phosphorylation of GM130 and its inhibitory effect on the binding to p115 are blocked by treatment with cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (11Nakamura N. Lowe M. Levine T.P. Rabouille C. Warren G. Cell. 1997; 89: 445-455Google Scholar). In fact, the N-terminal domain of GM130 contains two putative cyclin-dependent kinase phosphorylation sites (11Nakamura N. Lowe M. Levine T.P. Rabouille C. Warren G. Cell. 1997; 89: 445-455Google Scholar). The presence of p115 both in the cytosol and Golgi membrane suggests that p115, involved in the docking of vesicles to the membrane, is released from the membrane into the cytosol. The recycling of p115 may be essential to maintain active vesicular transport during interphase. Because GM130 is not phosphorylated during interphase and stably binds to p115, the recycling of p115 occurring during interphase cannot be regulated by GM130 itself. The data presented here support the idea that the interphase recycling of p115 is regulated by its own phosphorylation. p115, which primarily exists as a phosphorylated form in the cytosol, associates with the Golgi membrane when it is dephosphorylated, whereas the protein dissociates from the membrane upon its phosphorylation. The p115-binding protein on the Golgi membrane may be GM130 as suggested by Nakamura et al. (11Nakamura N. Lowe M. Levine T.P. Rabouille C. Warren G. Cell. 1997; 89: 445-455Google Scholar), although we have not directly identified it. Thus, it is likely that during interphase the dephosphorylation of GM130 is a prerequisite for the initial binding of p115 to the Golgi membrane, which is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of p115 itself. In contrast, during mitosis the phosphorylation of GM130 prevents the binding of p115 to the membrane (11Nakamura N. Lowe M. Levine T.P. Rabouille C. Warren G. Cell. 1997; 89: 445-455Google Scholar) even when p115 is dephosphorylated. p115 was phosphorylated predominantly at the Ser942 residue in the C-terminal acidic domain. The amino acid sequence surrounding Ser942, however, does not correspond to any of the known phosphorylation consensus motifs (22Songyang Z. Lu K.P. Kwon Y.T. Tsai L.-H. Filhol O. Cochet C. Brickey D.A. Soderling R. Baltleson C. Graves D.J. DeMaggio A.J. Hoekstra M.F. Blenis J. Hunter T. Catley L.C. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1996; 16: 6486-6493Google Scholar). The lack of a requirement for cytosol during phosphorylation suggests that p115 is phosphorylated by a membrane-associated protein kinase, which is clearly different from that involved in phosphorylation of GM130. Further studies are required for the characterization of kinases and phosphatases for p115 and GM130, which may shed light on the regulatory mechanism of vesicular transport. We thank Dr. J. L. Millan (the Burnham Institute) for critical reading of the manuscript, Dr. Yuko Misumi (Saga Medical School) for help and useful suggestions, and C. Hashimoto for technical assistance.