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Single-note Vocalizations of California Ground Squirrels: Graded Signals and Situation-specificity of Predator and Socially Evoked Calls

2010; Wiley; Volume: 52; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1439-0310.1980.tb00714.x

0044-3573

Daniel W. Leger, Donald H. Owings, Deborah L. Gelfand,

Bat Biology and Ecology Studies

Zeitschrift für TierpsychologieVolume 52, Issue 3 p. 227-246 Single-note Vocalizations of California Ground Squirrels: Graded Signals and Situation-specificity of Predator and Socially Evoked Calls Daniel W. Leger, Corresponding Author Daniel W. Leger Department of Psychology, University of California, DavisDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorDonald H. Owings, Donald H. Owings Department of Psychology, University of California, DavisSearch for more papers by this authorDeborah L. Gelfand, Deborah L. Gelfand Department of Psychology, University of California, DavisSearch for more papers by this author Daniel W. Leger, Corresponding Author Daniel W. Leger Department of Psychology, University of California, DavisDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorDonald H. Owings, Donald H. Owings Department of Psychology, University of California, DavisSearch for more papers by this authorDeborah L. Gelfand, Deborah L. Gelfand Department of Psychology, University of California, DavisSearch for more papers by this author First published: January‐December 1980 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1980.tb00714.xCitations: 49AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract California ground squirrel single-note vocalizations were recorded in the field, then analyzed spectrographically. These calls were elicited by low-flying raptors and by larger mammals; they were also emitted by the participants of agonistic chases. Overall, the calls were highly variable and graded on each of the 6 acoustic variables measured from sonagrams. Analysis of variance and discriminant function analysis revealed that raptor- and mammal-evoked calls were essentially identical; however, they differed significantly from both chasee and chaser calls. The latter two call groups differed from each other. Call structure correlated with the behavior of callers — ranging from the aggressiveness of chasers to the escape tendencies of ground squirrels confronted with predators. Chaser calls were lower-pitched and more frequency-modulated than predator-evoked single-notes; the calls of chasecs were generally intermediate to the others on most variables. Zusammenfassung Die Lautäußerungen kalifornischer Backenhörnchen (Spermophilus beeche-yi) wurden im Freien auf Tonband aufgenommen. Einsilbige Rufe ließen sich dabei nach mindestens 6 verschiedenen Toneigenschaften klassifizieren. Wir testeten die Unterscheidbarkeit der Rufe in bezug auf spezifische Auslösesitua-tionen: Greifvögel, größere Säugetiere sowie Verfolgter oder Verfolger bei innerartlichen Jagden. Die durch Greifvögel und Säugetiere ausgelösten Rufe waren nicht voneinander zu unterscheiden, setzten sich aber insgesamt von den Rufen verfolgter und verfolgender Artgenossen klar ab, die ihrerseits deutlich voneinander abwichen. Die Rufe jagender Backenhörnchen hatten die tiefste Tonlage, zeigten aber die größte Frequenzmodulation und starken Oberton-anteil. Die durch Greifvögel oder größere Säugetiere ausgelösten Rufe hatten bei geringer Frequenzmodulation und kleinem Obertonanteil die höchste Tonlage. Von Artgenossen verfolgte Backenhörnchen stießen Rufe mittlerer Tonlage, mittlerer Frequenzmodulation und mittleren Obertonanteils aus. Bei der Ver-folgung durch Räuber gaben die Backenhörnchen Laut, während sie auf den Bau zuliefen oder im Bau verschwanden. Beim Jagen von Artgenossen liefen die Verfolgten entweder auf den Bau zu, wichen ihrem Verfolger aus, oder nahmen manchmal ihrerseits die Jagd auf den Verfolger auf. Verfolgende Backenhörnchen liefen nie auf den Bau zu. Hatte ein Verfolger den Verfolgten eingeholt, so stürzte er sich manchmal auf ihn. Zwischen den Rufsignalen und ihrer verhaltensorientierten Information besteht also ein Zusammenhang, der mit Mortons Hypothese der Motivationsstruktur-Regeln übereinstimmt. Der Informationsgehalt der Rufe kann nach Art und Umfang variieren. Die ge-ringste Information fand sich in den durch Räuber ausgelösten Rufen. Diese mögen zwar in gewisser Hinsicht manipulativer Art sein, doch da ihrem Empfänger daran gelegen ist, sich in Sicherheit zu bringen, entsteht wenig bzw. kein Interessenkonflikt zwischen Sender und Empfänger. 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