Inotropic Drugs for the Treatment of Heart Failure
1985; Wiley; Volume: 25; Issue: 7 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1177/009127008502500710
ISSN1552-4604
AutoresDonna Mancini, Gad Keren, Keiko Aogaichi, Thierry H. LeJemtel, Edmund H. Sonnenblick,
Tópico(s)Heart Failure Treatment and Management
ResumoThe Journal of Clinical PharmacologyVolume 25, Issue 7 p. 540-554 Inotropic Drugs for the Treatment of Heart Failure Donna M. Mancini MD, Donna M. Mancini MD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.Search for more papers by this authorGad Keren MD, Gad Keren MD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.Search for more papers by this authorKeiko Aogaichi MD, Keiko Aogaichi MD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.Search for more papers by this authorThierry H. LeJemtel MD, Thierry H. LeJemtel MD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.Search for more papers by this authorEdmund H. Sonnenblick MD FCP, Corresponding Author Edmund H. Sonnenblick MD FCP Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.Division of Cardiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461.Search for more papers by this author Donna M. Mancini MD, Donna M. Mancini MD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.Search for more papers by this authorGad Keren MD, Gad Keren MD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.Search for more papers by this authorKeiko Aogaichi MD, Keiko Aogaichi MD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.Search for more papers by this authorThierry H. LeJemtel MD, Thierry H. LeJemtel MD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.Search for more papers by this authorEdmund H. Sonnenblick MD FCP, Corresponding Author Edmund H. Sonnenblick MD FCP Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.Division of Cardiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461.Search for more papers by this author First published: October 1985 https://doi.org/10.1177/009127008502500710Citations: 13AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Zelis R, Mason DT: Diminished forearm arteriolar dilator capacity produced by mineral corticoid induced salt retention in man: Implication concerning heart failure and vascular stiffness. Circulation, 1970; 41: 589–592. 2 Zelis R, Flaims S: Alterations in vasomotor tone in congestive heart failure. Progress in Cardiac Disease, 1982; 24: 437–459. 3 Sonnenblick EH: Force velocity relations in mammalian heart muscle. Am J Physiol, 1962; 202: 931–939. 4 Braunwald E, Ross J, Frommer PL, et al: Clinical observations on paired electrical stimulation of the heart: Effects on ventricular performance and heart rate. Am J Med, 1964; 37: 700–711. 5 Spann J, Covell J, Eckberg D, et al: Contractile performance of the hypertrophied and clinically failing cat ventricle. Am J Physiol, 1972; 223: 1150–1157. 6 Dyke SH, Urichel CW, Sonnenblick EH, et al: Detection of latent function in acutely ischemic myocardium in dogs: Comparison of pharmacologic inotropic stimulation and post extra-systolic potentiation (PESP). Circ Res, 1975; 36: 490–497. 7 Braunwald E, Ross J, Sonnenblick E: Mechanism of contraction of the normal and failing heart. N Engl J Med, 1967; 277: 794,853,910,962,1012. 8 Chidsey CA, Braunwald E, Morrow AG, et al: Catecholamine excretion and cardiac stores of norepinephrine in congestive heart failure. Am J Med, 1965; 39: 442–451. 9 Thomas JA, Marks BH: Plasma norepinephrine and adrenaline in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol, 1978; 41: 233–243. 10 Drau JV, Colucci W, Hollingberg NK, et al: The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system in congestive heart failure: Relation to clinical states. Circulation, 1981; 63: 645. 11 LeJemtel TH, Maskin CS, Sinoway L, et al: Fixed vasodilating capacity in exercising leg muscles: A limitation of aerobic capacity in heart failure (abstract). Clin Res, 1983; 31: 200. 12 Zelis R, Delea CS, Coleman HN, et al: Arterial sodium content in experimental congestive heart failure. Circulation, 1970; 41: 213–216. 13 Zelis R, Lee F, Mason DT: Influence of experimental edema on metabolically determined blood flow. Circ Res, 1974; 34: 482–490. 14 Mancini D, Davis L, Wexler J, et al: Long-term therapy with captopril improves maximal oxygen uptake by increasing skeletal muscle blood flow in patients with heart failure (abstract). Circulation, 1984; 70(suppl 2): 193. 15 Smith TW, Braunwald E: Management of Heart Failure in Heart Disease. In E Braunwald, ed.: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine., 2nd Ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1984; 503–559. 16 Tsien R: Cyclic AMP and contractile activity in the heart. Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res, 1977; 8: 363–420. 17 Katz AM, Tada M, Kirchberger MA: Control of calcium transport in the myocardium by the cAMP protein kinase system. Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res, 1975; 5: 453–472. 18 Reuter H: Calcium channel modulation by neurotransmitters, enzymes and drugs. Nature, 1983; 301: 569–574. 19 Scholz H: Mechanism of action of inotropic drugs. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1984; 4: 389–397. 20 Sonnenblick EH, Frishman WH, LeJemtel TH: Dobutamine: A new synthetic cardioactive sympathetic amine. N Engl J Med, 1979; 300: 17–22. 21 Bristow MR, Ginsburg R, Minobe W, et al: Decreased catecholamine sensitivity and-adrenergic receptor density in failing human hearts. N Engl J Med, 1982; 216: 205–211. 22 Colucci WS, Alexander EW, Williams GH, et al: Decreased lymphocyte β-adrenergic receptor density in patients with heart failure and tolerance to the β-adrenergic agonist pirbuterol. N Engl J Med, 1981; 305: 185–190. 23 Pierpont GL, Frances G, DeMaster E, et al: Elevated left ventricular myocardial dopamine in preterminal idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol, 1983; 52: 1033–1035. 24 Francis G: Neurohumoral mechanisms involved in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol, 1985; 55: 15–21. 25 Cohn JN, Levine B, Olivari T, et al: Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med, 1984; 311: 819–823. 26 Lown B, Verrier RL: Neural activity and ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med, 1976; 294: 1165–1170. 27 Goldberg LI: Cardiovascular and renal actions of dopamine: Potential clinical implications. Pharmacol Rev, 1972; 24: 1–29. 28 Lokhandwala MF, Barret RJ: Dopamine receptor agonists in cardiovascular therapy. Drug Development and Research, 1983; 3: 299–310. 29 Langer SZ, Dobocovich ML: Physiological and pharmacological role of the regulation of noradrenaline release by presynaptic dopamine receptors in the peripheral nervous system. In J-L Imbs, J Schwartz, eds.: Peripheral Dopaminergic Receptors., Oxford, Pergamon Press 1979; 233. 30 Cavero I, Massingham R, LeFevre-Borg F: Peripheral dopamine receptors. Life Sci, 1982; 31: 939–948. 31 Leier CV, Heban P, Huss P, et al: Comparative systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of dopamine and dobutamine in patients with cardiomyopathic heart failure. Circulation, 1977; 58: 466–475. 32 Maskin CS, Kugler J, Sonnenblick EH, et al: Inotropic stimulation with dopamine in patients with severe congestive heart failure: Beneficial hemodynamic effects at rest but not during maximal exercise. Am J Cardiol, 1983; 52: 1028–1032. 33 Rajfer SI, Anton AH, Rossen JD, et al: Beneficial hemodynamic effects of oral levodopa in heart failure: Relation to the generation of dopamine. N Engl J Med, 1984; 310: 1357–1362. 34 Hahn RA, Wardell JR, Saraw HM, et al: Characterization of the peripheral and central effects of SK&F 82526, a novel dopamine receptor agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1982; 223: 305–313. 35 Parkes D: Bromocriptine. N Engl J Med, 1979; 301: 873–878. 36 Francis GS, Parks R, Cohn JN: The effects of bromocriptine in patients with congestive heart failure. Am Heart J, 1983; 106: 100–106. 37 Huffman WF, Hall RF, Grant JA, et al: 4{Aminoalkyl}-7-hydroxy-2(3H) indolones, a novel class of potent presynaptic dopamine receptor agonists. J Med Chem, 1983; 26: 933–935. 38 Hahn RA, MacDonald BR, Martin MA: Antihypertensive activity of LY 141865, a selective presynaptic dopamine receptor agonist. J Pharmacol, 1983; 224: 206–214. 39 Fennell WH, Taylor AA, Young JB, et al: Propylbutyldopamine: Hemodynamic effects in conscious dogs, normal human volunteers and patients with heart failure. Circulation, 1983; 67: 829–836. 40 Kenakin T: An in vitro quantitative analysis of the alpha adrenoreceptor partial agonist activity of dobutamine and its relevance to inotropic selectivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1980; 216: 210–219. 41 Ruffolo R: Alpha and beta-adrenergic effects of the stereoisomers of dobutamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1981; 219: 447–452. 42 Ruffolo R, Yaden E: Vascular effects of the stereoisomers of dobutamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1982; 224: 46–50. 43 Ruffolo R: The mechanism of action of dobutamine. Ann Intern Med, 1984; 100: 313–314. 44 Leier C, Unverferth D: Dobutamine. Ann Intern Med, 1983; 99: 490–496. 45 LeJemtel T, Jentzer J, Sonnenblick E, et al: An acute model of stable left ventricular failure following coronary occlusion (abstract). Clin Res, 1980; 28: 191A. 46 Pozen R, DiBianco R, Katz R, et al: Myocardial metabolic and hemodynamic effects of dobutamine in heart failure complicating coronary artery disease. Circulation, 1981; 63: 1279–1285. 47 Leier CV, Webel J, Bush CA: The cardiovascular effects of dobutamine in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Circulation, 1977; 56: 468–472. 48 Unverferth DV, Magorien RD, Lewis RP, et al: Long-term benefit of dobutamine in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J, 1980; 100: 622–630. 49 Unverferth DV, Leier CV, Magorien RD, et al: Improvement of human myocardial mitochondria after dobutamine: A quantitative ultrastructural study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1980; 215: 527–532. 50 Leier CV, Huss P, Lewis RP, et al: Drug induced conditioning in congestive heart failure. Circulation, 1982; 65: 1382–1387. 51 Liang CS, Tuttle RR, Hood WB Jr, et al: Conditioning effects of chronic infusions of dobutamine: Comparison with exercise training. J Clin Invest, 1979; 64: 613–619. 52 Applefeld M, Sutton FJ, Reed WP, et al: Intermittent continuous output dobutamine infusion in the management of congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol, 1983; 51: 455–458. 53 Maskin CS, Forman R, Sonnenblick EH, et al: Failure of dobutamine to increase exercise capacity despite hemodynamic improvement in severe congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol, 1983; 51: 177–182. 54 Unverferth DV, Blanford M, Kates RE, et al: Tolerance to dobutamine after a 72 hour continuous infusion. Am J Med, 1980; 69: 262–266. 55 Dawson JR, Reuben S, Poule-Wilson, PA, et al: Acute and follow-up studies with pirbuterol in heart failure (abstract). Am J Cardiol, 1981; 47: 492. 56 Moore PF, Constantine JW, Barth WE: Pirbuterol, a selective β2-adrenergic bronchodilator. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1978; 207: 410–418. 57 Sharma B, Hoback J, Francis GS, et al: Pirbuterol: A new oral sympathomimetic amine for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Am Heart J, 1981; 63: 533–541. 58 Awan NA, Everson MK, Needham KE, et al: Hemodynamic effects of oral pirbuterol in chronic severe congestive heart failure. Circulation, 1981; 63: 96. 59 Awan NA, Needham K, Everson MK, et al: Therapeutic efficacy of oral pirbuterol in severe heart failure: Acute hemodynamic and long-term ambulatory evaluation. Am Heart J, 1981; 102: 555–564. 60 Colucci WS, Alexander RW, Mudge GH, et al: Acute and chronic effects of pirbuterol on left ventricular fraction and clinical states in heart failure. Am Heart J, 1981; 102: 564–578. 61 Dawson JR, Reuben S, Poule-Wilson, PA, et al: Acute and follow-up studies with pirbuterol in heart failure (abstract). Am J Cardiol, 1981; 47: 492. 62 Pamelia FX, Gheorghiade M, Bishop HL, et al: Effects of oral pirbuterol in patients with severe congestive heart failure (abstract). Circulation, 1981; 64(suppl 4): 295. 63 Weber KT, Andrews V, Janicki JS, et al: Pirbuterol: An oral beta-adrenergic receptor agonist in the treatment of chronic cardiac failure. Circulation, 1982; 66: 1262–1267. 64 Sharma B, Goodman JF: Beneficial effect of salbutamol on cardiac function in severe congestive cardiomyopathy: Effect on systolic and diastolic function of the left ventricule. Circulation, 1978; 58: 1067. 65 Bourdillon PD, Dawson JR, Foole RA, et al: Salbutamol in treatment of heart failure. Br Heart J, 1980; 43: 206–210. 66 Knaus M, Pfister B, Dubach UC, et al: Human pharmacology studies with a new orally active stimulant of cardiac adrenergic β-receptors. Am Heart J, 1978; 95: 602. 67 Waagstein F, Reiz S, Ariniego R, et al: Clinical results with prenalterol in patients with heart failure. Am Heart J, 1981; 102: 548. 68 Kirklin PC, Pitt B: Hemodynamic effects of intravenous prenalterol in severe heart failure. Am J Cardiol, 1981; 47: 670. 69 Wahr D, Swedberg K, Ports T, et al: Prenatlerol: A new oral β1-selective adrenoreceptor agonist (abstract). Circulation, 1982; 66(suppl 2): 137. 70 Lambertz H, Meyer J, Erbel R: Long-term hemodynamic effects of prenalterol in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Circulation, 1984; 69: 298–305. 71 Sharfe N, Coxon R: Oral prenalterol in chronic heart failure (abstract). Circulation, 1982; 66(suppl 2): 20. 72 Fitzpatrick D, Ikram H, Nicholas MG, et al: Hemodynamic, hormonal, and electrolyte responses to prenalterol infusion in heart failure. Circulation, 1983; 67: 613–619. 73 Stefoni S, Cole L, Mosconi G, et al: Ibopamine (SB 7505) in normal subjects and in chronic renal failure: A preliminary report. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 1981; 11(1): 69–72. 74 Melloni GF, Melloni R, Minoja G, et al: Clinical tolerability of ibopamine hydrochloride (SB 7505). Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1981; 19: 409–411. 75 Melloni GF, Minoja GM, Scorazzati, et al: Renal effects of SB 7505: A double-blind study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1981; 19: 177–180. 76 Thompson MJ, Huss P, Unverferth D, et al: Hemodynamic effects of intravenous butopamine in congestive heart failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1980; 28: 324–334. 77 Nelson S, Leier CV: Butopamine in normal human subjects. Curr Ther Res, 1981; 30: 405–411. 78 Colucci W, Braunwald E: Adrenergic receptors: New concepts and implications for cardiovascular therapeutics. In CR Conti, ed.: Cardiovascular Clinics: Cardiac Drug Therapy, vol 14. Philadelphia, F.A. Davis 1984; 39–59. 79 Benfey B: Cardiac alpha-receptors. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1980; 58: 1145–1157. 80 Schumann H: Are there alpha-adrenoceptors in the mammalian heart? TIPS, 1980. 81 Farah AE: Glucagon and the heart. In PJ Lefebre, ed.: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 66: Glucagon, Part II., Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983; 553–609. 82 Bristow MR, Ginsburg R, Harrison DC: Histamine and the human heart: The other receptor system. Am J Cardiol, 1982; 49: 249–250. 83 Marcus ML, Skeleton CL, Graver LE, et al: Effects of theophylline on myocardial mechanics. Am J Physiol, 1972; 222: 1361–1366. 84 Blinks JR, Olson CB, Jewell BR, et al: Influence of caffeine and other methylxanthines on mechanical properties of isolated mammalian heart muscle: Evidence of a dual mechanism of action. Circ Res, 1972; 30: 367–392. 85 Alousi A, Farah A, Lesher G, et al: Cardiotonic activity of amrinone WIN 40680 (5-amino-3,4′-bipyridin-6(IH)-one). Circ Res, 1979; 45: 666–677. 86 Levine S, Jacoby M, Satriano J, et al: The effects of amrinone on transport and cAMP metabolism in toad urinary bladder. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1981; 216: 220–224. 87 Kariya T, Wille L, Dage R: Biochemical studies on the mechanism of cardiotonic activity of MDL 17,043. J Cardiovasc Pharm, 1982; 4: 509–514. 88 Hayes J, Bowling N, Boden G, et al: Molecular basis for the cardiovascular activities of amrinone and ARL-57. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1984; 230: 124–132. 89 Endoh M, Yamashita S, Taira N: Positive inotropic effect of amrinone in relation to cyclic nucleotide metabolism in the canine ventricular muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1982; 221: 775–783. 90 Honerjager P, Schafer-Korting M, Reiter M: Involvement of cyclic AMP in the direct inotropic action of amrinone: Biochemical and functional evidence. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 1981; 318: 112–120. 91 Weishaar R, Quade M, Schenden J, et al: Studies aimed at elucidating the mechanism of action of CI-914, a new cardiotonic agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, (in press). 92 Weishaar R, Quade M, Boyd D, et al: The effect of several “new and novel” cardiotonic agents on key subcellular processes involved in the regulation of myocardial contractility: Implications for mechanism of action. Drug Development and Research, 1983; 3: 517–534. 93 Alousi A, Helatosky A: Amrinone: A positive inotropic agent with direct vasodilatory activity in the canine isolated perfused hind limb preparation (abstract). Fed Proc, 1980; 39: 855. 94 Wilmhurst P, Walker J, Fry C, et al: The inotropic and vasodilatory properties of amrinone on isolated human tissue (abstract). Clin Sci, 1983; 64: 7P. 95 Meisheri K, Palmer R, Van Bresman C: The effects of amrinone on contractility, Ca uptake and cAMP in smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol, 1980; 61: 159–165. 96 Parker J, Harper J: Effects of amrinone, a cardiotonic drug, on calcium movements in dog erythrocytes. J Clin Invest, 1980; 66: 254–259. 97 Frangakais C, Lasher K, Alousi A: Physiological and biochemical effects of amrinone on cardiac myocytes (abstract). Circulation, 1982; 66: 57. 98 Fabiato A: Effects of cyclic AMP and phosphodiesterase inhibitors on the contractile activation and the Ca+2 transient detected with acqueorin in skinned cardiac cells from rat and rabbit ventricles (abstract). J Gen Physiol, 1981; 78: 15. 99 Benotti J, Grossman W, Braunwald E, et al: Hemodynamic assessment of amrinone: A new inotropic agent. N Engl J Med, 1978; 299: 1373–1377. 100 LeJemtel T, Keung E, Sonnenblick E, et al: Amrinone: A new nonglycosidic, nonadrenergic cardiotonic agent effective in the treatment of intractable myocardial failure in man. Circulation, 1979; 59: 1098–1104. 101 Malacoff R, Gregory D, Curfman M, et al: Inotropic effect of amrinone in severe congestive heart failure: Lack of attenuation with sequential doses (abstract). Am J Cardiol, 1980; 45: 433. 102 Jennings K, Givelt D, Crean P, et al: The clinical cardiovascular pharmacology of amrinone: A selective cardiotonic agent. Acta Cardiol, 1982; 28(suppl): 67–73. 103 Wilmhurst P, Thompson D, Jenkins B, et al: Haemodynamic effects of intravenous amrinone in patients with impaired left ventricular function. Br Heart J, 1983; 49: 77–82. 104 Mason D: Usefulness and limitation of the rate of rise of intraventricular pressure (dp/dt) in the evaluation of myocardial contractility in man. Am J Cardiol, 1969; 23: 516–527. 105 Gage J, Strom J, Jordan A, et al: Synergistic effects of beta-adrenergic stimulation with dobutamine and phosphodiesterase inhibition with amrinone on cardiac performance and contractility in chronic heart failure (abstract). Clin Res, 1985; 33: 187. 106 Jentzer J, LeJemtel T, Sonnenblick E, et al: Beneficial effect of amrinone on myocardial oxygen consumption during acute left ventricular failure in dogs. Am J Cardiol, 1981; 48: 75–83. 107 Kirk E, LeJemtel T, Nelson G, et al: Mechanisms of beneficial effects of vasodilators and inotropic stimulation in the experimental failing ischemic heart. Am J Med, 1978; 65: 189–196. 108 Benotti J, Grossman W, Braunwald E, et al: Effects of amrinone on myocardial energy metabolism and hemodynamics in patients with severe congestive heart failure due to coronary artery disease. Circulation, 1980; 62: 28–34. 109 Klein N, Siskind S, Frishman W, et al: Hemodynamic comparison of intravenous amrinone and dobutamine in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol, 1981; 48: 170–175. 110 Benotti J, McCue J, Love D, et al: Comparative inotropic therapy in heart failure (abstract). Circulation, 1983; 68(suppl 3): 128. 111 Siegel L, Keung E, Siskind S, et al: Beneficial effects of amrinone-hydralazine combination on resting hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Circulation, 1981; 63: 838–844. 112 Massie B, Ports T, Chaterjee K, et al: Long-term vasodilator therapy for heart failure: Clinical response and relationship to hemodynamic measurements. Circulation, 1981; 63: 269–278. 113 Maskin CS, Forman R, Klein NA, et al: Long-term amrinone therapy in patients with severe heart failure. Drug dependent hemodynamic benefits despite progression of the disease. Am J Med, 1982; 72: 113–118. 114 Packer M, Medina N, Yushak M: Hemodynamic and clinical limitations of long-term inotropic therapy with amrinone in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Circulation, 1984; 70: 1038–1047. 115 DiBianco R, Shabetar R, Silverman B, et al: Amrinone Multicenter Study Investigators. Oral amrinone for the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure: Results of a multicenter randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled withdrawal study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1984; 4: 855–866. 116 Siskind SJ, Sonnenblick EH, Forman R, et al: Acute substantial benefit of inotropic therapy with amrinone on exercise hemodynamics and metabolism in severe congestive heart failure. Circulation, 1981; 64: 966–973. 117 Weber KT, Andrews V, Janicki JS, et al: Amrinone and exercise performance in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol, 1981; 48: 164–169. 118 Ward A, Brogden RN, Heel RC, et al: Amrinone: A preliminary review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses. Drugs, 1983; 26: 468–502. 119 Summary Basis of Approval: Amrinone. Revised October 11, 1983, Rockville, MD, Food and Drug Administration. 120 LeJemtel T, Keung E, Schwartz W, et al: Hemodynamic effects of intravenous and oral amrinone in patients with severe heart failure: Relationship between intravenous and oral administration. Trans Assoc Am Physicians, 1979; 92: 325–333. 121 Wilmhurst P, Webb-Peploe M: Side effects of amrinone therapy. Br Heart J, 1983; 49: 447–451. 122 Ansell J, Tiarks C, McCue J, et al: Amrinone induced thrombocytopenia. Arch Intern Med, 1984; 144: 949–952. 123 Naccarelli G, Gray E, Dougherty A, et al: Amrinone: Electrophysiologic effects (abstract). Circulation, 1983; 68(suppl 3): 128. 124 Baim DS, McDowell AV, Chernile J, et al: Evaluation of a new bipyridine inotropic agent—milrinone—in patients with severe congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med, 1983; 309: 748–756. 125 Maskin CS, Sinoway L, Chadwick B, et al: Sustained hemodynamic and clinical effects of a new cardiotonic agent WIN 47203 in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Circulation, 1983; 67: 1065–1070. 126 LeJemtel T, Maskin C, Mancini D, et al: Systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of captopril and milrinone administered alone and concomitantly in patients with heart failure. Circulation, 1985; 72: 364–369. 127 Uretsky B, Generalovich T, Reddy P, et al: The acute hemodynamic effects of a new agent MDL 17043 in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Circulation, 1983; 67: 823–828. 128 Shah P, Amin D, Hulse S, et al: Inotropic therapy for refractory congestive heart failure with oral fenoximone (MDL 17,043): Poor long-term results despite early hemodynamic and clinical improvement. Circulation, 1985; 71: 326–331. 129 Mancini D, Sonnenblick E, Latts J, et al: Hemodynamic and clinical benefits of CI-914, a new cardiotonic agent (abstract). Circulation, 1984; 70: 307. Citing Literature Volume25, Issue7October 1985Pages 540-554 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)