Artigo Acesso aberto Revisado por pares

Relationship of education to major risk factors and death from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases and all causes, Findings of three Chicago epidemiologic studies.

1982; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 66; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1161/01.cir.66.6.1308

ISSN

1524-4539

Autores

K Liu, LUCILA B. CEDRES, Jeremiah Stamler, Alan R. Dyer, Rose Stamler, Serafim Nanas, David M. Berkson, O Paul, M. M. Lepper, Howard A. Lindberg, John Marquardt, Elizabeth Stevens, James A. Schoenberger, R B Shekelle, Patricia Collette, Susan Shekelle, Dan Garside,

Tópico(s)

Health disparities and outcomes

Resumo

HomeCirculationVol. 66, No. 6Relationship of education to major risk factors and death from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases and all causes, Findings of three Chicago epidemiologic studies. Free AccessAbstractPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessAbstractPDF/EPUBRelationship of education to major risk factors and death from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases and all causes, Findings of three Chicago epidemiologic studies. K Liu, L B Cedres, J Stamler, A Dyer, R Stamler, S Nanas, D M Berkson, O Paul, M Lepper, H A Lindberg, J Marquardt, E Stevens, J A Schoenberger, R B Shekelle, P Collette, S Shekelle and D Garside K LiuK Liu Search for more papers by this author , L B CedresL B Cedres Search for more papers by this author , J StamlerJ Stamler Search for more papers by this author , A DyerA Dyer Search for more papers by this author , R StamlerR Stamler Search for more papers by this author , S NanasS Nanas Search for more papers by this author , D M BerksonD M Berkson Search for more papers by this author , O PaulO Paul Search for more papers by this author , M LepperM Lepper Search for more papers by this author , H A LindbergH A Lindberg Search for more papers by this author , J MarquardtJ Marquardt Search for more papers by this author , E StevensE Stevens Search for more papers by this author , J A SchoenbergerJ A Schoenberger Search for more papers by this author , R B ShekelleR B Shekelle Search for more papers by this author , P ColletteP Collette Search for more papers by this author , S ShekelleS Shekelle Search for more papers by this author and D GarsideD Garside Search for more papers by this author Originally published1 Dec 1982https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.66.6.1308Circulation. 1982;66:1308–1314 Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByTertulien T, Broughton S, Swabe G, Essien U and Magnani J (2022) Association of Race and Ethnicity on the Management of Acute Non−ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Journal of the American Heart Association, 11:12, Online publication date: 21-Jun-2022. Timmis A, Vardas P, Townsend N, Torbica A, Katus H, De Smedt D, Gale C, Maggioni A, Petersen S, Huculeci R, Kazakiewicz D, de Benito Rubio V, Ignatiuk B, Raisi-Estabragh Z, Pawlak A, Karagiannidis E, Treskes R, Gaita D, Beltrame J, McConnachie A, Bardinet I, Graham I, Flather M, Elliott P, Mossialos E, Weidinger F, Achenbach S, Mimoza L, Artan G, Aurel D, Chettibi M, Hammoudi N, Vardanyan K, Pepoyan S, Sisakian H, Scherr D, Siostrzonek P, Metzer B, Mustafayev I, Jahangirov T, Rustamova Y, Mitkovskaya N, Shibeka N, Stelmashok V, De Pauw M, Lancellotti P, Claeys M, Kušljugić Z, Džubur A, Smajić E, Tokmakova M, Traykov V, Milicic D, Pasalic M, Pavasovic S, Christodoulides T, Papasavvas I, Eftychiou C, Linhart A, Táborský M, Hutyra M, Sørensen J, Andersen M, Kristensen S, Abdelhamid M, Shokry K, Kampus P, Laine M, Niemelä M, Iung B, Cohen A, Leclercq C, Trapaidze D, Etsadashvili K, Aladashvili A, Bestehorn K, Baldus S, Zeiher A, Kanakakis J, Patrianakos A, Chrysohoou C, Csanádi Z, Becker D, Járai Z, Hrafnkelsdóttir Þ, Maher V, Crowley J, Dalton B, Wolak A, Assa E, Zafrir B, Murrone A, Spaccarotella C, Urbinati S, Salim B, Orazbek S, Ayan A, Bajraktari G, Poniku D, Erkin M, Saamay A, Kurban K, Erglis A, Jegere S, Bajare I, Mohammed M, Sarkis A, Saadeh G, Šlapikas R, Lapinskas T, Čelutkienė J, Ellafi K, El Ghamari F, Beissel J, Banu C, Felice T, Xuereb R, Popovici M, Lisii D, Rudi V, Boskovic A, Rabrenovic M, Ztot S, Abir-Khalil S, Meeder J, van Rossum A, Elsendoorn M, Kostov J, Kostovska E, Kedev S, Angel K, Mjølstad O, Bleie Ø, Gierlotka M, Dąbrowski R, Jankowski P, Baptista S, Ferreira J, Gil V, Badila E, Gaita D, Popescu B, Shlyakhto E, Zvartau N, Kotova E, Foscoli M, Zavatta M, Stojkovic S, Tesic M, Juricic S, Kaliská G, Hatala R, Hlivák P, Fras Z, Bunc M, Pernat A, Cequier Á, Anguita M, Muñiz J, Johansson B, Platonov P, Carballo D, Rüdiger-Stürchler M, Tanner F, Shebli H, Kabbani S, Abid L, Faouzi A, Abdessalem S, Aytekin V, Atar I, Kovalenko V, Nesukay E, Archbold A, Tayal U, Wilkinson C, Kurbanov R, Fozilov K, Mirmaksudov M, Boateng D, Daval G, Momotyuk G and Sebastiao D (2022) European Society of Cardiology: cardiovascular disease statistics 2021, European Heart Journal, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab892, 43:8, (716-799), Online publication date: 21-Feb-2022. McKinley L, McAnally K, Moyers S and Hagger M (2021) Behavioral Health Theories, Equity, and Disparities in Global Health Handbook of Global Health, 10.1007/978-3-030-45009-0_58, (1311-1333), . Simon S and Ho P (2020) Ethnic and Racial Disparities in Acute Myocardial Infarction, Current Cardiology Reports, 10.1007/s11886-020-01351-9, 22:9, Online publication date: 1-Sep-2020. McKinley L, McAnally K, Moyers S and Hagger M (2020) Behavioral Health Theories, Equity, and Disparities in Global Health Handbook of Global Health, 10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_58-1, (1-23), . Zhou W, Wang T, Zhu L, Wen M, Hu L, Huang X, You C, Li J, Wu Y, Wu Q, Bao H and Cheng X (2019) Association between Age at Menarche and Hypertension among Females in Southern China: A Cross-Sectional Study, International Journal of Hypertension, 10.1155/2019/9473182, 2019, (1-9), Online publication date: 3-Nov-2019. Al-Zakwani I, M Mabry R, Zubaid M, Alsheikh-Ali A, Almahmeed W, Shehab A and Rashed W (2019) Association between education and major adverse cardiac events among patients with acute coronary syndrome in the Arabian Gulf, BMJ Global Health, 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001278, 4:1, (e001278), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2019. Okami Y, Ueshima H, Nakamura Y, Okuda N, Nakagawa H, Sakata K, Saitoh S, Okayama A, Yoshita K, R. Choudhury S, Chan Q, Elliott P, Stamler J and Miura K (2019) The Relationship of Dietary Cholesterol with Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Confounding by Reverse Causality: The INTERLIPID Study, Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 10.5551/jat.43075, 26:2, (170-182), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2019. (2018) References Handbook of Social Status Correlates, 10.1016/B978-0-12-805371-3.16001-7, (307-468), . Fujiyoshi N, Arima H, Satoh A, Ojima T, Nishi N, Okuda N, Kadota A, Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Nakaya N, Fujiyoshi A, Okamura T, Ueshima H, Okayama A and Miura K (2018) Associations between Socioeconomic Status and the Prevalence and Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia in a General Japanese Population: NIPPON DATA2010, Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 10.5551/jat.42531, 25:7, (606-620), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2018. Schultz W, Kelli H, Lisko J, Varghese T, Shen J, Sandesara P, Quyyumi A, Taylor H, Gulati M, Harold J, Mieres J, Ferdinand K, Mensah G and Sperling L (2018) Socioeconomic Status and Cardiovascular Outcomes, Circulation, 137:20, (2166-2178), Online publication date: 15-May-2018. Kim O, Kwak S, Kim B, Kim Y, Kim H and Shin M (2017) Selected Food Consumption Mediates the Association between Education Level and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults, Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 10.1159/000470853, 70:2, (122-131), . Bruthans J, Mayer O, De Bacquer D, De Smedt D, Reiner Z, Kotseva K and Cífková R (2015) Educational level and risk profile and risk control in patients with coronary heart disease, European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 10.1177/2047487315601078, 23:8, (881-890), Online publication date: 1-May-2016. Zheng Y, Zhang G, Chen Z and Zeng Q (2016) Association between Age at Menarche and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in China: A Large Population-Based Investigation, Cardiorenal Medicine, 10.1159/000445506, 6:4, (307-316), . Goh J, Pfeffer J and Zenios S (2015) Exposure To Harmful Workplace Practices Could Account For Inequality In Life Spans Across Different Demographic Groups, Health Affairs, 10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0022, 34:10, (1761-1768), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2015. Tchicaya A, Braun M, Lorentz N, Delagardelle C, Beissel J and Wagner D (2012) Social inequality in awareness of cardiovascular risk factors in patients undergoing coronary angiography, European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 10.1177/2047487312446123, 20:5, (872-879), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2013. Dankwa-Mullan I and Louis Rhee K (2012) Clinical Research Applications of Health Disparities Science in Community Settings Principles and Practice of Clinical Research, 10.1016/B978-0-12-382167-6.00046-1, (665-687), . Hajsheikholeslami F, Hatami M, Hadaegh F, Ghanbarian A and Azizi F (2010) Association of educational status with cardiovascular disease: Teheran Lipid and Glucose Study, International Journal of Public Health, 10.1007/s00038-010-0225-5, 56:3, (281-287), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2011. Luy M, Di Giulio P and Caselli G (2011) Differences in life expectancy by education and occupation in Italy, 1980–94: Indirect estimates from maternal and paternal orphanhood, Population Studies, 10.1080/00324728.2011.568192, 65:2, (137-155), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2011. Galea S, Tracy M, Hoggatt K, DiMaggio C and Karpati A (2011) Estimated Deaths Attributable to Social Factors in the United States, American Journal of Public Health, 10.2105/AJPH.2010.300086, 101:8, (1456-1465), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2011. Mehta R, O'Shea J, Stebbins A, Granger C, Armstrong P, White H, Topol E, Califf R and Ohman E (2011) Association of Mortality With Years of Education in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Fibrinolysis, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.021, 57:2, (138-146), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2011. Baldassarre D, Nyyssönen K, Rauramaa R, de Faire U, Hamsten A, Smit A, Mannarino E, Humphries S, Giral P, Grossi E, Veglia F, Paoletti R and Tremoli E (2009) Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data to identify the major determinants of carotid intima–media thickness in a European population: the IMPROVE study, European Heart Journal, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp496, 31:5, (614-622), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2010., Online publication date: 1-Mar-2010. Reed B, Mungas D, Farias S, Harvey D, Beckett L, Widaman K, Hinton L and DeCarli C (2010) Measuring cognitive reserve based on the decomposition of episodic memory variance, Brain, 10.1093/brain/awq154, 133:8, (2196-2209), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2010. Shahtahmasebi S, Emerson E, Berridge D and Lancaster G Child disability, parental self-rated health and food security: A multivariate cross-sectional analysis, International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 10.1515/IJDHD.2009.8.4.417, 8:4 Phillips J, Marsland A, Flory J, Muldoon M, Cohen S and Manuck S (2009) Parental education is related to C-reactive protein among female middle aged community volunteers, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.01.008, 23:5, (677-683), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2009. Murphy B, Elliott P, Le Grande M, Higgins R, Ernest C, Goble A, Tatoulis J and Worcester M (2008) Living alone predicts 30-day hospital readmission after coronary artery bypass graft surgery, European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282f2dc4e, 15:2, (210-215), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2008. de Campos Lopes C, Yamada A, Araújo F, Pereira Barreto A and Mansur A (2006) Socioeconomic factors in the prognosis of heart failure in a Brazilian cohort, International Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.11.009, 113:2, (181-187), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2006. Yeatman S, Potter J and Grossman D (2006) Over-the-Counter Access, Changing WHO Guidelines, and Contraindicated Oral Contraceptive Use in Mexico, Studies in Family Planning, 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2006.00098.x, 37:3, (197-204), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2006. Lee J, Paultre F and Mosca L (2005) The association between educational level and risk of cardiovascular disease fatality among women with cardiovascular disease, Women's Health Issues, 10.1016/j.whi.2004.11.004, 15:2, (80-88), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2005. Kocaoglu B, Moschonis G, Dimitriou M, Kolotourou M, Keskin Y, Sur H, Hayran O and Manios Y (2005) Parental educational level and cardiovascular disease risk factors in schoolchildren in large urban areas of Turkey: Directions for public health policy, BMC Public Health, 10.1186/1471-2458-5-13, 5:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2005. Santo Signorelli S, Pia Costa M, Digrandi D, Di Pino L, Celotta G, Pennisi G, Marchese G, Guardo P, Virgilio V and Torrisi B (2005) Early Carotid Atherosclerosis in Women: Results of an Ultrasonographic Study Measuring Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness, Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2005.03.004, 14:4, (162-166), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2005. RICHARDSON C, KRISKA A, LANTZ P and HAYWARD R (2004) Physical Activity and Mortality across Cardiovascular Disease Risk Groups, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 10.1249/01.MSS.0000145443.02568.7A, 36:11, (1923-1929), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2004. Stamler J, Elliott P, Appel L, Chan Q, Buzzard M, Dennis B, Dyer A, Elmer P, Greenland P, Jones D, Kesteloot H, Kuller L, Labarthe D, Liu K, Moag-Stahlberg A, Nichaman M, Okayama A, Okuda N, Robertson C, Rodriguez B, Stevens M, Ueshima H, Horn L and Zhou B (2003) Higher blood pressure in middle-aged American adults with less education—role of multiple dietary factors: The INTERMAP Study, Journal of Human Hypertension, 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001608, 17:9, (655-664), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2003. Mirmiran P, Mohammadi F, Allahverdian S and Azizi F (2002) Association of educational level and marital status with dietary intake and cardiovascular risk factors in Tehranian adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS), Nutrition Research, 10.1016/S0271-5317(02)00440-2, 22:12, (1365-1375), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2002. Brummett B, Babyak M, Mark D, Williams R, Siegler I, Clapp-Channing N and Barefoot J (2002) Predictors of Smoking Cessation in Patients With a Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease, Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 10.1097/00008483-200205000-00003, 22:3, (143-147), Online publication date: 1-May-2002. Gallo L, Matthews K, Kuller L, Sutton-Tyrrell K and Edmundowicz D (2001) Educational Attainment and Coronary and Aortic Calcification in Postmenopausal Women, Psychosomatic Medicine, 10.1097/00006842-200111000-00011, 63:6, (925-935), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2001. Chang M, Hahn R, Teutsch S and Hutwagner L (2001) Multiple risk factors and population attributable risk for ischemic heart disease mortality in the United States, 1971–1992, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00343-7, 54:6, (634-644), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2001. Mahley R, Arslan P, Pekcan G, Pépin G, Ağaçdiken A, Karaağaoğlu N, Rakıcıoğlu N, Nursal B, Dayanıklı P, Palaoğlu K and Bersot T (2001) Plasma lipids in Turkish children: impact of puberty, socioeconomic status, and nutrition on plasma cholesterol and HDL, Journal of Lipid Research, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)31528-5, 42:12, (1996-2006), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2001. Hardarson T, Gardarsdottir M, Gudmundsson K, Thorgeirsson G, Sigvaldason H and Sigfusson N (2001) The relationship between educational level and mortality. The Reykjavik Study, Journal of Internal Medicine, 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00834.x, 249:6, (495-502), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2001. Lantz P, Lynch J, House J, Lepkowski J, Mero R, Musick M and Williams D (2001) Socioeconomic disparities in health change in a longitudinal study of US adults: the role of health-risk behaviors, Social Science & Medicine, 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00319-1, 53:1, (29-40), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2001. Leino M, Raitakari O, Porkka K, Helenius H and Viikaris J (2009) Cardiovascular risk factors of young adults in relation to parental Socioecinomic status: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, Annals of Medicine, 10.3109/07853890009011764, 32:2, (142-151), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2000. Benetou V, Chloptsios Y, Zavitsanos X, Karalis D, Naska A and Trichopoulou A (2016) Total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in relation to socioeconomic status in a sample of 11,645 Greek adults: the EPIC study in Greece, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 10.1177/14034948000280040801, 28:4, (260-265), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2000. Liebson P and Amsterdam E (2000) Prevention of coronary heart disease, Disease-a-Month, 10.1016/S0011-5029(00)90016-6, 46:1, (1-123), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2000. Jones D, Sempos C, Thom T, Harrington A, Taylor H, Fletcher B, Mehrotra B, Wyatt S and Davis C (2000) Rising Levels of Cardiovascular Mortality in Mississippi, 1979???1995, The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 10.1097/00000441-200003000-00001, 319:3, (131-137), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2000. Jones D, Taylor H, Wyatt S, Sempos C, Thom T, Harrington A, Fletcher B, Mehrotra B and Davis C (2000) Rising Levels of Cardiovascular Mortality in Mississippi, 1979-1995, The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 10.1016/S0002-9629(15)40710-4, 319:3, (131-137), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2000. Rose K, Newman B, Tyroler H, Szklo M, Arnett D and Srivastava N (1999) Women, Employment Status, and Hypertension, Annals of Epidemiology, 10.1016/S1047-2797(99)00015-0, 9:6, (374-382), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1999. Williams J, Massing M, Rosamond W, Sorlie P and Tyroler H (1999) Racial Disparities in CHD Mortality from 1968–1992 in the State Economic Areas Surrounding the ARIC Study Communities, Annals of Epidemiology, 10.1016/S1047-2797(99)00029-0, 9:8, (472-480), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1999. Wood E, Sallar A, Schechter M and Hogg R (1999) Social inequalities in male mortality amenable to medical intervention in British Columbia, Social Science & Medicine, 10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00081-7, 48:12, (1751-1758), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1999. Ross C and Mirowsky J (1999) Refining the association between education and health: The effects of quantity, credential, and selectivity, Demography, 10.2307/2648083, 36:4, (445-460), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1999. Wamala S, Mittleman M, Schenck-Gustafsson K and Orth-Gomér K (1999) Potential explanations for the educational gradient in coronary heart disease: a population-based case-control study of Swedish women., American Journal of Public Health, 10.2105/AJPH.89.3.315, 89:3, (315-321), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1999. Gans K, Assmann S, Sallar A and Lasater T (1999) Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: An Analysis from Two New England Communities, Preventive Medicine, 10.1006/pmed.1999.0532, 29:4, (229-237), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1999. Berkman C and Gurland B (1998) The relationship between ethnoracial group and functional level in older persons, Ethnicity & Health, 10.1080/13557858.1998.9961860, 3:3, (175-188), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1998. Schwartz S, Cornoni-Huntley J, Cole S, Hays J, Blazer D and Schocken D (1998) Are Sleep Complaints an Independent Risk Factor for Myocardial Infarction?, Annals of Epidemiology, 10.1016/S1047-2797(97)00238-X, 8:6, (384-392), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1998. Stronks K, van de Mheen H, Looman C and Mackenbach J (1997) Cultural, Material, and Psychosocial Correlates of the Socioeconomic Gradient in Smoking Behavior among Adults, Preventive Medicine, 10.1006/pmed.1997.0174, 26:5, (754-766), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1997. Wamala S, Wolk A, Schenck-Gustafsson K and Orth-Gomer K (1997) Lipid profile and socioeconomic status in healthy middle aged women in Sweden., Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 10.1136/jech.51.4.400, 51:4, (400-407), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1997. Timio M, Lippi G, Venanzi S, Gentili S, Quintaliani G, Verdura C, Monarca C, Saronio P and Timio F (2009) Blood Pressure Trend and Cardiovascular Events in Nuns in a Secluded Order: A 30-Year Follow-up Study, Blood Pressure, 10.3109/08037059709061804, 6:2, (81-87), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1997. Rose K, Newman B, Bennett T and Tyroler H (1997) Employment status and high blood pressure in women: Variations by time and by sociodemographic characteristics, Annals of Epidemiology, 10.1016/S1047-2797(96)00127-5, 7:2, (107-114), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1997. McKenna K and Higgins H (1997) Factors influencing smoking cessation in patients with coronary artery disease, Patient Education and Counseling, 10.1016/S0738-3991(97)00042-6, 32:3, (197-205), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1997. Mustard C, Derksen S, Berthelot J, Wolfson M and Roos L (1997) Age-specific education and income gradients in morbidity and mortality in a Canadian province, Social Science & Medicine, 10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00354-1, 45:3, (383-397), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1997. Stronks K, Van De Mheen H, Looman C and Mackenbach J (1996) Behavioural and structural factors in the explanation of socio-economic inequalities in health: an empirical analysis., Sociology of Health and Illness, 10.1111/1467-9566.ep10934524, 18:5, (653-674), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1996. Callahan L, Cordray D, Wells G and Pincus T (1996) Formal education and five-year mortality in rheumatoid arthritis: Mediation by helplessness scale scores, Arthritis Care & Research, 10.1002/art.1790090608, 9:6, (463-472), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1996. Hahn R, Eaker E, Barker N, Teutsch S, Sosniak W and Krieger N (1996) Poverty and Death in the United States, International Journal of Health Services, 10.2190/967K-LC4F-DU66-W5P9, 26:4, (673-690), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1996. Davis S, Winkleby M and Farquhar J (1995) Increasing Disparity in Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Risk-Reduction Strategies by Socioeconomic Status: Implications for Policymakers, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10.1016/S0749-3797(18)30437-9, 11:5, (318-323), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1995. Rosenberg C, Shore R and Pasternack B (1995) Height and mortality after myocardial infarction, Journal of Community Health, 10.1007/BF02283058, 20:4, (335-343), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1995. Mahley R, Palaoğlu K, Atak Z, Dawson-Pepin J, Langlois A, Cheung V, Onat H, Fulks P, Mahley L and Vakar F (1995) Turkish Heart Study: lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins., Journal of Lipid Research, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)40067-7, 36:4, (839-859), Online publication date: 1-Apr-1995. Bucher H and Ragland D (1995) Socioeconomic indicators and mortality from coronary heart disease and cancer: a 22-year follow-up of middle-aged men., American Journal of Public Health, 10.2105/AJPH.85.9.1231, 85:9, (1231-1236), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1995. Thorell B, Olsson L and Svärdsudd K (1994) Implementation of a Structured Care Programme for Diabetes Mellitus in a Defined Population in Mid-Sweden, Diabetic Medicine, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1994.tb00306.x, 11:5, (458-464), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1994. Hartman T, McCarthy P, Park R, Schuster E and Kushi L (1994) Focus group responses of potential participants in a nutrition education program for individuals with limited literacy skills, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 10.1016/0002-8223(94)91940-2, 94:7, (744-748), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1994. Hartman T, McCarthy P, Park R, Schuster E and Kushi L (1994) Evaluation of the literacy level of participants in an urban expanded food and nutrition education program, Journal of Nutrition Education, 10.1016/S0022-3182(12)80833-8, 26:1, (37-41), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1994. Evans D, Beckett L, Albert M, Hebert L, Scherr P, Funkenstein H and Taylor J (1993) Level of education and change in cognitive function in a community population of older persons, Annals of Epidemiology, 10.1016/1047-2797(93)90012-S, 3:1, (71-77), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1993. Tofler G, Muller J, Stone P, Davies G, Davis V and Braunwald E (1993) Comparison of long-term outcome after acute myocardial infarction in patients never graduated from high school with that in more educated patients, The American Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90568-W, 71:12, (1031-1035), Online publication date: 1-May-1993. STAMLER J (1993) Dietary Salt and Blood Pressure, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb38730.x, 676:1 Nutrition in, (122-156), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1993. Reynes J, Lasater T, Feldman H, Assaf A and Carleton R (1993) Education and Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease: Results From a New England Community, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10.1016/S0749-3797(18)30689-5, 9:6, (365-371), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1993. Helmert U, Maschewsky-Schneider U, Mielck A and Greiser E (1993) Soziale Ungleichheit bei Herzinfarkt und Schlaganfall in West-DeutschlandIn�galit� sociale et survenue d'accidents coronariens et c�r�brovasculaires dans l'ex-Allemagne F�d�raleSocial inequalities for myocardial infarction and stroke in West-Germany, Sozial- und Pr�aventivmedizin SPM, 10.1007/BF01324345, 38:3, (123-132), Online publication date: 1-May-1993. Kaplan G and Keil J (1993) Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature., Circulation, 88:4, (1973-1998), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1993. Winkleby M, Jatulis D, Frank E and Fortmann S (1992) Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease., American Journal of Public Health, 10.2105/AJPH.82.6.816, 82:6, (816-820), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1992. Osler M, Lous J and Rasmussen N (2016) Knowledge, Attitudes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Danish Adults, Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine, 10.1177/140349489202000304, 20:3, (151-157), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1992. Tenconi M, Romanelli C, Gigli F, Sottocornola F, Laddomada M, Roggi C, Devoti G and Gardinali P (1992) The relationship between education and risk factors for coronary heart disease, European Journal of Epidemiology, 10.1007/BF00145317, 8:6, (763-769), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1992. Winkleby M, Fortmann S and Rockhill B (1992) Trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors by educational level: The Stanford five-city project, Preventive Medicine, 10.1016/0091-7435(92)90067-R, 21:5, (592-601), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1992. Das B and Banka V (2016) Coronary artery disease in women, Postgraduate Medicine, 10.1080/00325481.1992.11701253, 91:4, (197-206), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1992. Stamler R, Shipley M, Elliott P, Dyer A, Sans S and Stamler J (1992) Higher blood pressure in adults with less education. Some explanations from INTERSALT., Hypertension, 19:3, (237-241), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1992. Ammerman A, Haines P, DeVellis R, Strogatz D, Keyserling T, Simpson R and Siscovick D (1991) A brief dietary assessment to guide cholesterol reduction in low-income individuals: Design and validation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 10.1016/S0002-8223(21)42326-6, 91:11, (1385-1390), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1991. Simons L, Friedlander Y, McCallum J, Simons J, Powell I, Heller R and Berry G (2015) The Dubbo Study of the Health of Elderly: Correlates of Coronary Heart Disease at Study Entry, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb03598.x, 39:6, (584-590), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1991. Gold M and Franks P (1995) The Social Origin of Cardiovascular Risk: An Investigation in a Rural Community, International Journal of Health Services, 10.2190/HRTQ-00PU-RGQM-C12N, 20:3, (405-416), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1990. Winkleby M, Fortmann S and Barrett D (1990) Social class disparities in risk factors for disease: Eight-year prevalence patterns by level of education, Preventive Medicine, 10.1016/0091-7435(90)90001-Z, 19:1, (1-12), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1990. Dressler W (1990) Education, lifestyle and arterial blood pressure, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 10.1016/0022-3999(90)90026-Z, 34:5, (515-523), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1990. Helmert U, Shea S, Herman B and Greiser E (1990) Relationship of social class characteristics and risk factors for coronary heart disease in West Germany, Public Health, 10.1016/S0033-3506(05)80083-6, 104:6, (399-416), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1990. Russo A, Pryor E, Brown K and Kinney M (2016) Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Reduction and the Occupational Health Nurse, AAOHN Journal, 10.1177/216507999003800904, 38:9, (419-432), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1990. Orden S, Dyer A and Liu K (1990) Recruiting Young Adults in an Urban Setting: The Chicago CARDIA Experience, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10.1016/S0749-3797(18)31023-7, 6:3, (176-182), Online publication date: 1-May-1990. Langosch W, Hahn P and Reindell A (1989) Psychosomatik des Herzinfarkts Herzkrankheiten, 10.1007/978-3-642-97060-3_46, (1034-1047), . Venters M (1989) Family-oriented prevention of cardiovascular disease: A social epidemiological approach, Social Science & Medicine, 10.1016/0277-9536(89)90031-2, 28:4, (309-314), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1989. Strogatz D, Siscovick D, Weiss N and Rennert G (1988) Wife's level of education and husband's risk of primary cardiac arrest., American Journal of Public Health, 10.2105/AJPH.78.11.1491, 78:11, (1491-1493), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1988. Kushi L, Folsom A, Jacobs D, Luepker R, Elmer P and Blackburn H (1988) Educational attainment and nutrient consumption patterns: The Minnesota Heart Survey, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 10.1016/S0002-8223(21)07989-X, 88:10, (1230-1236), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1988. Wing S (1988) Social inequalities in the decline of coronary mortality., American Journal of Public Health, 10.2105/AJPH.78.11.1415, 78:11, (1415-1416), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1988. Folsom A, Sprafka J, Luepker R and Jacobs D (1988) Beliefs among Black and White Adults about Causes and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: The Minnesota Heart Survey, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10.1016/S0749-3797(18)31183-8, 4:3, (121-127), Online publication date: 1-May-1988. Tofler G, Muller J, Stone P, Willich S, Davis V, Poole W and Braunwald E (1988) Factors leading to shorter survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients ages 65 to 75 years compared with younger patients, The American Journal of Cardiology, 10.1016/0002-9149(88)90882-X, 62:13, (860-867), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1988. (1987) Educational level and 5-year all-cause mortality in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group., Hypertension, 9:6, (641-646), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1987. Orth-Gomér K, Hamsten A, Perski A, Theorell T and Faire U (1986) Type A behaviour, education and psychosocial work characteristics in relation to ischemic heart disease—A case control study of young survivors of myocardial infarction, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 10.1016/0022-3999(86)90097-8, 30:6, (633-642), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1986. Venters M, Jacobs D, Pirie P, Luepker R, Folsom A and Gillum R (1986) Marital status and cardiovascular risk: The Minnesota heart survey and the Minnesota heart health program, Preventive Medicine, 10.1016/0091-7435(86)90064-2, 15:6, (591-605), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1986. Tamragouri R, Martin R, Cleavenger R and Sieber W (1986) Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Health Knowledge among Freshman College Students with a Family History of Cardiovascular Disease, Journal of American College Health, 10.1080/07448481.1986.9938948, 34:6, (267-270), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1986. Mathes P (1986) Sekundärprävention bei koronarer Herzkrankheit Herzerkrankungen, 10.1007/978-3-642-72395-7_6, (57-65), . Simons L, Simons J, Magnus P and Bennett S (1986) Education level and coronary risk factors in Australians, Medical Journal of Australia, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb113870.x, 145:9, (446-450), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1986. (1985) Type A Behavior and Survival after Myocardial Infarction, New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJM198508153130712, 313:7, (449-452), Online publication date: 15-Aug-1985. Weinblatt E and Ruberman W (1985) Mortality After Myocardial Infarction Role of Social and Behavioral Factors Secondary Prevention in Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Infarction, 10.1007/978-94-009-5024-5_5, (33-46), . Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg J and Chaudhary B (1984) Psychosocial Influences on Mortality after Myocardial Infarction, New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJM198408303110902, 311:9, (552-559), Online publication date: 30-Aug-1984. Nüssel E, Buchholz L and Morgenstern W (1984) Epidemiologie der Risikofaktoren Koronarerkrankungen, 10.1007/978-3-642-69451-6_5, (175-220), . Khaw K, Barrett-Connor E, Suarez L and Criqui M (1984) Predictors of stroke-associated mortality in the elderly., Stroke, 15:2, (244-248), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1984. Moise A, Théroux P, Taeymans Y, Descoings B, Lespérance J, Waters D, Pelletier G and Bourassa M (1983) Unstable Angina and Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis, New England Journal of Medicine, 10.1056/NEJM198309223091201, 309:12, (685-689), Online publication date: 22-Sep-1983. Eichner E (1983) Exercise and heart disease, The American Journal of Medicine, 10.1016/0002-9343(83)90882-3, 75:6, (1008-1023), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1983. Garas A, Guthmuller S, Lapatinas A and Sendiña-Nadal I (2021) The development of nations conditions the disease space, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0244843, 16:1, (e0244843) Oliveira B, Abreu M, Abreu C, Rocha M and Ribeiro A (2011) Health-related quality of life in patients with Chagas disease, Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 10.1590/S0037-86822011005000002, 44:2, (150-156) YAVUZ E and SUSAM N (2022) Eğitim ve Suç İlişkisi: OECD Ülkelerinde Ortaöğretim Eğitim Harcamaları ve Hırsızlık Suçları Arasında Karşılaştırmalı Bir Değerlendirme, Sosyoekonomi, 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.02.14, (257-282) Kyprianidou M, Panagiotakos D, Makris K, Kambanaros M, Christophi C and Giannakou K (2022) The Lifestyle Profile of Individuals with Cardiovascular and Endocrine Diseases in Cyprus: A Hierarchical, Classification Analysis, Nutrients, 10.3390/nu14081559, 14:8, (1559) December 1, 1982Vol 66, Issue 6 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics Copyright © 1982 by American Heart Associationhttps://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.66.6.1308 Originally publishedDecember 1, 1982 PDF download Advertisement

Referência(s)
Altmetric
PlumX