Mate quality affects offspring sex ratio in blue tits
1996; Royal Society; Volume: 263; Issue: 1368 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1098/rspb.1996.0055
ISSN1471-2954
AutoresErik Svensson, Jan‐Åke Nilsson,
Tópico(s)Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
ResumoRestricted accessMoreSectionsView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Cite this article Svensson Erik and Nilsson Jan-Ǻke 1996Mate quality affects offspring sex ratio in blue titsProc. R. Soc. Lond. B.263357–361http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1996.0055SectionRestricted accessArticleMate quality affects offspring sex ratio in blue tits Erik Svensson Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author and Jan-Ǻke Nilsson Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Search for more papers by this author Erik Svensson Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed and Jan-Ǻke Nilsson Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed Published:22 March 1996https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1996.0055AbstractQuestions concerning the occurrence of adaptive sex ratio manipulation have a long research tradition in evolutionary biology, but evidence from birds is scarce. It has been suggested that birds are unable to adaptively determine the sex of their young because of the constraints of their sex determination systems. Here we report results from a study of variation in offspring sex ratio in the blue tit, Parus caeruleus, a small passerine bird. Our data suggest that females are able to manipulate their primary sex ratios away from the equal sex ratio predicted from simple chromosomal segregation at meiosis. Contrary to the situation in some other birds, offspring sex ratio variation in this species was not influenced by timing of breeding or brood size. We show that females mated to males with high survival prospects bias the hatching sex ratio of their broods in favour of sons. Although it has previously been proposed that females should produce an excess of sons when mated to high-quality males, our data provide the first evidence that the phenotypic quality of fathers contributes to the sex ratio variation in a natural population.FootnotesThis text was harvested from a scanned image of the original document using optical character recognition (OCR) software. As such, it may contain errors. Please contact the Royal Society if you find an error you would like to see corrected. Mathematical notations produced through Infty OCR. Previous ArticleNext Article VIEW FULL TEXT DOWNLOAD PDF FiguresRelatedReferencesDetailsCited by Cantarero A, Pilastro A and Griggio M (2018) Nestling sex ratio is associated with both male and female attractiveness in rock sparrows, Journal of Avian Biology, 10.1111/jav.01666, 49:8, (e01666), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2018. Langen E, von Engelhardt N and Goerlich-Jansson V (2018) No evidence for sex-specific effects of the maternal social environment on offspring development in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), General and Comparative Endocrinology, 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.04.015, 263, (12-20), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2018. Navara K (2018) The Bees Do It, but What About the Birds? Evidence for Sex Ratio Adjustment in Birds Choosing Sexes, 10.1007/978-3-319-71271-0_5, (71-97), . Kus B, Howell S and Wood D (2017) Female-biased sex ratio, polygyny, and persistence in the endangered Southwestern Willow Flycatcher ( Empidonax traillii extimus ) , The Condor, 10.1650/CONDOR-16-119.1, 119:1, (17-25), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2017. Booksmythe I, Mautz B, Davis J, Nakagawa S and Jennions M (2015) Facultative adjustment of the offspring sex ratio and male attractiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Biological Reviews, 10.1111/brv.12220, 92:1, (108-134), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2017. Dong H, Manfredini M, Kurosu S, Yang W and Lee J (2017) Kin and birth order effects on male child mortality: three East Asian populations, 1716–1945, Evolution and Human Behavior, 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.001, 38:2, (208-216), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2017. Vedder O, Bouwhuis S, Benito M and Becker P (2016) Male-biased sex allocation in ageing parents; a longitudinal study in a long-lived seabird, Biology Letters, 12:8, Online publication date: 1-Aug-2016. Minias P (2015) Seasonal trends in brood sex ratio reflect changes in early-life physiological condition of chicks in the whiskered tern, Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 10.1080/03949370.2015.1062804, 28:4, (385-393), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2016. Bowers E, Thompson C, Sakaluk S and Griffith S (2014) Persistent sex-by-environment effects on offspring fitness and sex-ratio adjustment in a wild bird population, Journal of Animal Ecology, 10.1111/1365-2656.12294, 84:2, (473-486), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2015. Minias P, Wojczulanis-Jakubas K and Kaczmarek K (2014) Offspring sex ratio varies according to nest location within a colony of Great Cormorants, The Auk, 10.1642/AUK-13-259.1, 131:3, (388-395), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2014. Aslam M, Groothuis T, Smits M and Woelders H (2014) Effect of Corticosterone and Hen Body Mass on Primary Sex Ratio in Laying Hen (Gallus gallus), Using Unincubated Eggs1, Biology of Reproduction, 10.1095/biolreprod.113.115352, 90:4, Online publication date: 1-Apr-2014. Debiak A, McCormick D, Kaplan J, Tischler K and Lindsay A (2014) A Molecular Genetic Assessment of Sex Ratios from Pre-fledged Juvenile and Migrating Adult Common Loons ( Gavia immer ) , Waterbirds, 10.1675/063.037.sp103, 37:sp1, (6-15), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2014. Saino N, Romano M, Rubolini D, Caprioli M, Costanzo A, Canova L and Moller A (2014) Melanic coloration differentially predicts transfer of immune factors to eggs with daughters or sons, Behavioral Ecology, 10.1093/beheco/aru112, 25:5, (1248-1255), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2014. Bell S, Owens I and Lord A (2013) Quality of breeding territory mediates the influence of paternal quality on sex ratio bias in a free-living bird population, Behavioral Ecology, 10.1093/beheco/art112, 25:2, (352-358), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2014. Kristensen D, Erikstad K, Reiertsen T, Moum T, Barrett R and Jenni-Eiermann S (2012) Are female offspring from a single-egg seabird more costly to raise?, Behavioral Ecology, 10.1093/beheco/ars144, 24:1, (136-143), ., Online publication date: 1-Jan-2013. Wan D, Chang P and Yin J (2013) Causes of extra-pair paternity and its inter-specific variation in socially monogamous birds, Acta Ecologica Sinica, 10.1016/j.chnaes.2013.03.006, 33:3, (158-166), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2013. Czyż B, Rowiński P and Wesołowski T (2012) No Evidence for Offspring Sex Ratio Adjustment in Marsh Tits Poecile palustris Breeding in a Primeval Forest , Acta Ornithologica, 10.3161/000164512X662214, 47:2, (111-118), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2012. Poláková R, Schnitzer J, Vinkler M, Bryja J, Munclinger P and Albrecht T (2012) Effect of extra-pair paternity and parental quality on brood sex ratio in the scarlet rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus , Folia Zoologica, 10.25225/fozo.v61.i3.a6.2012, 61:3-4, (225-232), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2012. Pinson S, Wilson J and Navara K (2011) Elevated testosterone during meiotic segregation stimulates laying hens to produce more sons than daughters, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.08.020, 174:2, (195-201), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2011. Cox R, Duryea M, Najarro M and Calsbeek R (2010) PATERNAL CONDITION DRIVES PROGENY SEX-RATIO BIAS IN A LIZARD THAT LACKS PARENTAL CARE, Evolution, 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01111.x, 65:1, (220-230), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2011. Neto J, Hansson B and Hasselquist D (2010) Sex allocation in Savi's warblers Locustella luscinioides: multiple factors affect seasonal trends in brood sex ratios, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 10.1007/s00265-010-1046-5, 65:2, (297-304), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2011. Gam A, Mendonça M and Navara K (2011) Acute corticosterone treatment prior to ovulation biases offspring sex ratios towards males in zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata, Journal of Avian Biology, 10.1111/j.1600-048X.2010.05251.x, 42:3, (253-258), Online publication date: 1-May-2011. Ligon R and Hill G (2010) Sex-biased parental investment is correlated with mate ornamentation in eastern bluebirds, Animal Behaviour, 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.12.028, 79:3, (727-734), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2010. Sato A and Karino K (2010) Female Control of Offspring Sex Ratios Based on Male Attractiveness in the Guppy, Ethology, 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01767.x, 116:6, (524-534) Johannessen L, Kristiansen L, Hansen B and Slagsvold T (2009) Facultative Adjustment of Brood Sex Ratio in Response to Indirect Manipulation of Behaviour, Ethology, 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01695.x, 115:11, (1057-1065), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2009. Addison B, Kitaysky A and Hipfner J (2008) Sex allocation in a monomorphic seabird with a single-egg clutch: test of the environment, mate quality, and female condition hypotheses, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 10.1007/s00265-008-0643-z, 63:1, (135-141), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2008. Rosivall B (2007) Contradictory results in sex ratio studies: populations do not necessarily differ, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 10.1007/s00265-007-0522-z, 62:6, (1037-1042), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2008. LEHIKOINEN A, ÖST M, HOLLMÉN T and KILPI M (2008) DOES SEX-SPECIFIC DUCKLING MORTALITY CONTRIBUTE TO MALE BIAS IN ADULT COMMON EIDERS?, The Condor, 10.1525/cond.2008.8574, 110:3, (574-578), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008. Delhey K, Peters A, Johnsen A and Kempenaers B (2006) Brood sex ratio and male UV ornamentation in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus): correlational evidence and an experimental test, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 10.1007/s00265-006-0314-x, 61:6, (853-862), Online publication date: 6-Mar-2007. Juola F and Dearborn D (2007) Does the differential cost of sons and daughters lead to sex ratio adjustment in great frigatebirds Fregataminor?, Journal of Avian Biology, 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2007.03741.x, 38:1, (94-104), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2007. Bonier F, Martin P and Wingfield J (2007) Maternal corticosteroids influence primary offspring sex ratio in a free-ranging passerine bird, Behavioral Ecology, 10.1093/beheco/arm075, 18:6, (1045-1050), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2007., Online publication date: 1-Nov-2007. BENITO M and GONZÁLEZ-SOLÍS J (2007) Sex ratio, sex-specific chick mortality and sexual size dimorphism in birds, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01327.x, 20:4, (1522-1530), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2007. Dubois N, Dale Kennedy E and Getty T (2006) Surplus nest boxes and the potential for polygyny affect clutch size and offspring sex ratio in house wrens, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273:1595, (1751-1757), Online publication date: 22-Jul-2006. Dreiss A, Richard M, Moyen F, White J, Møller A and Danchin E (2005) Sex ratio and male sexual characters in a population of blue tits, Parus caeruleus, Behavioral Ecology, 10.1093/beheco/ari089, 17:1, (13-19), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2006. DOWLING D and MULDER R (2006) Combined influence of maternal and paternal quality on sex allocation in red-capped robins, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01017.x, 19:2, (440-449), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2006. Korsten P, Lessells C, Mateman A, van der Velde M and Komdeur J (2006) Primary sex ratio adjustment to experimentally reduced male UV attractiveness in blue tits, Behavioral Ecology, 10.1093/beheco/arj061, 17:4, (539-546), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2006. Janssen K, Erikstad K and Bensch S (2005) Offspring sex ratio allocation in the parasitic jaeger: selection for pale females and melanic males?, Behavioral Ecology, 10.1093/beheco/arj015, 17:2, (236-245), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2006. Cichoń M, Sendecka J and Gustafsson L (2005) Male-biased sex ratio among unhatched eggs in great tit Parus major , blue tit P. caeruleus and collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis , Journal of Avian Biology, 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03589.x, 36:5, (386-390), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2005. Ranta E, Lundberg P and Kaitala V (2009) Ecology of Populations Stauss M, Segelbacher G, Tomiuk J and Bachmann L (2005) Sex ratio of Parus major and P. caeruleus broods depends on parental condition and habitat quality , Oikos, 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13333.x, 109:2, (367-373), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2005. Ležalová R, Tkadlec E, Oborník M, Šimek J and Honza M (2005) Should males come first? The relationship between offspring hatching order and sex in the black-headed gull Larus ridibundus , Journal of Avian Biology, 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03466.x, 36:6, (478-483), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2005. Rutstein A, Gilbert L, Slater P and Graves J (2004) Mate attractiveness and primary resource allocation in the zebra finch, Animal Behaviour, 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.02.011, 68:5, (1087-1094), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2004. Yamaguchi N, Kawano K, Eguchi K and Yahara T (2003) Facultative sex ratio adjustment in response to male tarsus length in the Varied Tit Parus varius, Ibis, 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00220.x, 146:1, (108-113) Calsbeek R and Sinervo B (2003) Within-clutch variation in offspring sex determined by differences in sire body size: cryptic mate choice in the wild, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00665.x, 17:2, (464-470) Dietrich V, Schmoll T, Winkel W and Lubjuhn T (2003) Survival to first breeding is not sex-specific in the Coal Tit (Parus ater)Zum Fehlen geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschiede im Überleben bis zum ersten Brutjahr bei der Tannenmeise (Parus ater), Journal of Ornithology, 10.1007/BF02465643, 144:2, (148-156), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2003. Saino N, Galeotti P, Sacchi R, Boncoraglio G, Martinelli R and Møller A (2003) Sex differences in begging vocalizations of nestling barn swallows, Hirundo rustica, Animal Behaviour, 10.1006/anbe.2003.2295, 66:6, (1003-1010), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2003. Alonso-Alvarez C and Velando A (2003) Female body condition and brood sex ratio in Yellow-legged Gulls Larus cachinnans, Ibis, 10.1046/j.1474-919X.2003.00149.x, 145:2, (220-226) Neuhäuser M (2003) Further evidence for Emlen's hypothesis from two parrot species, New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 10.1080/03014223.2003.9518340, 30:3, (221-225), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2003. Griffith S, Ornborg J, Russell A, Andersson S and Sheldon B (2003) Correlations between ultraviolet coloration, overwinter survival and offspring sex ratio in the blue tit, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00550.x, 16:5, (1045-1054), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2003. Ramsay S, Mennill D, Otter K, Ratcliffe L and Boag P (2003) Sex allocation in black-capped chickadees Poecile atricapilla , Journal of Avian Biology, 10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03056.x, 34:2, (134-139), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2003. Albrecht D and Johnson L (2002) Manipulation of offspring sex ratio by second-mated female house wrens, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 269:1490, (461-465), Online publication date: 7-Mar-2002.Balshine S, Kempenaers B, Székely T, Hasselquist D and Kempenaers B (2002) Parental care and adaptive brood sex ratio manipulation in birds, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 357:1419, (363-372), Online publication date: 29-Mar-2002.Balshine S, Kempenaers B, Székely T, Komdeur J and Pen I (2002) Adaptive sex allocation in birds: the complexities of linking theory and practice, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 357:1419, (373-380), Online publication date: 29-Mar-2002. South J and Wright T (2002) Nestling Sex Ratios in the Yellow-Naped Amazon: No Evidence for Adaptive Modification, The Condor, 10.1093/condor/104.2.437, 104:2, (437-440), Online publication date: 1-May-2002. Badyaev A, Hill G and Whittingham L (2002) Population consequences of maternal effects: sex-bias in egg-laying order facilitates divergence in sexual dimorphism between bird populations, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00462.x, 15:6, (997-1003) ORNBORG J, ANDERSSON S, GRIFFITH S and SHELDON B (2002) Seasonal changes in a ultraviolet structural colour signal in blue tits, Parus caeruleus, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00061.x, 76:2, (237-245), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2002. Van Den Burg A, Van Diermen J, Müskens G, Van Rijn S and Zollinger R (2002) Sex ratio comparisons between nestlings and dead embryos of the Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus, Ibis, 10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00027.x, 144:1, (E39-E44) GRIGGIO M, HAMERSTROM F, ROSENFIELD R and TAVECCHIA G (2002) SEASONAL VARIATION IN SEX RATIO OF FLEDGLING AMERICAN KESTRELS: A LONG TERM STUDY, The Wilson Bulletin, 10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0474:SVISRO]2.0.CO;2, 114:4, (474-478), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2002. Byholm P, Brommer J and Saurola P (2003) Scale and seasonal sex-ratio trends in northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis broods , Journal of Avian Biology, 10.1034/j.1600-048X.2002.02952.x, 33:4, (399-406), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2002. Velando A, Graves J and Ortega-Ruano J (2002) Sex ratio in relation to timing of breeding, and laying sequence in a dimorphic seabird, Ibis, 10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00002.x, 144:1, (9-16) Saino N, Ambrosini R, Martinelli R, Calza S, Moller A and Pilastro A (2002) Offspring sexual dimorphism and sex-allocation in relation to parental age and paternal ornamentation in the barn swallow, Molecular Ecology, 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01542.x, 11:8, (1533-1544), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2002. Verboven N, Käkelä M and Orell M (2002) Absence of seasonal variation in great tit offspring sex ratios, Journal of Avian Biology, 10.1034/j.1600-048X.2002.330203.x, 33:2, (138-142), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2002. Magrath M, Green D and Komdeur J (2002) Sex allocation in the sexually monomorphic fairy martin, Journal of Avian Biology, 10.1034/j.1600-048X.2002.330308.x, 33:3, (260-268), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2002. ÖRNBORG J, ANDERSSON S, GRIFFITH S and SHELDON B (2008) Seasonal changes in a ultraviolet structural colour signal in blue tits, Parus caeruleus, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2002.tb02085.x, 76:2, (237-245) Calsbeek R and Sinervo B (2002) Uncoupling direct and indirect components of female choice in the wild, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 10.1073/pnas.242645199, 99:23, (14897-14902), Online publication date: 12-Nov-2002. Aparicio J and Cordero P (2001) THE EFFECTS OF THE MINIMUM THRESHOLD CONDITION FOR BREEDING ON OFFSPRING SEX-RATIO ADJUSTMENT IN THE LESSER KESTREL, Evolution, 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00638.x, 55:6, (1188-1197), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2001. Pen I and Weissing F (2001) Sexual Selection and the Sex Ratio: An ESS Analysis, Selection, 10.1556/Select.1.2000.1-3.11, 1:1-3, (111-122), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2001. Olsson M and Shine R (2001) Facultative sex allocation in snow skink lizards ( Niveoscincus microlepidotus ) , Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00255.x, 14:1, (120-128), Online publication date: 8-Jan-2001. Aparicio J and Cordero P (2001) THE EFFECTS OF THE MINIMUM THRESHOLD CONDITION FOR BREEDING ON OFFSPRING SEX-RATIO ADJUSTMENT IN THE LESSER KESTREL, Evolution, 10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1188:TEOTMT]2.0.CO;2, 55:6, (1188), . Radford A and Blakey J (2000) Is variation in brood sex ratios adaptive in the great tit (Parus major)?, Behavioral Ecology, 10.1093/beheco/11.3.294, 11:3, (294-298), Online publication date: 1-May-2000., Online publication date: 1-May-2000. Hornfeldt B, Hipkiss T, Fridolfsson A, Eklund U and Ellegren H (2000) Sex ratio and fledging success of supplementary-fed Tengmalm's owl broods, Molecular Ecology, 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00847.x, 9:2, (187-192), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2000. Albrecht D (2000) Sex ratio manipulation within broods of house wrens, Troglodytes aedon, Animal Behaviour, 10.1006/anbe.1999.1420, 59:6, (1227-1234), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2000. Heg D, Dingemanse N, Lessells C and Mateman A (2000) Parental Correlates of Offspring Sex Ratio in Eurasian Oystercatchers, The Auk, 10.1093/auk/117.4.980, 117:4, (980-986), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2000. Whittingham L and Dunn P (2000) Offspring sex ratios in tree swallows: females in better condition produce more sons, Molecular Ecology, 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00980.x, 9:8, (1123-1129), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2000. Julliard R (2000) Sex-specific dispersal in spatially varying environments leads to habitat-dependent evolutionary stable offspring sex ratios, Behavioral Ecology, 10.1093/beheco/11.4.421, 11:4, (421-428), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2000., Online publication date: 1-Jul-2000. Heg D, Dingemanse N, Lessells C and Mateman A (2000) PARENTAL CORRELATES OF OFFSPRING SEX RATIO IN EURASIAN OYSTERCATCHERS, The Auk, 10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0980:PCOOSR]2.0.CO;2, 117:4, (980), . Orell , Lahti , Koivula , Rytkönen and Welling (2001) Immigration and gene flow in a northern willow tit ( Parus montanus ) population , Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00030.x, 12:2, (283-295), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1999. Sheldon B, Andersson S, Griffith S, Örnborg J and Sendecka J (1999) Ultraviolet colour variation influences blue tit sex ratios, Nature, 10.1038/47239, 402:6764, (874-877), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1999. SAINO N, ELLEGREN H and MØLLER A (2003) No evidence for adjustment of sex allocation in relation to paternal ornamentation and paternity in barn swallows, Molecular Ecology, 10.1046/j.1365-294X.1999.00574.x, 8:3, (399-406), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1999. Rohde P, Johnsen A and Lifjeld J (1999) Parental Care and Sexual Selection in the Bluethroat, Luscinia s. svecica: A Field-experimental Test of the Differential Allocation Hypothesis, Ethology, 10.1046/j.1439-0310.1999.00444.x, 105:8, (651-663), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1999. HUNT S, CUTHILL I, BENNETT A and GRIFFITHS R (1999) Preferences for ultraviolet partners in the blue tit, Animal Behaviour, 10.1006/anbe.1999.1214, 58:4, (809-815), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1999. Bensch , Westerdahl , Hansson and Hasselquist (1999) Do females adjust the sex of their offspring in relation to the breeding sex ratio?, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00108.x, 12:6, (1104-1109), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1999. Smallwood P and Smallwood J (1998) Seasonal shifts in sex ratios of fledgling American kestrels (Falco sparverius paulus): The Early Bird Hypothesis, Evolutionary Ecology, 10.1023/A:1006598600532, 12:7, (839-853), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1998. KILNER R (1998) Primary and secondary sex ratio manipulation by zebra finches, Animal Behaviour, 10.1006/anbe.1998.0775, 56:1, (155-164), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1998. Webster M and Westneat D (1998) The use of molecular markers to study kinship in birds: techniques and questions Molecular Approaches to Ecology and Evolution, 10.1007/978-3-0348-8948-3_1, (7-35), . Sheldon B (1998) Recent studies of avian sex ratios, Heredity, 10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00374.x, 80:4, (397-402), Online publication date: 1-Apr-1998. Svensson E (2017) NATURAL SELECTION ON AVIAN BREEDING TIME: CAUSALITY, FECUNDITY-DEPENDENT, AND FECUNDITY-INDEPENDENT SELECTION, Evolution, 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03974.x, 51:4, (1276-1283), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1997. Sheldon B and Ellergren H (1997) Offspring sex and paternity in the collared flycatcher, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 263:1373, (1017-1021), Online publication date: 22-Aug-1996.Ellergren H (1997) First gene on the avian W chromosome (CHD) provides a tag for universal sexing of non-ratite birds, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 263:1377, (1635-1641), Online publication date: 22-Dec-1996. Cholewa M, Jankowiak Ł, Szenejko M, Dybus A, Śmietana P and Wysocki D (2021) The effects of parental age difference on the offspring sex and fitness of European blackbirds, PeerJ, 10.7717/peerj.10858, 9, (e10858) Drullion D, Dubois F and Sunnucks P (2011) Neighbours' Breeding Success and the Sex Ratio of Their Offspring Affect the Mate Preferences of Female Zebra Finches, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0029737, 6:12, (e29737) Lezalova R, Tkadlec E, Obornik M, Simek J and Honza M (2005) Should males come first? The relationship between offspring hatching order and sex in the black-headed gull Larus ridibundus, Journal of Avian Biology, 10.1111/j.2005.0908-8857.03466.x, 0:0, (060118052425010-???) This Issue22 March 1996Volume 263Issue 1368 Article InformationDOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1996.0055Published by:Royal SocietyPrint ISSN:0962-8452Online ISSN:1471-2954History: Manuscript received10/11/1995Manuscript accepted08/01/1996Published online01/01/1997Published in print22/03/1996 License:Scanned images copyright © 2017, Royal Society Citations and impact Large datasets are available through Proceedings B's partnership with Dryad
Referência(s)