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Health risk assessment of non-potable domestic water supplies in the Netherlands

2007; UWA Publishing; Volume: 56; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.2166/aqua.2007.043

1365-2087

F. I. H. M. Oesterholt, Gerard Martijnse, Gertjan Medema, D. van der Kooij,

Fecal contamination and water quality

Research Article| May 01 2007 Health risk assessment of non-potable domestic water supplies in the Netherlands Frank Oesterholt; Frank Oesterholt 1Kiwa Water Research, P.O. Box 1072, NL-3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands Tel: +31 30 60 69 575 Fax: +31 30 60 61 165 web: www.kiwawaterresearch.eu; E-mail: frank.oesterholt@kiwa.nl Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Gerard Martijnse; Gerard Martijnse 2Ministry of Housing,Spatial Planning and the Environment, P.O. Box 30945, NL-2500 GX, The Hague, The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Gertjan Medema; Gertjan Medema 1Kiwa Water Research, P.O. Box 1072, NL-3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Dick van der Kooij Dick van der Kooij 1Kiwa Water Research, P.O. Box 1072, NL-3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua (2007) 56 (3): 171–179. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2007.043 Article history Received: July 13 2005 Accepted: November 22 2006 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Permissions Search Site Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsThis Journal Search Advanced Search Citation Frank Oesterholt, Gerard Martijnse, Gertjan Medema, Dick van der Kooij; Health risk assessment of non-potable domestic water supplies in the Netherlands. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 1 May 2007; 56 (3): 171–179. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2007.043 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Dual water supply systems were installed in several newly built housing estates in the Netherlands in the late1990s. These residential homes were provided with both drinking water and separately with so-called household water for toilet flushing, laundry and the garden tap. Household water was produced by limited treatment from a variety of sources and had a lower quality than drinking water. No legislation for (the quality of) this type of water was present at the time and the Dutch government appointed six of these estates as pilot projects. Four pilot projects were intensively monitored for toxicological and microbiological safety as well as microbiological stability during a period of almost 16 months.Specific incidents such as cross connections between drinking water and household water and observations of viruses and pathogenic protozoa in treated water demonstrated that some of these systems were microbiologically unsafe. Furthermore certain household waters had a relatively high biofilm formation potential leading to growth of Legionella sp. and Aeromonas and complaints from customers about the smell and colour of the household water. In nearly all cases concentrations of heavy metals and organic pollutants were below drinking water standards, hence the toxicological risk caused by chemical substances was not significant.Based on the results of this study the Dutch government decided to discourage the production and distribution of household water on a large scale. At present all projects owned by water companies in the Netherlands have been terminated by replacing household water with drinking water. drinking water, dual water supply, grey water, household water, microbiological safety, microbiological stability This content is only available as a PDF. © IWA Publishing 2007 You do not currently have access to this content.