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American Hegemony and Regionalism: The Rise of East Asia and the End of the Asia-Pacific

2006; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 11; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/14650040600890727

1557-3028

Mark Beeson,

International Relations and Foreign Policy

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS An earlier version of this paper was presented at the conference on Asia-Pacific Economies: Multilateral vs. Bilateral Relationships, organised by Kevin Hewison at City University, Hong Kong. I would like to thank Professor Hewison, conference participants, Geopolitics' three anonymous referees, and especially Paul Bowles for critical comments. The usual caveats apply. Research funding for this project was provided by the Australian Research Council. Notes 1. The 'Anglo-American' economies are the US, Canada, Britain, Australia and New Zealand, and have been distinguished by their embrace and promotion of neoliberal economic policies. 'East Asia' refers to Japan, China, North/South Korea and Taiwan, plus the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). 2. A. Dirlik, 'The Asia-Pacific Idea: Reality and Representation in the Invention of Regional Structure', Journal of World History 3/1 (1992) pp. 55–79. 3. Y. Funabashi, Asia Pacific Fusion: Japan's Role in APEC (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics 1995). 4. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations comprises Singapore, the Philippines, Brunei, Indonesia, Burma, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. 5. For an important statement about the possible future development of ASEAN+3, see Final Report of the East Asia Study Group, ASEA+3 Summit, 4 November 2002, Phnom Penh, available at http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/asean/pmv0211/report.pdf. 6. G. O. Tuathail and J. Agnew (1992) 'Geopolitics and Discourse: Practical Geopolitical Reasoning in American Foreign Policy', Political Geography, 11: 190–204. 7. J. Agnew, Hegemony: The New Shape of Global Power (Philadelphia: Temple University Press 2005): pp. 1–2. 8. M. Beeson and R. 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It is also recognised that this was precisely the policy that was being encouraged by the US and the IFIs despite the dangers. See R. Wade, 'The US Role in the Long Asian Crisis of 1990–2000', in Lukanskas, A. and Rivera-Batiz, F. (eds.) The Political Economy of the East Asian Crisis and Its Aftermath: Tigers in Distress (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar 2001) pp. 195–226. 56. H. Dieter and R. Higgott, 'Exploring Alternative Theories of Economic Regionalism: From Trade to Finance in Asian Co-operation', Review of International Political Economy 10/3 (2003) pp. 430–454. 57. S. N. Katada, 'Japan and Asian Monetary Regionalisation: Cultivating a New Regional Leadership after the Asia Financial Crisis', Geopolitics 7/1 (2002) p. 86. 58. C. R. Henning, East Asian Financial Cooperation (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics 2002). 59. E. J. Lincoln, East Asian Economic Regionalism (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution 2004) p. 194. 60. T. J. Pempel, 'Firebreak: East Asia Institutionalizes Its Finances.' Paper presented to Regionalisation and the Taming of Globalization?, University of Warwick (October 2005) p. 2. 61. J. A. Amyx, 'A regional Bond Market for East Asia? The Evolving Political Dynamics of Regional Financial Cooperation', Pacific Economic Paper No. 342 (Canberra: Australia-Japan Research Centre 2004) p. 8. In the same paper Amyx also details the rapid development of a bond market in East Asia, something that could have a similarly long-terms integrative impact. 62. M. Beeson, 'Re-thinking regionalism: Europe and East Asia in Comparative Historical Perspective', Journal of European Public Policy 12/6 (2005) pp. 969–985. 63. R. A. Higgott, 'American Unilateralism, Foreign Economic Policy and the "Securitisation" of Globalisation', CSGR Working Paper 124 (2003). 64. Joffe, '"Bismarck" or "Britain"?' (note 37). 65. M. Mastanduno, 'Incomplete Hegemony: The United States and Security Order in Asia', in M. 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Strategic Asia 2004–05: Confronting Terrorism in the Pursuit of Power, (Washington, DC: National Bureau of Asian Research 2004) pp. 261–299. 73. A. I. Johnston, 'Socialization in International Institutions: The ASEAN Way and International Relations Theory', in G. J. Ikenberry and M. Mastanduno (eds.), International Relations and the Asia-Pacific (New York: Columbia University Press 2003) pp. 107–162. 74. A. Ba, 'China and Asean: Renavigating relations for a 21st-century Asia', Asian Survey, 43/4 (2003) pp. 622–647. 75. D. C. Kang, 'Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks', International Security 27/4 (2003) p. 66. 76. D. Shambaugh, 'China Engages Asia', International Security 29/3 (2004/2005) pp. 64–99. 77. This is not as unthinkable as some believe, for as Kang points out, more Japanese are worried about a strong US than a strong China. Kang, 'Getting Asia Wrong' (note 75) p. 78. 78. I. J. Alastair, 'Is China a Status Quo Power?', International Security 27/4 (2003) pp. 5–56. 79. G. McCormack, 'Remilitarizing Japan', New Left Review 29 (2004) pp. 29–45. 80. H. Masaki, 'Koizumi Plays It His Way', Asia Times (18 October 2005), available at http://www.atimes.com. 81. C. Prestowitz, Rogue Nation: American Unilateralism and the Failure of Good Intentions (New York: Basic Books 2003) p. 251. 82. H. W. French and N. Onishi, 'Economic Ties Binding Japan to Rival China', The New York Times (31 October 2005). 83. Pew Research Centre, Views of a Changing World 2003 (Washington, DC: Pew Research Centre 2003). 84. J. Gersham, 'Is Southeast Asia the Second Front', Foreign Affairs 81/4 (2002), pp. 60–74. 85. J. Glassman, 'US Foreign Policy and the War on Terror in Southeast Asia', in G. Rodan, K. Hewison, and Robison, R. (eds.), The Political Economy of South-East Asia: An Introduction, 3rd ed. (Melbourne: Oxford University Press 2006): pp. 219–237. 86. R. J. Art, 'Geopolitics Updated: The Strategy of Selective Engagement', International Security 23/3 (1998/1999) pp. 79–113; G. J. Ikenberry, 'American Grand Strategy in the Age of Terror', Survival 43/4 (2001/2002), pp. 19–34. 87. M. Alagappa, 'Managing Asian Security: Competition, Cooperation and Evolutionary Change', in M. Alagappa (ed.), Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press 2003) p. 594. 88. Ibid., p. 599. 89. Buzan and Waever, Regions and Powers (note 10) p. 129. 90. M. Beeson, 'ASEAN Plus Three and the Rise of Reactionary Regionalism', Contemporary Southeast Asia, 25/2 (2003) 251–268. 91. Stubbs, 'ASEAN Plus Three' (note 48). 92. For the most persuasive sceptical position, see Lincoln (note 59). 93. See, for example, M. Beeson, 'American Hegemony: The View from Australia', SAIS Review, 23/2 (2003) p. 113–131; P. H. Gordon and J. Shapiro, Allies At War: America, Europe, and the Crisis Over Iraq (New York: McGraw-Hill 2004). 94. N. Hamilton-Hart, 'Asia's New Regionalism: Government Capacity and Cooperation in the Western Pacific', Review of International Political Economy 10/2 (2003) pp. 222–245. 95. A. Alatas, "ASEAN Plus Three" Equals Peace Plus Prosperity (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 2001). 96. J. Ravenhill, 'US Economic Relations with East Asia: From Hegemony to Complex Interdependence', in M. Beeson (ed.), Bush and Asia: America's Evolving Relations with East Asia (London: Routledge 2006).