Between Faith and Science: Franciscan Archaeology in the Service of the Holy Places
2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 48; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/00263206.2012.653139
ISSN1743-7881
Autores Tópico(s)Archaeological Research and Protection
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes This article is based on a chapter from my PhD thesis. Therefore, I would like to thank both my advisers, Professor Ronnie Ellenblum and Professor Haim Goren, whose intellectual contribution to this article was truly invaluable. I would also like to thank the scholars who took the time and the effort to read my article, to make important remarks and who consequently greatly improved it: Professor Steve Kaplan, Professor Ora Limor, Dr Gideon Avni, Dr Noah Hysler-Rubin, Dr Nimrod Luz, Dr Paolo Pierracini, and Dr Iris Shagrir. In addition I express my gratitude to Father (and Dr) Pierbattista Pizzaballa, the Custos of the Holy Land, as well as the archival staff of the Custody, and especially Dr Narcyz Klimas, for access to the archives of the Custody and their help and support. This article (as part of the dissertation) benefited from the generous financial support of the following foundations and prizes: Leonard Davis Institute, Yad Ora, George L. Mosse, Fulbright, Rachel Yanait, Shlomo Glass, and Phany Balaban-Glass Endowment. To learn more about the Custody, see G. Buffon, Les franciscains en Terre Sainte, 1869–1889: religion et politique: une recherche institutionnelle (Paris: Cerf, Editions franciscaines, 2005); H. Goren, Real Catholics and Good Germans: The German Catholics and Palestine (Jerusalem: Magness Press, 2004) (Hebrew); Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land Official Website, http://www.custodia.org/spip.php?article79&lang=en (accessed May 2010); A. Mombelli, La Custodia di Terra Santa (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1934); J. Nazzaro, La présence franciscaine en Terre Sainte (Jerusalem: Franciscan Pinting Press, 2001); M. Piccirillo et al., In Terrasanta: dalla crociata alla Custodia dei Luoghi Santi (Florence: Artificio Skira, 2000); P. Pieraccini, La comunità cattolica di Terra Santa: problemi d'identità, Paper read at Europe, its borders (Naples: Luciano Tosi, 2000); P. Pieraccini, Cattolici di Terra Santa: 1333–2000, Collana di studi, ricerche, documenti (Florence: Pagnini e Martinelli, 2003); B. Rossi, La Terra Santa (Bologna: Edizioni Antoniano, 1981). C.T. Onions, G.W.S. Friedrichsen and R.W. Burchfield, The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (Oxford: Clarendon, 1966), p.48; J. Derrida, Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), pp.1–2. Derrida, Archive Fever, pp.2, 4, n.1. I would like to thank Professor Ronnie Ellenblum for the initial idea of the connection between the work of Derrida and mine, and for extremely useful discussions of the matter. P.M.J. Stravinskas, Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia (Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor, 1991), p.470; E. Renan, The Life of Jesus, trans. from the original French by Charles Edwin Wilbour (New York: Carleton, 1866), p.55. H. Goren, ‘The Chase after the Bible: Individuals and Institutions and the Study of the Holy Land’, in U. Wardenga et al. (eds.), Religion, Ideology and Geographical Thought (Kielce: Jednosc?, 1998), pp.103–15; H. Goren, ‘Zieht hin und erforscht das Land’: die deutsche Palästinaforschung im 19. Jahrhundert (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2003). Buffon, Les franciscains en Terre Sainte, p.221. ‘The past partially becomes the present. One can touch it and create a direct contact with it’ (my translation). M. Halbwachs, La topographie légendaire des evangiles en terre sainte etude de memoire collective (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1941), p.2. F. Quaresmii and S. De Sandoli, Elucidatio terrae sanctae (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1989). For more about Emmaus, see A. Arce, Emmaús y algunos textos desconocidos (Madrid: Bermejo impresor, 1954); B. Bagatti, Emmaus-Qubeibeh: The Results of Excavations at Emmaus-Qubeibeh and Nearby Sites (1873, 1887–1890, 1900–1902, 1940–1944), translated from the Italian by R. Bonanno (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1993); B. Bazzocchini, L'Emmaus di s. Luca (Rome: F. Pustet, 1906); A. Brunot, ‘Emmaus Cité Pascale de la Fraction du Pain’, Bible et Terre Sainte, Vol.XXXVI (1961), pp.5–11; S. De Sandoli, The Sanctuary of Emmaus and Nearby Biblical Sites (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1966); T. Domenichelli, L'Emmaus della Palestina a sessanta stadii da Gerusalemme (Livorno: Tip. di F. Vigo 1889); P. Duvignau, Emmaüs: Le site-le mystère (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1937); P. Gori, Emmaus: santuario della manifestazione in Fractione Panis, 1902–1952 (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1953), pp.129–35; J.-B. Guillemot, Emmaüs-Nicopolis (Paris: impr. de la Societe de typographie, 1887); B. Meistermann, Deux questions d'archéologie palestinienne: 1. L'église d'Amwâs, l'Emmaüs-Nicopolis. 2. L'église de Qoubeibeh, l'Emmaüs de S. Luc (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1902); V. Michel, ‘Le Complexe ecclésiatique d'Emmaüs-Nicopolis’ (PhD thesis, Université de Paris Sorbonne, Paris IV, 1996–7); R. Pierri, ‘L'enigma di Emmaus’, La Terra Santa (July–Aug. 2009), pp.46–51; L.H. Vincent and F.-M. Abel, Emmaüs: sa basilique et son histoire (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1932). Arce, Emmaús y algunos textos, p.68; Bagatti, Emmaus-Qubeibeh, p.191; R. Ellenblum, Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp.112–14; H. Goren, ‘The Christian Establishments in Abu Gosh in Modern Times’, Cathedra, Vol.62 (1991), pp.80–106 (Hebrew). E. Smith and E. Robinson, Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and the Adjacent Regions: A Journal of Travels in 1852 (London: J. Murray, 1856), pp.146–51. D. Baldi, Enchiridion locorum sanctorum (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1935), pp.702–3; B.Meistermann, Gethsémani, notices historiques et descriptive (Paris: A. Picard, 1920), pp.viii–xii; D.Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 3: The City of Jerusalem (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp.98–103; Quaresmii and De Sandoli, Elucidatio, pp.163–9; J.Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusades (Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1977), pp.157–8. Roberto Razzoli to Dionisio Schuler, 15 Aug. 1910, File: Barnabas Meistermann, ACTS (Archive of Custodia Terrae Sanctae, Jerusalem) (emphasis added). Roberto Razzoli to Dionisio Schuler, 19 Oct. 1910, File: Barnabas Meistermann, ACTS. P. Viaud, Nazareth et ses deux églises de l'Annonciation et de Saint-Joseph d'après les fouilles récentes (Paris: A. Picard, 1910), pp.vi–ix (emphases added). M. Brlek, La custodia di Terra Santa e i cristiani orientali (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1963), pp.34–7; G.C. Bottini, ‘Lo Studium Biblicum Franciscanum’, in M. Piccirillo (ed.), La Custodia di Terra Santa e l'Europa: i rapporti politici e l'attività culturale dei Francescani in Medio Oriente (Rome: Veltro Ed., 1983), pp.155–65; Anonymous, ‘Attività archeologica della Custodia di Terra Santa e dello Studio Biblico Francscano (1858–1951)’, in Custodia di Terra Santa 1342–1942 (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1951), pp.35–50; Franciscan Order Official website, http://www.ofm.org/sbf/00/00/SBF01eng.html (accessed March 2010). G. Bini, ‘Open Letter of Minister General of the Franciscan Order’, Rome 2001, Franciscan Order Official website, http://www.ofm.org/sbf/00/00/SBF02eng.html (accessed March 2010). M. Piccirillo ‘Gli scavi dello Studium Biblicum Franciscanum’, in Piccirillo (ed.), La Custodia, p.174 (emphasis added). Ibid., p.175. B. Bagatti, L'Archeologia cristiana in Palestina (Florence: Sansoni, 1962), p.240. Judeo-Christians were Jews who accepted Jesus as the Messiah and at the same time continued to keep the Jewish law. Several ancient Christian sects were identified with Judeo-Christians, for example the Nazarenes and the Ebionites. B. Bagatti, The Church from the Gentiles in Palestine: History and Archaeology (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1971); B. Bagatti, The Church from the Circumcision: History and Archaeology of the Judaeo-Christians (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1971). E.L. Sukenik, ‘The Earliest Records of Christianity’, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol.LI (1947), pp.351–65. I. Mancini, Archaeological Discoveries Relative to the Judaeo-Christians: Historical Survey (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1970), pp.15–16. Sukenik's interpretation of the inscriptions was also contested in later research. For example, Kane read the inscriptions interpreted by Sukenik as ‘Jesus, alas’ and ‘Jesus, woe’ as ‘Jesus, son of Judas,’ and ‘Jesus, son of Aloth’. See J.P. Kane, ‘By No Means the Earliest Records of Christianity’, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, Vol.CII (1971), pp.103–8. Bagatti, The Church from the Gentiles; Bagatti, The Church from the Circumcision; E. Testa, The Faith of the Mother Church: An Essay on the theology of the Judeo-Christians (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1992); B. Bagatti and J.T. Milik, Gli scavi del ‘Dominus Flevit’ (Monte Oliveto-Gerusalemme), Vol.I: La necropoli del periodo romano (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1958). E. Testa, Nazaret giudeo-christiana: riti, iscrizioni, simboli (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1969); M. Piccirillo, Vangelo e archeologia: tracce cristiane in Palestina (Milan: Cinisello Balsamo, 1998), p.61. E. Testa, Cafarnao, V.4: I graffiti della casa di S. Pietro (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1972); S. Loffreda, ‘La tradizionale casa di Simon Pietro a Cafarnao a 25 anni dalla sua scoperta’, in F.Manns et al. (eds.), Early Christianity in Context: Monuments and Documents (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1993), pp.61–3. Bagatti, The Church from the Circumcision, pp.133–6. Piccirillo, Gli scavi, p.178. The arrangement which appears in Bagatti's 1939 catalogue differs from the one described above in LaTerra Santa but maintains its thematic-geographical character: archaeological findings from Palestine and Egypt, a room devoted to flora and fauna, a geographical chamber, one dealing with ceramics, a Christian chamber and one devoted to Arabs and Jews, etc. See B. Bagatti, Il museo della flagellazione in Gerusalemme (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1939). M. Piccirillo, ‘Il museo dello Studium Biblicum Franciscanum’, in Piccirillo (ed.), La Custodia, p.183. J.E. Taylor, Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993). M. Avi-Yonah, ‘Review of Bagatti and Milik (1958)’, Israel Exploration Journal, Vol.XI (1961), pp.91–4. Kane, ‘By No Means’; J.P. Kane, ‘The Ossuary Inscriptions of Jerusalem’, Journal of Semitic Studies, Vol.XXIII, No.2 (1978), pp.268–82. A. Kloner and B. Zissu, The Necropolis of Jerusalem in the Second Temple Period (Jerusalem: Yad Ben Zvi, 2003) (Hebrew Edition), pp.55–7. L. Rahmani, A Catalogue of Jewish Ossuaries in the Collections of the State of Israel (Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority, 1994), pp.26–8. R.A. Markus, ‘How on Earth Could Places Become Holy? Origins of the Christian Idea of Holy Places', Journal of Early Christian Studies, Vol.II (1994), pp.257–71; S. Gibson and G. Avni, ‘The “Jewish Christian” Tomb from the Mount of Offence (Batn al-Hawa') in Jerusalem Reconsidered', Revue Biblique, Vol.2 (1998), pp.161–76. Quaresmii and De Sandoli, Elucidatio, p.205; B. Talatinian, Santuari di terra santa in possesso dei Francescani: custodia Francescana di terra Santa: autenticità acquisto (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 2002), p.40. A. Storme, ‘Dominus Flevit’, La Terra Santa, Vol.64 (1988), pp.74–9. In 2011 the explanation mentioned above was removed from the church. Cyril as quoted in Piccirillo, Vangelo e archeologia, p.37. M. Halevi, ‘Reshaping a Sacred Landscape: Antonio Barluzzi and the Rebuilding of the Catholic Shrines in the Holy Land: Political, Geographical and Cultural Influences’ (PhD thesis, Jerusalem 2010), pp.122–4. Storme, Dominus Flevit; Pierri, L'enigma di Emmaus. E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger, The Invention of Tradition (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p.1. E. Bastéa, The Creation of Modern Athens: Planning the Myth (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000). M. Dietler, ‘“Our Ancestors the Gauls”: Archaeology, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Manipulation of Celtic Identity in Modern Europe’, American Anthropologist, Vol.XCVI, No.3 (1994), pp.584–605. For more examples see M.L. Galaty and C. Watkinson (eds.), Archaeology under Dictatorship (New York: Springer, 2004); P.J. Geary, The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002); H. Goren, ‘The scholar Precedes the Diplomat: German Science in the Service of Political Involvement in Egypt and Palestine until 1870’, in H. Goren (ed.), World Powers and the Middle East: Germany and the Middle East: Past, Present, and Future (Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2003), pp.41–60; N.A. Silberman, Digging for God and Country: Exploration, Archeology, and the Secret Struggle for the Holy Land, 1799–1917 (New York: Knopf, 1982). J.H. Charlesworth, The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2008); J.D. Crossan, The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1991); Jesus Seminar Website, http://www.westarinstitute.org/Seminars/seminars.html (accessed 31 Aug. 2010); J.P. Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus (New York: Doubleday, 1991); M.A. Powell, Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1998); Renan, The Life of Jesus; A.Schweitzer, The Quest of the Historical Jesus (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2001). I. Finkelstein et al., ‘Has King David's Palace in Jerusalem been Found?’, Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, Vol.XXXIV (2007), pp.142–64; E. Mazar, Preliminary Report on the City of David Excavations 2005: at the Visitors Center Area (Jerusalem: Shalem Press, 2007). I would like to thank Professor Ronnie Ellenblum for the contribution of this fresh thought in the course of our discussion of the present article.
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