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Urbanization and Political Change: The Political Transformation of Marseille Under the Second Republic

1974; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 36; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Francês

10.1111/j.1540-6563.1974.tb00001.x

1540-6563

Thomas R. Christofferson,

French Historical and Cultural Studies

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. On the Revolution and its Napoleonic sequel in Marseille see A. Crémieux, “Le particularisme municipal à Marseille en 1789,”La Révolution Française, LII (1907), 193‐215; Marcel Espaillac, “Marseille révolutionnaire, les cahiers des doléances du Tiers‐Etat de la Sénéchaussée de Marseille,”La Révolution Française, XVII (New Series) (1939), 56‐69; Paul Masson, Marseille depuis 1789; études historiques, Vol. I: Le commerce de Marseille, 1789‐1814 (Paris, 1919); Louis Bergasse, Notice historique sur la Chambre de Commerce de Marseille (1599‐1912) (Marseille, 1913), 26‐29; C. Lourde, Histoire de la Révolution à Marseille et en Provence depuis 1789 jusqu'au Consulat (3 vols.; Marseille, 1838‐1839); P. Albert Robert, La justice des sections marseillaises. Le tribunal populaire, 1792‐1793 (Paris, 1913); Jacques Godechot, La contre‐révolution: doctrine et action, 1789‐1804 (Paris, 1961), 258‐263; Paul Gaffarel, “Marseille sans nom,”La Révolution Française, LX (1911), 192‐213; Paul Gaffarel, “La mission de Maignet dans les Bouches‐du‐Rbǒne et en Vaucluse (1794),”Annales de la Faculté des Lettres ďAix, VI (1912), 1‐100; Paul Gaffarel, “Les massacres royalistes dans le départment des Bouches‐du‐Rhǒne aux premiers mois de 1795,”Annales de la Faculté des Lettres ďAix, III (1909), 1‐66; Paul Gaffarel, “Second proconsulat de Fréron à Marseille, 31 octobre, 1795‐23 mars, 1796,”La Révolution Française, LXIX (March‐April, July‐August, 1916), 148‐160, 313‐336; Georges Saint‐Yves and Joseph Fournier, Ľévolution du système administratif de Napoleon Ier. Le départment des Bouches‐du‐Rhóne de 1800‐1810 (Paris, 1899); Paul Gaffarel, “Les complots de Marseille et de Toulon (1812‐1813),”Annales de Provence, IV (1907), 279, 295‐299; Paul Gaffarel, “La première restauration à Marseille,”Annales des Facultés de Droit et des Lettres ďAix, I (1905), 15‐93; Daniel P. Resnick, The White Terror and the Political Reaction after Waterloo (Cambridge, 1966), 5‐14.2. On the Continental System see Odette Viennet, Napoléon et ľindustrie française: la crise de 1810‐1811 (Paris, 1947), 192‐193, 216‐217; Paul Masson, Marseille depuis 1789; études historiques, Vol. I: Marseille et Napoléon (Paris, 1919), 414‐415. On the Restoration see Raoul Busquet, Histoire de Marseille (Paris, 1945), 580; Vernon J. Puryear, France and the Levant from the Bourbon Restoration to the Peace of Kutish (Berkeley, 1941), vii, 2‐3, 10‐11; Augustin Fabre, Les rues de Marseille (5 vols.; Marseilles, 1867‐1868), II, 181‐182; V, 28; E. Castre, Le conseil général des Bouches‐du‐Rhǒne. Analyses et extraits des délibérations (1800‐1838) (Marseille, 1912), 112, 130, 141, 147, 158‐161; Charles Ribbe, La société des portefaix de Marseille, son histoire et sa constitution actuelle (Marseille, 1865), 195; François Mazuy, Essai historique sur les moeurs et coutumes de Marseilles au dix‐neuviéme siècle (Marseille, 1853), 203‐205; Lt. de Crozet, Précis historique sur la Socété de Bienfaisance et de Charité (Aix, 1864). See also Pierre Guiral, “Quelques notes sur la politique des milieux ďaffaires marseillais de 1815 à 1870”, Provence historique, VII (1957), 155‐174.3. Quoted in Paul Masson (ed.), Les Bouches‐du‐Rhǒne; encyclopédie départmentale (16 vols.; Marseille, 1913‐1929), VIII: ĽIndustrie, 87.4. Bergasse, Notice historique, 113.5. Robrecht Boudens, Mgr. Ch.‐J.‐E.‐de Mazenod, évěque de Marseille, 1837‐1861, et la politique (Lyon, 1953), 36‐37, 49‐50, 100; Fabre, Les rues, V, 64‐66.6. Masson (ed.), Les Bouches‐du‐Rhǒne, IX: Le commerce, 54, 922, 923.7. Paul Masson, Marseille et la colonisation française (Marseille, 1906), 527‐529.8. Masson (ed.), Les Bouches‐du‐Rhǒne, VIII, 83‐110; Archives départementales, Bouches‐du‐Rhǒne (hereafter cited as AD), M14 15 on the state of industry. See also the inquest in Archives nationales (hereafter cited as AN), C947 and Statistique de la France, 1848 (Ire série, Paris, 1852), Vol. IV: Industrie, 52‐57.9. Charles H. Pouthas, La population française pendant la premierè moitié du XIX6 siècle (Paris, 1956), 190‐192.10. On the electoral statistics see Jean George, “Le pays légal à Marseille sous la Monarchie de Juillet (1830‐1848). Contribution àľétude de la bourgeoisie mar‐seillaise,” Diplǒmes ďétudes supériéures, UniversitéďAix‐Marseille, 1956, 21‐22, 119‐138. See also AD, M2 III, 19 for the electoral lists. The Conducteur de ľétranger dans Marseille (Paris, 1839), 50 contains the observation, which would soon become commonplace, that the Marseille négociants thought only of business and nothing else. This writer believes that such remarks did not gain wide circulation until the mid 1830s. It seems that Calvinists and Jews played a preponderant role in the economy, even though there were only 3,082 Calvinists and 986 Jews in Marseille according to the 1851 census. See the biographies of the Bazin brothers, Louis Benet, Joseph Grandval, Frantz Mayor de Montricher, Fabricus Paranque, and Philippe Taylor in Masson (ed.), Les Bouches‐du‐Rhǒne, Vol. XI: Biographies. The evidence for the insecurity of the increasing lower ranks of the July Monarchy bourgeoisie can be found in bankruptcy records in AD, M6 24 as well as in the city's newspapers, which include such observations about bankrupts as the following; “Jean François Billon, former baker, now a bakery worker,”Sémaphore de Marseille, January 12, 1849. For national trends see Jean André Tudesq, “Les listes électorales de la monarchie censitaire,”Annales, économies, sociétés, civilisations, XIII (1958), 286‐287.11. The figures are 2,539,030 francs for 1830, 14,883,825 for 1850, and 20,039,241 for 1890. Masson (ed.), Les Bouches‐du‐Rhǒne, XIV: Monographes communales, 318.12. Fabre, Les rues, II, 320‐321; Bergasse, Notice historique, 115: Canal de Marseille, Rapport 1847‐1850 (3 vols.; Marseille, 1850), III, 8. See also Rapport sur la situation financeère de la ville de Marseille présenté au conseil municipal le 10 juillet 1843 par M. Maximilian Consolat, maire (Marseille, 1843), 18‐22 on the project to extend the octroi barriers in order to pay back the loans obtained from Paris to pay for the Durance canal.13. Sébastien Berteaut, Marseille et les intérěts nationaux qui se rattachent à son port (Marseille, 1844), I, 211.14. Pouthas, La population française, 103, 137‐139; Joseph Mathieu, Marseille statistique et histoire (Marseille, 1879), 5‐7, 25; Fabre, Les rues, I, 131‐133.15. AD, M6 278 on prostitution; Masson (ed.), Les Bouches‐du‐Rhǒne, Vol. XIII: Le Population, 168, 282‐287, 323‐324, 353‐354, 361, 364‐365; Vol. X: Le mouvement social, 356‐357, 574, 586, 590‐592, 597; Archives municipales, Marseille (hereafter cited as AM), 2D Dossiers et pièces annexes aux délibérations du conseil municipal, 137, June 11, 1849 on the insane; Annuaire de ľéconomie politique (Paris, 1850), 362; VIIIe colloque ďhistoire sur ľartisanat et ľapprentissage (Aix‐en‐Provence, 1965), 72‐74 on the dechristianization of the working classes.16. On the origins of this alliance see A. Lardier, Histoire populaire de la Révolution en Provence depuise le Consulat jusqu'en 1834 (Marseille, 1838), 343‐371; Jean Vidalenc (ed.), Lettres de J. A. M. Thomas, préfet des Bouches‐du‐Rhǒne, à Adolphe Thiers (1831‐1836) (Aix‐en‐Provence, 1953), 33, 109‐110; J. Tchernoff, Le parti républicain sous la monarchic de juillet (Paris, 1901), 226‐227, 236‐237; Charles Dupont, Histoire ďun enfant du peuple; Jacques Imbert de Marseille (Marseille, 1886), 156‐159, 177‐188, 208‐213, 225; Georges Cottereau, “La garde nationale dans le département des Bouches‐du‐Rhǒne sous la monarchic de juillet,” Thèse pour le Doctorat en Droit, Faculté de Droit, ďAix‐en‐Provence, 1951, 16, 66, 111‐112, 142; Gabriel Perroux, Au temps des sociétés secrètes, la propagan.de républicaine au début de la monarchie de juillet (1830‐1835) (Paris, 1931), 127‐132, 203‐205; A. Gourvitch, “Le mouvement pour la réforme électorate,”La Révolution de 1848 (1914), 97‐98, 104, 113‐117 and (1915), 354‐355. On the general goals of the Marseille republicans see the newspaper Le Peuple Souverain, June 22, July 6, October 7, 10, 17, November 18, December 5, 16, 1846; January 12, March 2, 12, April 21, 23, May 4, 18, 1847.17. On the crisis see P. Guiral, “Le cas ďun grand port de commerce: Marseille,”Aspects de la crise et de la dépression de ľéconomie française au milieu du XIXe siècle, 1846‐1851, ed. Ernest Labrousse (La Roche‐sur‐Yon, 1956), 200‐225.18. See ibid., 203‐205, 211, 213, 223; Sémaphore de Marseille, January 21, April 11, 1848; Courrier de Marseille, March 17, 18, 23, 1848; Gazette du Midi, April 3‐4, 1848; Progrès Social, April 4, 1848; AD, M6 5312; Chambre de Commerce, Réponseàla circulaire ministerielle (Marseille, 1848), 17‐25. The unemployment figure given above is an informed guess, as no accurate figures exist for the period. At the very lowest there were 10,000 unemployed in Marseille; at the most, 20,000.19. Sémaphore de Marseille, April 15, 1848.20. André Tudesq, Les grands notables en France (1840‐1849) (2 vols.; Paris, 1964), II, 997.21. Archives de la Chambre de Commerce, Marseille (hereafter cited as ACC), MA 45, Délibérations, February 29, 1848; Lettres reçues, No. 27, February 25, 1848; Bergasse, Notice historique, 137‐138; Chambre de Commerce, Compte‐rendu de la Chambre de Commerce de Marseille (Marseille, 1848), 22‐ See also the refusal by the haut bourgeois controlled Mont de Piété to grant any of its funds to the city in AM, 5D Correspondance au préfet, 9, March 24, 1848; 2D Dossiers et pièces annexes aux délibérations du conseil municipal, 133, April 4, 1848.22. AM, 2D Dossiers et pièces annexes aux délibérations du conseil municipal, 133, May 4, 1843. On the complicated issues of the workshops see Thomas R. Christofferson, “The Revolution of 1848 in Marseille,” doctoral dissertation, Tulane University, 1968, 66‐76, 123‐126, 145‐152. Pay in the workshops was by piece rate after May 4.23. AM, ID Procès‐verbaux des délibérations du conseil municipal, 73, June 13, 15, 1848; 4D Enregistrement de la correspondance, 83, June 16, 1848; 5D Correspondance au préfet, 9, May 23, 1848 on unemployment in Marseille. For the dismantling of the workshops see Christofferson, “The Revolution of 1848 in Marseille,” 200‐214.24. P. Dubosc, Quatre mois de République à Marseille, 13‐14, 21; Indépendent de Marseille, June 7, 1848; see the complaints of workers who tried to organize a National Guard company in AD, R4 Garde Nationale, May 1, 1848; AM, I1 Police, 457, June 1‐2, 1848; Progrès Social, May 16, 18, 1848.25. On the June uprising see Procès des accusés de Juin de Marseille devant la cour ďassises de la Drome (2 vols.; Marseille, 1849). On the elections of April and August see Christofferson, “The Revolution of 1848 in Marseille,” 101‐116, 195‐200.26. See the attacks on 1848 for causing the city's financial problems in AM, ID Procès‐verbaux des délibérations du conseil municipal, 75, September 3, 1849; 4D Enregistrement de la correspondance, 85, April 10, 1850; ID Procès‐verbaux des délibérations du conseil municipal, 75, August 16, 1850; November 6, 1850. On the attitude of the notables toward poverty see the Bureau de Bienfaisance report, 5D Correspondance au préfet, 10, October 7, 1850 (“Une cause plus certaines et plus générate de la misère publique, se trouve dans ľinconduite, la débauche, les mauvaises moeurs.”). See AN, C947 for the city's official comments on the workers; see also Chambre de Commerce, Réponse à la circulaire de Monsieur le Ministre de ľAgriculture et du Commerce sur les caisses de secours et retraites (Marseille, 1849), 14‐16. All three official bodies had the same general attitude.27. The amount of money received by Bureaux de Bienfaisance in Bouches‐du‐Rhǒne for charitable purposes generally decreased from 592,414 francs in 1843 to 441,560 in 1851, Statistique de la France (Deuxième Série), Vol. VI: Statistique de ľassistance, 2‐21. See also AM, 2D Dossiers et pièces annexes aux délibérations du conseil municipal, 141, January 10, 1850; ID Piocès‐verbaux des délibérations du conseil municipal, 76, August 14, 1851; Fabre, Les rues, II, 104‐105; Mazuy, Essai historique, 151. On the Dépǒt de Mendicité see AM, 2D Dossiers et pièces annexes aux délibérations du conseil municipal, 147, August 21, 1851; ID Procès‐verbaux des délibérations du conseil municipal, 76, August 21, 1851. also 75, October 22, 1849; 76, November 28, 1850; 2D Dossiers et pièces annexes aux délibérations du conseil municipal, 143, July 12, 1850; Sémaphore de Marseille, August 19, 1851 on the state of the Hǒtel Dieu. On the choléra see Louis Chevalier (ed.), Le choléra, la première épidémie du XIXe siècle (La Roche‐sur‐Yon, 1958), 123‐138; AM, ID 75, October 18, 1849; Gazette de Provence, October 23‐25, 1819.28. AM, ID Procès‐verbaux des délibérations du conseil municipal, 74, January 4, 1849.29. On the octroi issue see ibid., August 20, 1849; 75, December 13, 1849, April 8, 1850; 76, February 20, 1851; 2D Dossiers et pièces annexes aux délibérations du conseil municipal, 145, March 20, 1851. On the 200,000 franc exemption see ID, 75, December 13, 1849; 76, September 30, 1850.30. See this extraordinary argument in AM, ID Procès‐verbaux des délibérations du conseil municipal, 76, December 19, 1850.31. See this argument in ibid., 75, November 3, 5, 1849, See also 76, December 19, 1850 on the 8,000 franc appropriation for a new school. Other, numerous examples could be used.32. On these issues see AM, ID Procès‐verbaux des délibérations du conseil municipal, 74. March 10, 1849; 75, February 7, 1850, June 17, 1850; 76, December 21, 1850, January 27, 1851.33. AM, 2D Dossiers et pièces annexes aux délibérations du conseil municipal, 137, April 2, 1849; 145, February 5, 1851. There are numerous examples in the minutes of the council illuminating this high valuation of property and low concern for the life of a worker.34. On the working day see ACC, Lettres écrites, No. 27, January 25, 1849. On the portefaix see ibid., Lettres reçues, No. 29, July 2, 1850; Délibérations, MA 47, July 5, 1850. On the mutual aid societies see ibid., Caisses de secours et de retraite (Fonds en cours de classement); Lettres reçues, No. 28, February 27, 1850; Courrier de Marseille, November 1‐2, 1849. On the dissolution of worker societies and the kinds of societies the government welcomed see AD, M6 294, 946, 1635.35. AD, M2 (I) 2, Elections. Nationally Ledru‐Rollin received 5% of the vote. See André Tudesq, Ľélection présidentielle de Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (Paris, 1965), 209‐217.36. Unofficial election results can be found in Sémaphore de Marseille, May 17‐18, 1848. Official results are missing. See also Jean Leflon, Eugène de Mazenod, évěque de Marseille, fondateur des missionnaires oblat de Marie Immaculée, 1782‐1861 (3 vols.; Paris, 1957‐1965), III, 283‐284, 286.37. This was noted by the police, AM, I1 Police, 472, September 7‐8, 1849 and by the moderate Sémaphore de Marseille, November 13, 1849.38. The cholera began in the Hǒtel de Ville section in August. This was the old quarter of the city and the only area in which the left obtained a clear majority in the May 1849 elections. See the Voix du Peuple, September 8, 16, 17‐18, October 18, 1849. The conservative and moderate press were also concerned over the city's seeming lack of concern for the working class sections. See Courrier de Marseille, September 18, 1849 and Sémaphore de Marseille, September 20, 1849.39. AM, I1 Police, 481, June 2‐3; Sémaphore de Marseille, June 6, 1850; Le Peuple, January 5, 1851, May 10, 1851.40. Almost every day the leftist press attacked the right on some substantial issue. For the most part, as far as this writer can determine, the left's muckraking was justified and accurate (given certain rhetorical freedoms). See the following issues for some of the important attacks of the left: Voix du peuple, January 17, July 15, August 22, October 28, November 15, December 1, 19, 29, 30, 1849; Le Peuple, January 18, February 12, April 20, 30, 1851.41. The situation in Marseille in 1851 is revealed almost daily in the police reports of 1851 in AM, I1 Police, 1851. On the Complot du Midi (or Lyon or Sud‐Est) see F. Dutacq, “A propos du complot du Sud‐Est de 1850,”Le Révolution de 1848 et les Révolutions du XIXe siècle (1928), XXV, 155‐156 and the deposition of the chief witness, Joseph Lombard, in AD, M6 36, January 26, 1851. See also ibid., 12 U 4, Complot du Midi. On the National Guard épuralion see AD, R4 5, Garde Nationale, 1850‐1851. By September 24, 1851, fifty guard companies had been dissolved for various reasons (mainly for being too closely associated with the left), leaving only 26 companies in action.42. Leflon, Mazenod, III, 298‐302. See also Madame Bergasse's statement of January 2, 1852, to the effect that Louis Napoleon was “the means which God used to deliver us from the atrocious and savage war of socialism. Your father and everyone else believes this,” in Louis Bergasse, Souvenirs de famille au XIXme siécle (Marseille, 1947), 73.43. AD, M2 (I) 3, Plebiscite of December 20‐21, 1851; Sémaphore de Marseille, December 21‐22, 1851.44. Masson (ed.), Les Bouches‐du‐Rhǒne, VIII, 154‐158; Marseille sous le Second Empire (Paris, 1961), 85 ff.; Busquet, Histoire de Marseille, 405‐406, 409. See also the work of Octave Teissier, Histoire du commerce de Marseille pendant vingt ans (1855‐1874) (Paris, 1878).45. Antoine Olivesi, La Commune de 1871 à Marseille et ses origines (Paris, 1950), 91.46. On the left under the Third Republic see Gerard Verdier, “Ľopinion marseillaise et les élections de 1876‐1877,” Diplǒmes ďétudes supérieure, Aix‐en‐Provence, 1966, 9‐13. See the biographies of the republicans Henri Amat, Marie‐Xavier‐Jules Bouquet, Alphonse Esquiros, Alexandre Labadié in Masson (ed.), Bouches‐du Rhǒne, XI. For a striking contrast see the biography of the Legitimist Marquis Sauvaire‐Barthélemy (in ibid.), who won by wide margins in the legislative elections of 1848 and 1849 but lost miserably in elections under the Third Republic.47. For further discussion of some of the issues mentioned in this paper, see William H. Sewell, Jr., “La class ouvrière de Marseille sous la Seconde République: structure sociale et comportement politique,”Le mouvement social, No. 76 (July‐September 1971), 39 ff. and Thomas R. Christofferson, “Les conceptions sociales des notables de Marseille sous la Seconde République,”Annales du Midi (October‐December 1973).Additional informationNotes on contributorsThomas R. ChristoffersonThe author, an Assistant Professor of History at Drew University, expresses appreciation to the American Philosophical Society for aid given in support of research for this article.