Israeli Perceptions of Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism
2006; Routledge; Volume: 25; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/13531040500503013
ISSN1744-0548
Autores ResumoAbstract Zionist thinkers assumed that the establishment of a Jewish state, which entailed a fundamental change in traits that non-Jews found contemptible, would bring an end to anti-Semitism. Yet after the 1967 war, the Soviet Union, the Western left and Third World governments, previously supportive of Israel, placed Israel in the camp of Western imperialism, while the emerging New Left identified Israel as imperialistic and racist. Against the background of the change in the international climate, debates in Israel over anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism were shaped by domestic politics. While the right saw anti-Semitism as the cause of hostility to Israel, the left argued that anti-Zionism, rooted in political arguments about the Middle East conflict, fanned the flames of anti-Semitism. The attitude to anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism became a cultural code, highlighting the divide between left and right, and between religious and secular. Acknowledgments I wish to thank Boaz Levtov, for his work as research assistant on this article. Notes [1] See CitationShapira, Land and Power, 55. [2] See CitationAvni and Shimoni, Ha-tziyonut u-mitnagdeha. [3] Jabotinsky, “Al kir ha-barzel (anahnu veha-aravim)” (On the iron wall [we and the Arabs]), and “Ha-musar shel “kir ha-barzel”” (The morality of the “iron wall”], in Ktavim, 251–66. [4] CitationHarkabi, “Ha-antishemiyut ha-aravit.” [5] For more on this subject, see Shapira, Land and Power, 129–86. [6] Reichert, “Medinat Yisrael veha-antishemiyut.” [7] A detailed account of this process in the Soviet Union can be found in CitationPoliakov, Me-anti-tziyonut le-antishemiyut, in particular 46–87. [8] See, for example, the story by Ida CitationFink, “Yulia,” in idem, Kol ha-Sipurim, 275–76. [9] See, for example, what Yariv Ben-Aharon had to say: “We believed we would be destroyed, if we did not win. The Holocaust bestowed or bequeathed this concept. It is a tangible concept for anyone who grew up in Israel, even if he/she did not live through the Holocaust but only heard or read about it.” Shapira, ed., Siah Lohamim, 161; see also 167–68, 174–82. [10] CitationWistrich, ed., Ha-anti-tziyonut, 13. [11] CitationManor, “Ha-ma'avak,” and Alilat Dam, 27–29. [12] CitationList, “He-hazit ha-anti-yisraelit.” [13] List, “He-hazit ha-anti-yisraelit.” [14] Dan, “Yamin, smol, ve-hozer halilah.” [15] Dan, “Yamin, smol, ve-hozer halilah.” [16] “The war of the Arabs is understood by members of the New Left as a national liberation struggle, and they are not inclined to recognize Zionism as the liberation movement of the Jews.” CitationLamm, “Ha-smol he-hadash.” [17] For more on New Left groups in Israel in the early 1970s and on other radical groups, see the series of articles by Nahum Barne'a, “Radikalizm mi-smol umi-yamin” (Radicalism on the left and right). Dvar ha-Shavu'a, 26 May 1972, and 2, 9 and 16 June 1972. [18] CitationManor, Alilat dam, 36–89. [19] Sprinzak, “Anti-tziyonut.” [20] Sprinzak, “Anti-tziyonut.” [21] CitationWieseltier, “Antishemiyut ka-yom,” 36–39. [22] See, for example, “Begin la-eropa'im: Simu ketz le-antishmiyut” (Begin to the Europeans: Put an end to anti-Semitism), Ma'ariv, 26 October 1980. [23] CitationWistrich, ed., Ha-anti-tziyonut, 17–18, 20–21. [24] Wistrich, ed., Ha-anti-tziyonut, 14. [25] Wistrich, ed., Ha-anti-tziyonut, 14–16. [26] Cited in Preuss, “Yisrael be-itonut ha-olam.” [27] For examples of positions on the right, highlighting the connection of European attitudes to Israel and the days of Munich, 1938, see Arieh Tzimuki, “Ha-shavu'a ha-medini” (This week in politics), Yedi'ot Aharonot, 20 June 1980; Shmuel Shnitzer, “Patronei ha-teror” (Patrons of terror), Ma'ariv 17 January 1980; Shmuel Katz, “Zikhrono ha-katzar shel sar hutz leshe'avar” (The short memory of the former foreign minister), Ma'ariv 21 March 1980. See also CitationRabbi, “Sinat Yisrael le-doroteha,” 156–61; CitationGreenberg, “Utzmah yehudit,” 14–19; CitationLiebman, “Gishot klapei yehudim.” [28] CitationKreutner, “Lo levadad,” 614–15. [29] Hayim Hatzori, “Antishemiyut o bikoret obyektivit?” Migvan, no. 73 (September 1982): 69. [30] Similar approaches can be found in Ya'akov Sharett, “Ksheha-olam kulo negdeinu” (When the whole world is against us), Ma'ariv, 25 March 1980; Hanoch Bartov, “Lahzor el ha-olam” (To return to the world), Ma'ariv, 27 June 1980. [31] Preuss, “Yisrael be-itonut ha-olam.” [32] Bauer, Ha-gal ha-antishemi; Wistrich, Ha-anti-tziyonut. [33] Wistrich, Ha-anti-tzyionut, 29–31. [34] CitationHerman and Farago, “Tguvot shel yehudim amerikai'im ve-yisraelim”; CitationFarago and Levy, “Zehut yehudit.” [35] CitationLevy, Israeli Perceptions of Antisemitism, 4–27. [36] The above passage is based on CitationOron, Zelikovich, and CitationKeren, Musagim ve-amadot, 18–60; see also Keren, Zelikovich, and Oron, Antishemiyut ve-gizanut, 31. [37] Aharon Megged, “Dvarim she-ein ba-hem emet” (Words without truth]), Ha'aretz, 14 October 1988; A. B. Yehoshua, “Afelat ha-nefesh ha-kollektivit” (The dark side of the collective soul), Ha'aretz, 21 October 1988. [38] Moshe Zimmerman, “Ha-miskenut lo mishtalemet” (Pitifulness doesn't pay), Ha'aretz, weekend supplement, 21 April 1989. [39] Moshe Zimmerman, “Milkud ha-musar ha-kaful shel Yisrael” (The catch in Israel's double standards), Ha'aretz, 21 January 1990. [40] For example, Ishay, “Ha-kesher ha-meshulash”; Wistrich, “Yudofobiyah islamit”; CitationKotek, “Motivim antishemiim”; CitationGerstenfeld, “Ha-demonizatziyah shel Yisrael”; Moti Zaft, “Antishemiyut be-masveh anti-tziyonut” (Anti-Semitism in the guise of anti-Zionism), Ha-Tzofeh, Passover Supplement, 5 April 1985; Dr. Manfred Rafael Lehman, “Mi-anti-yisraeliyut le-antishemiyut” (From anti-Israelism to anti-Semitism), Ha-Tzofeh, 29 June 1990. [41] See, for example, Begin's address to the United Jewish Appeal mission, Ma'ariv 26 October 1980; also Tzimuki, “Ha-shavu'a ha-medini.” [42] Rubinstein, “Al ha-antishemiyut.” In her work, CitationDina Porat has focused on studies monitoring anti-Semitism over the past decade—for example, “Ha'im Esav soneh le-Ya'akov”; CitationStauber, “Anti-tziyonut.” [43] David Landau's interview with Yitzhak Shamir, Jerusalem Post, 8 September 1989. Dan Margalit, “Antishemiyut ke-ma'avak shuli” (Anti-Semitism as a marginalized struggle), Ha'aretz, 11 September 1989. [44] CitationYoram Peri, “Yofi, yesh antishemiyut” (Great! There's anti-Semitism), Davar, 11 January 1990. [45] Peri, “Mi-ben yakir le-ven horeg.” [46] Shevah Weiss, “Yisrael al shulhan ha-nituhim” (Israel on the operating table), Al Ha-Mishmar, 27 December 1990. [47] Shevah Weiss, “antiyisraeliyut antishemit” (Anti-Semitic anti-Israelism), Ha'aretz, 23 May 1988. [48] Gideon Samet, “Oy, kamah she-sonim otanu” (Oy, how they hate us), Ha'aretz, 25 March 1992. [49] Hannah Zemer, “Kamah tov she-yesh antishemiyut” (What a good thing there's anti-Semitism), Davar, 27 March 1992. [50] Elyakim Rubinstein, “Ha-shed ha-antishemi kayam” (The anti-Semitic demon lives on), Ha'aretz, 5 April 1992. [51] David Pedhazur, “Mi zakuk le-antishemiyut?” (Who needs anti-Semitism?), Davar, 1 May 1992. [52] Samet, “Oy, kamah she-sonim otanu.” [53] Rubinstein, “Al ha-antishemiyut.” [54] CitationSivan, “Antishemiyut ve-fundamentalizm muslemi.” Additional informationNotes on contributorsAnita Shapira Anita Shapira is Ruben Merenfeld Professor of Zionism at Tel Aviv University.
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