Egypt's Policy Towards Israel: The Impact of Foreign and Domestic Constraints
2006; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 12; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/13537120500382040
ISSN1743-9086
Autores Tópico(s)Middle East and Rwanda Conflicts
ResumoAbstract Egyptian policy towards Israel has lacked consistency and issues relating to its role as leader of the Arab world have weighed more heavily on its Israel policy than actual hostility towards the Jewish state. Moreover, the existence of a powerful and vocal Islamist constituency, and the pressure of over-population, a weak economy and over-reliance on US support have also played a role. Egypt has not relinquished its desire to lead the Arab world and this has prevented it from developing a meaningful rapprochement with Israel. Notes 1. Judith Miller, God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East, New York, 1996, p. 58. 2. J. Heyworth-Dunne, Religious and Political Trends in Modern Egypt, Washington, DC, 1950, pp. 22–23 and 49. 3. David Zeidan, ‘Radical Islam in Egypt: A Comparison of Two Groups’, in Barry Rubin (ed.), Revolutionaries and Reformers: Contemporary Islamist Movements in the Middle East, Albany, New York, 2003, pp. 17–18. 4. Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, Cambridge, MA, 2002, p. 287. 5. Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, Cambridge, MA, 2002, p. 294 6. Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, Cambridge, MA, 2002, p. 288 7. Cited in Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, Cambridge, MA, 2002, p. 295 8. Miller, God Has Ninety-Nine Names, p. 65. 9. Residence generale, direction des affaires politiques. Revue de la press Musulmane, 15 November 1938, Centre de l'Archives d'Outre-Mer, Provence, France (hereafter, CAOM), Affaires Politiques, Carton No. 918, pp. 18–19. 10. Malik Mufti, ‘Israel and the Arab States: The Long Road to Normalization’, in Robert O. Freedman (ed.), Israel's First Fifty Years, Gainesville, 2000, p. 68. 11. Gouvernement provisiore de la Republique Francaise: Bulletin de Renseignement Politique, 13 January 1947, CAOM, Affaires Politiques, Carton No. 2203, Dossier No. 1. 12. Ambassade de France en Egypte; Service de l'Information. Bulletin Quotidien des journaux Arabes, 10 March 1948. CAOM, Affaires Politiques, Carton#2203, Dossier 1. 13. Ambassade de France en Egypte; Service de l'Information. Bulletin Quotidien des journaux Arabes, 13 March 1948. 14. Ambassade de France en Egypte; Service de l'Information. Bulletin Quotidien des journaux Arabes, 14 March 1948. 15. Ambassade de France en Egypte; Service de l'Information. Bulletin Quotidien des journaux Arabes, 15 March 1948. 16. Ambassade de France en Egypte; Service de l'Information. Bulletin Quotidien des journaux Arabes, 16 March 1948. 17. Ambassade de France en Egypte; Service de l'Information. Bulletin Quotidien des journaux Arabes, Dossier No. 5, 11 March 1948 18. Ambassade de France en Egypte; Service de l'Information. Bulletin Quotidien des journaux Arabes, Dossier No. 5, 15 March 1948. 19. Ambassade de France en Egypte, Service de l'information, physionomie de la presse Egyptienne, 23–29 July 1948, CAOM No. 2203, Dossier 5. 20. Khaled Mohi El Din, Memoirs of a Revolution: Egypt 1952, Cairo, 1992, pp. 130–131. 21. Mufti, ‘Israel and the Arab States’, p. 69. 22. Mufti, ‘Israel and the Arab States’, p. 69 23. Johnson to Foreign Office, Public Record Office, London (hereafter PRO), FO/371, J3463, 69270A, 20 May 1948. 24. ‘Entry of Jewish forces into Egypt and appeal from the Egyptian Ministry of Defence for aid from His Majesty's Government-Copy of telegram from the Military Attaché’, Cairo No. MA/151/166 of December describing the extent of the Jewish attack and recording approaches from the Ministry of Defence.’ PRO FO/371, J8314, 69289, 30 December 1948; Foreign Office to Embassy in Cairo, PRO FO/371, J8293, 69289, 30 December 1948. 25. Bulletin d'Information (August–October 1948), CAOM, Affaires politiques, ministere des affaires etrangeres, Carton No. 2204, Dossier 1. 26. La Bourse Eyptienne, 1 April 1949. PRO FO/371, J2999, 73486. 27. Campbell to Foreign Office, PRO FO/371, J4293, 73486, 19 May 1949. 28. British Embassy in Washington to Foreign Office, PRO FO/371, J4399, 73486, 19 May 1949. 29. Campbell to Bevin, PRO FO/371, J5631, 73486, 30 June 1949. 30. Dixon to Bevin, PRO FO/371, J5640, 73561, 8 July 1949. 31. Stevenson to Bowker, PRO FO/371, JE10353/2, 96898, 12 August 1952. 32. Ledward to Chadwick, PRO FO/371, JE1141/1, 96962, 21 June 1952. 33. Mufti, ‘Israel and the Arab States’, pp. 72–73. 34. Foreign Ministry to Israeli Embassies in London, Paris and Washington, Israel State Archives (hereafter ISA), 3744/2, 1 March 1954. 35. Herzog to Foreign Ministry, ISA 3744/2, 12 March 1954. 36. Gazit to Raphael, ISA 3744/2, 24 March 1954. 37. High Commissioner for Palestine to Secretary of State for the Colonies. PRO FO/371, J1530, 69252, 18 February 1948; Governor of Hong Kong to Secretary of State for the Colonies. PRO FO/371, J1758, 69252, 25 February 1948. 38. British Embassy in Cairo to Foreign Office, PRO FO/371, ER1531/8, 91747, 24 February 1951. 39. ‘Memorandum on the Present Position of the Consolidated Oil Refineries at Haifa’, PRO FO/371, ER1532/5, 82609, 29 December 1949. 40. Sieff to McNeil, PRO FO/371, ER1532/5, 82609, 13 January 1950. 41. Times (London), 2 April 1949; and Stevenson to Foreign Office, PRO FO/371, JE1261/19, 90191, 9 February 1951. 42. UK Delegate to the UN General Assembly to Foreign Office, PRO FO/371, JE1261/2, 96996, 24 January 1952; Foreign Office to UK Delegation to the UN General Assembly, PRO FO/371, JE1261/2, 1 February 1952; Conversation between the Secretary of State and the Israeli Foreign Minister, PRO FO/371, ER1051/14, 96996, 11 March 1952. 43. British Embassy in Cairo to Foreign Office, PRO FO/371, J8922, 73648, 7 November 1949. 44. British Embassy in Cairo to Foreign Office, PRO FO/371, J421, 73646, 12 January 1949. 45. British Embassy in Cairo to Foreign Office, PRO FO/371, E1571/1, 97033, 3 October 1952. 46. Aide Memoire, PRO FO/371, JE1083/1, 90164, 18 May 1951; and Stevenson to Foreign Office, PRO FO/371, JE1022/2, 102720, 2 March 1953. 47. Stevenson to Foreign Office, PRO FO/371, JE1022/2, 102720, 4 March 1953. 48. Westwood to Simon, PRO FO/371, E1192/525, 102817, 8 October 1953. 49. Avram Schweitzer, Israel: The Changing National Agenda, London, 1986, pp. 16–18. 50. Israel–Canal Zone Negotiations, Minutes by H.B. Martin, Air Attaché. PRO FO/371, E1192/505(A), 102816, 6 October 1953. 51. Egyptian Gazette (Cairo), 27 April 1953. 52. ‘Anglo-Egyptian Negotiations: Israel's Interest’, Minutes by Roger Allen, PRO FO/371, E1192/505, 102816, 30 September 1953; Minutes by Anthony Nutting, PRO FO/371, JE1192/623, 102822, 27 November 1953; Note by Israel's ambassador, PRO FO/371, EE34/62871, 102822, 27 November 1953; ‘Israel and the Egyptian Negotiations’, Minutes by Roger Allen, PRO FO/371, JE1192/696, 102824, 7 December 1953. 53. Note to Israeli Embassy, Foreign Office, PRO FO/371, JE1192/696, 102824, 29 December 1953. 54. Ben-Gurion to Dag Hammarskjöld, 29 July 1956, in Yemima Rosenthal (ed.), David Ben-Gurion, The First Prime Minister, Jerusalem, 1996, document No. 79, p. 308 (Hebrew). 55. Ben-Gurion to Haile Selassie, 6 November 1958. David Ben-Gurion, The First Prime Minister, document No. 113, p. 419. 56. Text of a letter by Prime Minister Ben-Gurion to the President of the United States of America, Eisenhower Papers, International Series, Box 35, Mid East, July 1958 (4). Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas. 57. Mohamed Hassanein Heikal, The Cairo Documents: The Inside Story of Nasser and His Relationship with World Leaders, Rebels, and Statesmen, New York, 1973, pp. 27–28. 58. Prime Minister Levi Eshkol's Speech at the Labour Party, Jerusalem, 27 June 1968, Levi Eshkol, The Third Prime Minister, Jerusalem 2002, document No. 193, pp. 636–637. 59. ‘Answers of President Anwar Sadat to Questions of members of the National Convention of the Arab Socialist Union, Cairo, 17 February 1972’, Palestinian Arab Documents for 1972, Beirut, 1975, p. 61 (Arabic). 60. ‘A joint Egyptian–Yugoslav Communiqué issued on the occasion of the visit by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat to Yugoslavia, Brioni, February 5, 1972’, Palestinian Arab Documents for 1972, Beirut, 1975, pp. 52–53. 61. ‘Answers of President Anwar Sadat to Questions of members of the National Convention of the Arab Socialist Union, Cairo, February 17, 1972’, Palestinian Arab Documents for 1972, Beirut, 1975, p. 63. 62. Meron Medzini, The Proud Jewess: Golda Meir and the Vision of Israel: A Political Biography, Jerusalem, 1990, p. 407 (Hebrew). 63. Walter Henry Nelson and Terence C.F. Prittie, The Economic War against the Jews, New York, 1977, p. 42. 64. Anwar El-Sadat, ‘Where Egypt Stands’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 51, No. 1 (October 1972), pp. 114, 119–120. 65. David Kimche, The Last Option, After Nasser, Arafat and Saddam Hussein: The Quest for Peace in the Middle East, London, 1991, p. 113. 66. Avraham Sela, The Decline of the Arab–Israeli Conflict: Middle East Politics and the Quest for Regional Order, Albany, NY, 1998, p. 201. 67. Kenneth W. Stein, ‘Egyptian–Israeli Relations’, Vol. 1, No. 3, September 1997, p. 1, http://biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/journal/1997/issue3/jv1n3a5.html. 68. Kimche, The Last Option, p. 64. 69. Eric Silver, Begin: The Haunted Prophet, New York, 1984, p. 203. 70. Charles Enderlin, Shamir, Paris, 1991, p. 324. 71. Victor Ostrovsky and Claire Hoy, By Way of Deception, New York, 1990, p. 272. 72. Stein, ‘Egyptian–Israeli Relations’, p. 2 73. Stein, ‘Egyptian–Israeli Relations’, p. 3 74. Stein, ‘Egyptian–Israeli Relations’, p. 4. 75. Stein, ‘Egyptian–Israeli Relations’, p. 4. 76. Knesset Proceedings, 17 May 1989 (Hebrew). 77. MENA, FBIS-NES-93-029, 16 February 1993. 78. MENA, FBIS-NES-93-096, 20 May 1993. 79. Al-Ahram al-Mas'i, FBIS-NES-93-103, 1 June 1993. 80. Egypt receives $2.1 billion in US aid annually. Fawaz A. Gerges, ‘Egyptian Israeli Relations Turn Sour’, Foreign Affairs (May/June 1995), p. 78. 81. Al Waft, FBIS-NES-94-213, 3 November 1994. 82. MENA FBIS-NES-94-218, 10 November 1994. 83. MENA, FBIS-NES-94-229, 29 November 1994. 84. Arab Republic of Egypt Radio, FBIS-NES-94-247, 23 December 1994. 85. Stein, ‘Egyptian–Israeli Relations’, pp. 6–7. 86. Cited in Gerges, ‘Egyptian Israeli Relations Turn Sour’, p. 70. 87. Cited in Gerges, ‘Egyptian Israeli Relations Turn Sour’, p. 72. 88. Al Ahram, 15 January 1995. 89. Ibrahim Nafie, ‘Messages from Egypt’, Pharos, Cairo, April 2000, p. 23. Additional informationNotes on contributorsJacob Abadi Jacob Abadi is a Professor in the department of History, The United States Air Force Academy.
Referência(s)