The Gender of the Gold: an Ethnographic and Historical Account of Women's Involvement in Artisanal and Small-scale Mining in Mount Kaindi, Papua New Guinea
2006; Wiley; Volume: 76; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1002/j.1834-4461.2006.tb03041.x
ISSN1834-4461
Autores Tópico(s)Natural Resources and Economic Development
ResumoOceaniaVolume 76, Issue 2 p. 133-149 Article The Gender of the Gold: an Ethnographic and Historical Account of Women's Involvement in Artisanal and Small-scale Mining in Mount Kaindi, Papua New Guinea Daniele Moretti, Daniele Moretti Brunel UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Daniele Moretti, Daniele Moretti Brunel UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 February 2015 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.2006.tb03041.xCitations: 24AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL ABSTRACT The Kaindi area of Papua New Guinea is home to a large community of Anga small-scale miners. While they constitute nearly half of the local population, women do not participate in mining to the same extent as the men. Drawing on ethnographic data this paper shows that this is not just due to personal choice but also to a series of limiting factors that include pollution beliefs, land tenure practices, the unequal control of household resources, and the gendered division of labour. Far from being simply intrinsic to Anga culture, these impediments also relate to the gendered history of the colonial goldfields and to contemporary national law and company practice in the extractive sector. Similarly, they are neither unambiguous nor resistant to change. Indeed, since the Anga first entered the mines their women have engaged in resource extraction in ever increasing numbers, both independently and alongside male relatives and partners. Through an analysis of this historical trend, my paper will show that historically conscious ethnography can help specify not only the main obstacles women face in entering artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), but also the conditions that lead to their strengthening or weakening through time, thus identifying factors to be stimulated or countered in policies and strategies for equitable development within the sector. REFERENCES Ballard, C. and G. Banks. 2003. Resource Wars: the Anthropology of Mining. Annual Review of Anthropology 32: 287– 313. Bamford, S. 1997. The Containment of Gender: Embodied Sociality among a South Angan People. PhD Dissertation, University of Virginia. Banks, G. 2000. Marginality and Environment in Papua New Guinea. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 41: 217– 230. Banks, G. 2001. Baseline Study for Papua New Guinea: London: Mining, Minerals and Development Project, International Institute for Environment and Development. M. Blowers (ed.) 1983. Proceedings of the Conference on Small Scale Mining in Papua New Guinea held at the University of Technology, Lae, 4th-8th June 1983, Lae, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea: Department of Chemical Technology, The Papua New Guinea University of Technology. M. Blowers (ed.) 2000. A field survey of small-scale mining operations along the Bulolo and Watut Rivers. Study undertaken for Morobe Consolidated Goldfields (MCG). Biersack, A. 1997. Men, Mines, and the Environment: Gendering Mining at Mt. Kare and Porgera, the Papua New Guinea Highlands: Paper presented at the panel 'Culture/Power/History/Nature: Papers in Honour of Roy A. Rappaport', organised by A. Biersack and J. Greenberg, Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Washington; DC, November 1997. Biersack, A. 1999. The Mount Kare Python and His Gold: Totemism and Ecology in the Papua New Guinea Highlands. American Anthropologist 101: 68– 87. Bonnemere, P. 1996. Le Pandanus Rouge: Corps, Difference des Sexes et Parente chez les Ankave-Anga (Papuasie-Nouvelle-Guinee). Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de I'Homme. Bonnemere, P. and P. Lemonnier. 1992. Terre et Echanges chez les Anga; Papuasie Nouvelle-Guinee. Etudes Rurales, Julliet-Decembre, 127–128: 133– 158. Booth; D.R. 1929. Mountains, Gold and Cannibals. London: Cecil Palmer. BULOLO DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION 2003. Bulolo Open Electorate District Development Plan, 2003–2007. Bulolo, Morobe Province, PNG: Bulolo District Administration. Burton, J. 2001. Morobe Gold and Silver Project: Socio-Economic Impact Study (Vol. I-III). Port Moresby: Morobe GoldfieldsConsolidated Limited. Clark, J. 1993. Gold, Sex. and Pollution: Male Illness and Myth at Mt. Kare. Papua New Guinea. American Ethnologist 20: 742– 757. Clune, F. 1951. Somewhere in New Guinea: A Companion to Prowling through Papua, London: Angus & Robertson. Crispin, G. 2004. Women in Mining in Papua New Guinea: Paper presented at the 'Pit Women and Others: Women Miners in the Asia-Pacific Region' Workshop, Canberra. ANU, Friday 2 July 2004. Crispin, G. 2003. Environment management in small scale mining in PNG. Journal of Cleaner Production 11: 175– 183. Demaitre, E. 1936. New Guinea Gold: Cannibals and Gold-seekers in New Guinea, London: Geoffrey Bles. Eliade, M. 1978 [1956] The Forge and the Crucible: The Origins and Structures of Alchemy. London: University of Chicago Press. Filer, C. 1990. The Bougainville Rebellion, the Mining Industry and the Process of Social Disintegration in Papua New Guinea. Canberra Anthropology 13: 1– 39. Filer, C. 1997. The Melanesian Way of Menacing the Mining Industry. In B. Burt and C. Clerk (eds) Environment and Development in the Pacific Islands, pp. 91– 122. Canberra: Australian National University. Godelier, M. 1986. The Making of Great Men: Male Domination and Power among the New Guinea Baruya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gressit, J.L. and N. Nadkarni. 1978. Guide to Mount Kaindi: Background to Montane New Guinea Ecology. Wau, PNG: Wau Ecology Institute. Haley, N. 1996. Revisioning the Past; Remembering the Future: Duna Accounts of the Worlds End- Oceania 66: 278– 285. Hancock, G. 1994. The Economics of Small-Scale Gold Mining Systems in Papua New Guinea. In A.K. Ghose (ed.) Small-Scale Mining: A Global Overview, pp. 263– 278. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema. Hanson; L.W., et al. 2001. Papua New Guinea Rural Development Handbook. Canberra: Australian National University. Healy, A.M. 1967 Bulolo: a History of the Development of the Bulolo Region. Guinea Research Bulletin No. 15. Canberra: Australian National University. Healy, A.M. 1968. Labour and Combination in New Guinea to 1942. In Labour and the Gold Fields. Australian Society for the Study of Labour History. Canberra: Australian Society for the Study of Labour History. Herdt, G. 1981. Guardians of the Flutes. London: University of Chicago Press. Herdt, G. 1987. The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. London: Harcourt College Publishers. Hinton, J.J., M. M. Veiga, and C. Beinhoff. 2003. Women and Artisanal Mining: Gender Roles and the Road Ahead. In G. Hilson (ed.) The Socio-Economic Impacts of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Developing Countries, Ch.lI. London: Taylor and Francis. Hirsch, E. 2001. New Boundaries of Influence in Highland Papua: 'Culture', Mining and Ritual Conversions. Oceania 71: 298– 312. Howard, M.C. 1991. Mining, Politics and Development in the Pacific. Oxford: Westview Press. Hyndman, D. 1994. Ancestral Rain Forests and the Mountain of Gold: Indigenous Peoples and Mining in New Guinea. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Jackson, R.T. 2003. Morobe Gold Project Social Impact Assessment: Base-Line Study. Richard T. Jackson Consultancy Services, Philippines. Kirsch, S. 2002. Anthropology and Advocacy: A Case Study of the Campaign against the Ok Tedi Mine. Critical Anthropology 22: 175– 200. Kuluah, A. 1983, Wokim Gold Long Morobe. In M.J. Blowers (ed.) Small Scale Mining: An Appropriate Industry for Papua New Guinea? pp. 82– 95. Lae, Papua New Guinea: Papua New Guinea University of Technology. Lole, H. 2005. The trend in artisanal and small-scale mining development in Papua New Guinea. Paper presented at the "Learning Event": "Community and Samml Scale Mining: Sharing Experiences from the Asia-Pacific Region" held in Manila, Philippines, 7th-12th June 2005. Available at: http://www.casmite.org (accessed 23/03/2006). Lowenstein, P.L. 1982. Economic Geology of the Morobe Goldfield (Volume I). Geological Survey of Papua New Guinea. Memoir 9. Port Moresby: Geological Survey of Papua New Guinea. Macintyre, M. 1993. Women and mining. In Papua New Guinea and Australia: Towards 2000, pp. 43– 49. Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia: Community Aid Abroad. Macintyre, M. 2002. Women and mining projects in Papua New Guinea: problems of consultation, representation and women's rights as citizens. In I. Macdonald and C. Rowland (Eds) Tunnel Vision: Women; Mining and Communities, pp. 26– 29. Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia: Oxfam Community Aid Abroad. Macintyre, M. and S. Foale. 2004. Politicized Ecology: Local Responses to Mining in Papua New Guinea. Oceania 74: 231– 252. Mimica, J. 1981. Omalyce: An Ethnography of the Ikwaye View of the Cosmos. PhD Thesis, Australian National University. MINING, MINERALS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (MMSD). 2002 Breaking New Ground. London: Earthscan. Neale, T. 1995. A Century of Mining and no Small Scale Mining Industry! Why? In P.M. Afenya (ed.) Proceedings of the Huon Seminar '94 Workshop on Small-Scale Gold Mining, pp. 31– 39. Lae, PNG: The Papua New Guinea University of Technology. Plane, M.D. 1967. Stratigraphy and Vertebrate Fauna of the Otibanda Formation, New Guinea. Canberra: Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics. PNG DEPARTMENT OF MINING. 2003. Proceedings of the 'Women in Mining Conference - Voices for Change' held at Madang, Papua New Guinea, 3–6 August 2003. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: PNG Department of Mining. Roberts, J. 1996. Voices from a Lost World: Australian Women and Children in Papua New Guinea before the Japanese invasion. Alexandria; NSW: Millennium Books. Robinson, K. 1996. Women; mining and development. In R. Howitt with J. Connell and P. Hirsch (eds) Resources. Nations and Indigenous Peoples: Case Studies from Australasia. Melanesia and Southeast Asia, pp. 137– 151. Oxford: Oxford University Press. A. Rumsey and J. Weiner (eds) 2004. Mining and Indigenous Lifeworlds in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Wantage, Oxon, UK: Sean Kingston. Ryan, P. 1991. Black Bonanza: A Landslide of Gold. South Yarra, Victoria: Hyland House. Sinclair, J. 1998. Golden Gateway: Lae and the Province of Morobe. Bathurst, NSW: Crawford House Publishing. Stewart, D.F. 1987. Small-scale mining and development: the case of Papua New Guinea. Natural Resources Forum 11: 219– 227. Stewart, D.F. 1989. Large-scale v small-scale mining: meeting the needs of developing countries. Natural Resources Forum 13: 44– 52. Stewart, D.F. 1997. Prospects and problems: small-scale gold mining in Papua New Guinea and the Philippines. In A. K. Ghose (ed.) Mining on a Small and Medium Scale: a Global Perspective, pp. 173– 184. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. Struben, R. 1961. Coral and Colour of Gold. London: Faber and Faber. Susapu, B. and G. Crispin. 2001. Report on Small-Scale Mining in Papua New Guinea: London: International Institute for Environment and Development. Tjamaei, L. 1994. Impact of Mining in Papua New Guinea: the Morobe Goldfield. In J. Morrison, P. Geraghty & L. Crowl (eds) Science of Pacific Island Peoples, Volume III- Land Use and Agriculture, pp. 63– 76. Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. S. Toft (ed.) 1997. Compensation for Resource Development in Papua New Guinea- Port Moresby: Law Reform Commission. Wangu, A. 1995. Placer Gold in Papua New Guinea. In P.M. Afenya (ed.) Proceedings of the Huon Seminar '94 Workshop on Small-Scale Gold Mining, pp. 15– 30. Lae: The Papua New Guinea University of Technology. Weston, B. 1978. Stirring Days in the New Guinea Goldfields- or Dust in the Sky. Pacific Islands Monthly. August 1978: 63– 67. Citing Literature Volume76, Issue2July 2006Pages 133-149 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)