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Karl Marx and the Victorians' nature: the evolution of a deeper view: part two: the age of aquaria

2004; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 15; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/1045575042000247257

1548-3290

Walt Contreras Sheasby,

Political Economy and Marxism

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes The Temple of Nature by Erasmus Darwin, 1803 Marx to Engels, December 19, 1860, Marx Engels Collected Works (hereafter MECW) (New York: International Publishers) (hereafter MECW), Volume 41, 1985, p. 232. David Stack, The First Darwinian Left: Socialism and Darwinism, 1859-1914 (Cheltenham: New Clarion Press, 2003), p. 2. Frederick Engels, Anti-Dühring: Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science (New York: International Publishers, 1970), p. 15. Lewis S. Feuer, “The Friendship of Edwin Ray Lankester and Karl Marx,” Journal of the History of Ideas, XL, 4, October-December, 1979, p. 633. Lynn Barber, The Heyday of Natural History (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1980), p. 122. MECW, Volume 19, pp. 132–33. Charles Kingsley, Glaucus, or the Wonders of the Shore, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Macmillan, 1855). Quoted in Url Lanham, Origins of Modern Biology (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), p. 225. Stephen Jay Gould, “Seeing Eye to Eye,” Natural History, 106, 6, July/August, 1997, p. 14. Capital, Volume 1, p. 612. MECW, Volume 45, 1991, p. 107. Lanham, op. cit. Hannah Gay, “Justus von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper,” Victorian Studies, 41, 4 Summer, 1998, p. 659. MECW, Volume 42, 1987, pp. 383-85; August W. von Hofmann, Einleitung in die moderne Chemie. Nach einer Reihe von Voörträgen gehalten in dem Royal College of Chemistry zu London, Braunschweig, 1866. Mark R Finlay, “The Civic Importance of Chemistry,” Science, 280, 5363, April 24, 1998, p. 540; James Burke “Water Music,” Scientific American, 282, 4, April 2000, pp. 118–19. See, Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward, On the Growth of Plants in Closely Glazed Cases, published in 1842, 2nd edition (London: J. Van Voorst, 1852). Karen Dardick, “Planted in the Past: Victorian-era Wardian cases artfully display indoor gardens while helping them thrive,” The Los Angeles Times, May 28, 2002, p. E 2; Robin Whittall, “How Did It All Begin? The Roots of Captive Fishkeeping from the Victorians' Perspective,” Cichlidae communique, X, 114, May – June 1999, pp. 6-14; David R. Hershey, “Doctor Ward's Accidental Terrarium,” The American Biology Teacher, 58, 5, May 1996, pp. 276–68. See Darwin, On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilized by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing (London: J. Murray, 1862). Karl Marx, “Heroes of the Exile,” in The Cologne Communist Trial, Trans. by Rodney Livingstone (New York: International Publishers, 1971), p. 209. Mrs. Jenny Marx to Mrs. Ernestine Liebknecht, late July 1864, quoted in Yvonne Kapp, Eleanor Marx: Volume 1 Family Life (1865-1883) (New York: International Publishers, 1972), p. 58; H.F. Peters, Red Jenny: A Life with Karl Marx (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986), p. 138. Liebknecht, “Reminiscences of Marx,” op. cit., p. 76. Saul Padover, Karl Marx: An Intimate Biography (New York: Mentor Book/New American Library, 1980), p. 193. Eleanor to Karl Marx, April 26, 1867, Faith Evans, Trans., The Daughters of Karl Marx: Family Correspondence 1866–1898 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979), p. 19. Marx to Engels, Aug. 29, 1868, MECW, Volume 43, 1988, p. 91. Eleanor to Karl Marx, March 19, 1866, Faith Evans, Trans., op cit., p. 5. Philip Henry Gosse, The Aquarium: An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Sea (London: John van Voorst, 1854). David Lowenthal, “Nature and Nation: Britain and America in the 19th Century,” History Today, 53, 12; December 2003, p. 18. Stephen Jay Gould, “Adam's Navel,” The Flamingo's Smile: Reflections in Natural History (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1985), pp. 99-113. John Bellamy Foster, “E. Ray Lankester, Ecological Materialist,” Organization & Environment, 13, 2, June, 2000, p. 233. Mary P. English, Victorian Values: The Life and Times of Dr. Edwin Lankester M.D., F.R.S. (Bristol: Biopress Ltd., 1990), p. 119. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species (New York: Collier Books, 1962), p. 484. Charles Darwin, “On the Formation of Mould,” in P. H. Barrett, ed., The Collected Papers of Charles Darwin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Volume 1, p. 49. P. Thomas Carroll and Lewis S. Feuer, “Further evidence that Karl Marx was not the recipient of Charles Darwin's letter dated 13 October 1880,” Annals of Science, 33, 1976, pp. 385–87 Edward Skidelsky, “The Quiet Sceptic. The Myths We Live By,” New Statesman, 16, 764, July 7, 2003, p. 46. Stephen Jay Gould, “Forward,” in Charles Darwin, The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), pp. v-xxi; 326 pp. [Facsimile of 1881 edition, London, John Murray]. MECW, Volume 46, 1992, p. 274. Lewis S. Feuer, “The Letters of Edwin Ray Lankester to Karl Marx: The Last Stage in Marx's Intellectual Revolution,” Journal of the History of Ideas, XL, 4, October-December, 1979, pp. 645–46. Jenny Marx to J. Ph. Becker, January 29, 1866, in MECW, Volume 42, 1987, p. 571. Friedrich Lessner, “Before 1848 and After,” in Marx and Engels: Through the Eyes of their Contemporaries (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972), p. 110; MECW, Volume 43, 1988, pp. 292, 454. Matthias Schleiden, Physiologie der Pfanzen und Tiere on the cell metabolism of plants and animals, Johannes Ranke Grundzüge der Physiology (1868), Wilhelm Friedrich Kuhne 1837–1900 Lehrbuch der physiologischen Chemie (1868), and Ludimar Hermann (1838–1914) of Zurich, Grundriss der Physiologie des Menschen (1874), on bioelectric cell communication. In August-September 1872 Marx met Hermann's pupil, Sergei Podolinsky (1850–1891), a Ukrainian physician, Darwinist and socialist then living in France. In December 1878 he read “Leibnizische Gedanken in der neuren Naturwissenschaft” (1870) by Hermann's mentor, Emil Du Bois-Reymond. Ralph Colp, Jr., “The Contacts Between Karl Marx and Charles Darwin,” Journal of the History of Ideas, XXXV, 2, April-June, 1974, pp. 329–338. MECW, Volume 46, 1992, p. 251. Marx to F. A. Sorge, June 14, 1876, MECW, Volume 45, 1991, p. 124. MECW, Volume 41, 1985, p. 381. Thomas Jarrold, Dissertations on man, philosophical, physiological, and political; in answer to Mr. Malthus's “Essay on the principle of population”(London, printed for Cadell and Davis, 1806). MECW, Volume 43, 1988, p. 217. De l'origine des espèces par sélection naturelle ou Des lois de transformation des êtres organisés. Traduction de Mme Clémence Royer (Paris, 1862). Charles Darwin to C. Lyell, Down, August 22 [1867], Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Volume 2, p. 5. http://library.floresca.net/596-5.html Quoted in Peter Singer, A Darwinian Left: Politics, Evolution, and Cooperation (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 10. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, in Two Volumes (London: John Murray, 1871). Rudolf Virchow, Die Freiheit der Wissenschaft im modernen Staat (Berlin, 1877). Francis Darwin, ed., The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1905), p. 413. Engels to Oscar Schmidt, July 19, 1878, MECW, Volume 45, 1991, p. 313; Stack, op. cit., p. 2. Darwin Correspondence Online.http://darwin.lib.cam.ac.uk/perl/nav?pclass = calent&pkey = 11822 “Such are profound scholars!” Marx to Engels, November 14, 1868, MECW, Volume 43, 1988, pp. 158-89. Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Volume 1 (D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1911), p. 286. Aveling, Charles Darwin and Karl Marx: a Comparison (Green: Twentieth Century Press, 1897), p. 24, reprinted by permission from the New Century Review; Ludwig Büchner, Darwinismus und Sozialismus, oder, Der Kampf ums Dasein und die moderne Gesellschaft, Darwinistische Schriften, Erste Folge 19, Leipzig, 1894. Kapp, op. cit, p. 256. Anonymous, Life beneath the waves and a description of the Brighton Aquarium. Tinsley Brothers, London, 1871. http://216.239.33.100/search?q = cache: tew6byfIcxwC:www.petsforum.com/cichlidroom/articles/a123.html + %22Brighton + aquarium%22&hl = en&ie = UTF-8 Quoted in Dr. Barbara Hecker, Deep East – Producer's Logs, September 28, 2001. http://www.ecology.com/feature-stories/expeditions/deep-east-producers-logs/9-27-28-01/ Charles Darwin, “Sir Wyville Thomson and Natural Selection,” Nature, xxiii, November 11, 1880, p. 32. Die Universität Jena kann in Bezug auf die Entwicklung der Wissenschaft Ökologie, http://141.35.2.84/biologie/ecology/oekologie_in_jena_e.html MECW, Volume 43, 1988, p. 162. William Saville-Kent, The Great Barrier Reef (London: W H Allen, 1893). Henry Lee, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., The White Whale (London: R. K. Burt & Co., 1878). Henry Lee, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., Sea Monsters Unmasked (London: William Clowes And Sons, 1883). Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Boston: Extending Horizons Books, original 1902, this edition ca. later 1950s), p. 11. Frank Ryan, Darwin's Blind Spot (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2002), p. 6. MECW, Volume 45, 1991, p. 107. Stephen Jay Gould, “Seeing Eye to Eye,” op. cit. MECW, Volume 5, 1976, p. 4.