American Relief Operations at Nikolaiev, USSR, 1922–1923
1989; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 51; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1540-6563.1989.tb01279.x
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)Intelligence, Security, War Strategy
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. Jane's Fighting Ships, 1986‐‐1987 (London, 1986), 556‐‐76; Combat Fleets of the World, 1984/1985 (Annapolis, 1984), 683‐‐84.2. Col. William R. Grove, Report of' Operations in the Ukraine [Grove Report], 31 July 1922, Box 121, p. 11, Records of the American Relief Administration [ARA Records], Archives of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace [Hoover Institution], Stanford University; testimonials to the ARA, 18 June, 24 July and 6 August 1922, Box 121, ARA Records. For the background of the ARAs Russian operation, see H. H. Fisher, The Famine in Soviet Russia, 1919‐‐1923 (New York, 1927), Frank A. Golder and Lincoln Hutchinson, On the Trail of the Russian Famine (Stanford, 1927), P. C. Hiebert and Orie O. Miller, Feeding the Hungry: The Russian Famine 1919‐‐1925 (Scottdale, Penn., 1929) and Benjamin M. Weissman, Herbert Hoover and Famine Relief to Soviet Russia, 1921‐‐1923 (Stanford, 1974).3. “Civil Wars in the Ukraine,” n.d., by an unidentified Russian employee of the ARA, enclosed in Grove Report. Fisher, Famine in Soviet Russia, 65–67, 160‐‐62, 457‐‐68. Weissman, Hoover and Famine Relief, 85, 96‐‐101. League of Nations, Report on Economic Conditions in Russia with Special Reference to the Famine of 1921‐‐1922 and the State of Agriculture (Nancy, France, 1922), 26‐‐56.4. Grove Report, 1‐‐2; Leon Danley to W. J. Myers, 20 March 1922, ARA personnel file of Mayer Raskin [Personnel File], Herbert Hoover Presidential Library [Hoover Library], West Branch, Iowa.5. Weissman, Hoover and Famine Relief, 29–34, 199‐‐200; John M. Thompson, Russia, Bolshevism, and the Versailles Peace (Princeton, 1966), 257‐‐59. Hoover to George Barr Baker, 19 November 1925, Box 240, Commerce Papers, Hoover Library.6. Raskin, “Bringing Relief to Nikolaiev,” in Documents of the American Relief Administration, Russian Operations, 1921‐‐1923, ed. Fisher and Sudn L. Bane, 11 vols., (Stanford, 1931), 9:204, 213; Raskin, Report on Feeding operations [Raskin Report], Nikolaiev District, 10 August 1922, Box 121, pt. 1, p. 15, ARA Records.7. ARA employment application of Mayer Raskin, n.d., and George I. Gay to Raskin, 30 March 1922, both in Personnel File.8. Raskin, “Bringing Relief to Nikolaiev” 9:191‐‐94, 216.9. Ibid., 189; James F. Hodgson, Report on the Work of the American Relief Administration in Odessa and Odessa Gubernia, 29 May 1923, in Fisher and Bane, ARA Documents 9: 222‐‐23.10. Grove Report, 12, 19; Raskin Report, 21.11. Raskin, “Bringing Relief to Nikolaiev” 9: 205‐‐207.12. Raskin Report, 13; Raskin, “Bringing Relief to Nikolaiev” 9: 207‐‐209.13. Raskin, “Bringing Relief to Nikolaiev” 9: 208; Raskin Report, 20; Grove Report, 13; Raskin to Col. William N. Haskell, 10 November 1922, Box 173, ARA Records.14. Raskin, “Bringing Relief to Nikolaiev” 9: 209‐‐10, 215.15. Ibid., 209‐‐10.16. Ibid., 211‐‐12; Raskin Report, 20.17. Raskin Report, 20; Raskin, “Bringing Relief to Nikolaiev” 9210.18. Raskin, “Bringing Relief to Nikolaiev” 9: 213; Raskin Report, 22.19. Raskin, “Bringing Relief to Nikolaiev” 9: 216‐‐17.20. Fisher, notes of a trip with Golder to the Ukraine, Summer 1922, Box 84, ARA Records; Golder to Cyril J. C. Quinn, 2 September 1922, Box 14, Frank A. Golder Papers, Hoover Institution; Raskin Report, 23. Golder, a native Russian, accompanied Fisher as a translator but also kept his eyes open for historical materials for the Hoover War Library at Stanford University. To Golder's disappointment, Raskin had never heard of John Paul Jones, who had maintained his headquarters at Nikolaiev while an admiral under Catherine the Great, and knew of no Jones records anywhere in the district. See Golder, John Paul Jones in Russia (Garden City, N.Y., 1927), 37‐‐64.21. Fisher, notes of trip with Golder to the Ukraine; Raskin to Haskell, 5 January 1923, Box 173; and extract from the Odessa Krasnaya Gazetta, 27 January 1923, Box 131, all in the ARA Records. Golder and Hutchinson, On the Trail of the Russian Famine, 214–15.22. Raskin to Haskell, 15 October 1922, Box 122, and Raskin to Haskell, 3 January 1923, Box 173, both in ARA Records.23. Raskin, “Bringing Relief to Nikolaiev” 9: 216; Raskin Report, 25.24. Raskin to Haskell, 15 October, 24 November and 3 December 1922, all in Box 173, ARA Records; Raskin to Haskell, 24 December 1922, and Cyril J. C. Quinn, memorandum, 14 March 1923, both in Personnel File; Raskin to Haskell, 18 January 1923, Box 173, ARA Records. For Sturm and Raskin, what had begun as a short‐term relief venture turned into a long‐term business association in a shoe rebuilding company in London. In 1945 Raskin apologized to the ARA for failing to pay his dues and asked to be reinstated. “By the way,” he added, “this also goes for Philip Sturm with whom I am still associated in business. We have been in London throughout the war and shared the many and varied experiences which were common to most Londoners.”A.R.A. Association Review, January 1945, 23.25. Raskin Report, 25; James P. Goodrich, “Manuscript on Various Trips to Russia, 1921‐‐1922,” Chap. M, Box 16, James P. Goodrich Papers, Hoover Library.26. I. L. Portnoy, “Provocation by US. Men‐of‐war in the Port of Odessa in 1922,”Istoricheskiy Archiv (November‐December 1960), Box 1, Papers of Arthur C. Ringland, Hoover Institution. Weissman, Hoover and Famine Relief, 90, points out that several American destroyers called at Black Sea ports in connection with the delivery of ARA supplies. In one case a naval officer filed a report with his superior describing the defenses of Novorossiysk, but the visits were halted in the fall of 1922 at the insistence of Haskell and Hoover. On the other hand, ARA officials had their own list of Soviet provocations at the port of Odessa. According to Haskell, local authorities often fined American ships for arriving with a shortage of supplies. (“This is a thing no one ever heard of before in the world I guess,” noted Haskell.) Another scheme was for a Soviet agent to sell to an American crew member an item which could not be legally exported, such as a fur collar. The ship would then be fined $1500 and detained until a settlement was negotiated. “Probably the next ship that comes in has the same piece of fur sold to it,” noted Haskell. “There are all kinds of schemes worked out by these fellows to hold up every ship with something or other, and as our representative truthfully said the other day, the ship's captain is lucky to get away with his mast and boom.” Haskell recommended, in a facetious tone, that all the world's pilferers should be sent to Odessa “to take a post‐graduate course.” See Haskell to Goodrich, 20 February 1923, Box 19, Goodrich Papers.27. Weissman (Hoover and Famine Relief, 184‐‐88) discusses in detail the progressive shift in Soviet interpretations of the ARA from initial praise, as in the 1926 edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, to cold war denunciations of the organization as a counterrevolutionary conspiracy dedicated to destroying the Soviet state.28. Raskin, “Bringing Relief to Nikolaiev” 9: 208, 214.Additional informationNotes on contributorsBenjamin D. RhodesThe author is Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin—Whitewater.
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