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Model industrial settlements and their continuing governance

2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 27; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/02665433.2012.654980

1466-4518

John Minnery,

Cultural Industries and Urban Development

Abstract This paper explores the continuing governance of three important historical industrial company towns that were developed as model settlements: New Lanark and Saltaire in the UK and Pullman in the United States. It explores the changing roles of the private sector, the public sector and civil society in the on-going stewardship of the settlements. This paper concludes that urban governance arrangements are important. In all three cases, the towns were initiated by private entrepreneurs but they are no longer in the ownership of the originating companies and their original economic base has vanished. In all three, public sector action was, at some stage, necessary to retain their integrity, but this action needed strong support from civil society actors. In all three examples, government and community action were supported by additional private sector initiatives. The interactions amongst the private sector, the public sector and civil society in the establishment and continuing stewardship of these settlements demonstrate the clear need for a better understanding of the role of governance arrangements in urban history. Keywords: Model settlementsurban governanceNew LanarkSaltairePullmanstewardship Notes See, for example, J.D. Porteous 'The Nature of the Company Town', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 51 (1970): 127–42; S. Pollard 'The Factory Village in the Industrial Revolution', The English Historical Review 79, no. 312 (1964): 513–31; G.E. Cherry 'Influences on the Development of Town Planning in Britain', Journal of Contemporary History 4, no. 3 (1969): 43–58; C. Bell and R. Bell, City Fathers: The Early History of Town Planning in Britain (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972); or M. Honhart, 'Company Housing and Urban Planning in Germany, 1870–1940', Central European History 23, no. 1 (1990): 3–21. G. Cherry, 'The Town Planning Movement and the Late Victorian City', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series 4, no. 2 (1979): 306–19. Anonymous, 'Editorial Note: Model Industrial Settlements: The Continuing Stewardship', Town Planning Review 59, no. 3 (July 1988): iii–vi. J. Minnery, 'Stars and their Supporting Cast: State, Market and Community as Actors in Urban Governance', Urban Policy and Research 25, no. 3 (2007): 325–45. Anonymous, 'Editorial Note', iv. Ibid. Pullman Historic Society, http://members.aol.com/pullmanil/history.html (accessed May 30, 2010). Cherry, 'The Town Planning Movement and the Late Victorian City', 317–8. A. Lindsey, The Pullman Strike: The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval, (1st Phoenix ed.), (Chicago: Phoenix Books 1964; orig. published Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1942). Anonymous, 'Editorial Note', iii. Bell and Bell, City Fathers, 242. Ibid., 246. Ibid., 248. UNESCO World Heritage Committee Nomination Documentation: 'New Lanark'. File 429rev.pdf. 16 December, 2001, 41. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/429/documents/ (accessed May 30, 2010). Anonymous, 'Editorial Note', iv. New Lanark World Heritage Site, World Heritage Site, http://www.newlanark.org/worldheritagesite.shtml (accessed May 30, 2010). UNESCO World Heritage Committee Nomination Documentation: 'New Lanark', 8. Undiscovered Scotland. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/lanark/newlanark/history2.html (accessed February 20, 2010). New Lanark World Heritage Site. The Trust, http://www.newlanark.org/thetrust.shtml (accessed May 30, 2010). D. Ward, 'World Heritage Honour for Revolutionary Mills', The Guardian, December 15, 2001; South Lanarkshire Council, South Lanarkshire Local Plan Volume 1: Development Strategy (South Lanarkshire: The Council, Adopted 23 March, 2009). New Lanark World Heritage Site. The Trust. New Lanark World Heritage Site. World Heritage Site. South Lanarkshire Council South Lanarkshire Council Local Plan Policy ENV 22 (2009), www.southlanarkshire.gov.uk (accessed January 7, 2010). Ibid. South Lanarkshire Council, South Lanarkshire Local Plan Volume 11: Development Policies Guidance and Appendices, ENV22 New Lanark Development Assessment Policy, 33 (South Lanarkshire: The Council, Adopted 23 March 2009). A.J. Beeho and R.C. Prentice, 'Conceptualising the Experiences of Heritage Tourists: A Case Study of New Lanark World Heritage Village', Tourism Management 18, no. 2 (1997): 75–87. W. Ashworth, 'British Industrial Villages in the Nineteenth Century', The Economic History Review, New Series 3, no. 3 (1951): 378–87. R.K. Dewhirst, 'Saltaire', The Town Planning Review 31, no. 2 (1960): 135–44. Bell and Bell, City Fathers, 256. UNESCO World Heritage Committee Nomination Documentation: 'Saltaire', File 1028.pdf. 16 December, 2001, 61–2. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1028/documents/ (accessed May 30, 2010). Dewhirst, 'Saltaire', 144. Bell and Bell, City Fathers, 256. Dewhirst, 'Saltaire', 144. Anonymous, 'Editorial Note', iv. Ibid. UNESCO World Heritage Committee Nomination Documentation: 'Saltaire', 62; Saltaire Village Society 'SVS Vision Statement 2009', http://www.saltairevillage.info/yz_SVS_0001.html (accessed May 30, 2010). UNESCO World Heritage Committee Nomination Documentation: 'Saltaire', 26. 'Biography: Jonathan Silver'. http://www.saltsmill.org.uk/pdf/jonathan.pdf (accessed January 20, 2010). UNESCO World Heritage Committee Nomination Documentation: 'Saltaire', 62–3. Ward, 'World heritage honour for revolutionary mills'. Saltaire Village World Heritage Site, http://www.saltairevillage.info/ Saltaire Village Society 'SVS Vision Statement 2009'. Lindsey, The Pullman Strike, 33; UNESCO World Heritage Committee Nomination Documentation: 'Saltaire', 26. Lindsey, The Pullman Strike, 44. C.E. Warne, 'Introduction', in The Pullman Boycott of 1894: The Problem of Federal Intervention, ed. C.E. Warne, Problems in American Civilization Series (Boston: D.C. Heath & Co., 1955): v–vi. United States Strike Commission, 'The Background to the Dispute', United States Strike Commission Report, Senate Executive Document No. 7, 53d Congress, 3d Session, (1894): xxi–xxiii, reprinted in Warne, The Pullman Boycott: 9. United States Strike Commission 'The Pullman Strike: Its Causes and Effects', United States Strike Commission Report, Senate Executive Document No. 7, 53d Congress, 3d Session, (1894): xxxii–xxxix, reprinted in Warne, The Pullman Boycott, 19–22. Lindsey, The Pullman Strike, 347. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. T. Newcomen, 'Pullman, Illinois: Changes in Community Planning from the 1880s to the 1990s', International Journal of Heritage Studies 4, no. 1 (1998): 10–29, 15–16. Ibid., 16. Ibid., 18. Ibid. Ibid., 16. J.L. Reiff and S.E. Hirsch, 'Pullman and its Public: Image and Aim in Making and Interpreting History', The Public Historian 11, no. 4 (Autumn 1989): 107. Newcomen, 'Pullman, Illinois', 18; The Beman Committee of the Pullman Civic Organisation, Homeowner Guide: Pullman Historic District, Pullman Civic Organisation, http://www.pullmancivic.org/beman/homeownersGuide.pdf (accessed May 30, 2010). There are some discrepancies between the dates given in the three references used here: Newcomen, 'Pullman, Illinois'; Pullman Historic Society; The Beman Committee, Homeowner Guide. The dates noted are those identified by Newcomen. Historic Pullman Foundation, http://www.pullmanil.org/history_timeline.htm (accessed May 30, 2010). But, Newcomen, 'Pullman, Illinois', gives a slightly different chronology to that on the Foundation's webpage; his dates have been used here. Newcomen, 'Pullman, Illinois', 20. The Beman Committee, Homeowner Guide. Pullman Historic Site Virtual Museum, http://www.pullman-museum.org/misc/ (accessed May 30, 2010). B. Jackson, 'Pullman bank helps rebuild company town', American Banker 167, no. 68 (2002): 14A. Newcomen, 'Pullman, Illinois', 25. Historic Pullman Foundation. Newcomen, 'Pullman, Illinois', 21–22. Anonymous, 'Editorial Note', iv. The role of 'empowering stakeholder participation' even when planning for sustainable tourism at World Heritage sites is identified by C. Landorf, 'Managing for Sustainable Tourism: A Review of Six Cultural World Heritage sites', Journal of Sustainable Tourism 17, no. 1 (2009): 53–70. The Beman Committee, Homeowner Guide. Anonymous, 'Editorial Note', vi. Ibid. The Beman Committee, Homeowner Guide.