Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

In the Hands of the British: The Treatment of American POWs during the War of Independence

2000; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 62; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1540-6563.2000.tb01457.x

1540-6563

Philip Ranlet,

American Constitutional Law and Politics

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. “A Treaty of Amity and Commerce between his Majesty the King of Prussia and the United States of America,” 17 May 1786, Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, ed. Hunter Miller, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C., 1931), 179–80; see also Philip Ranlet, “The Fate of the Washington, 1775–1776: A Precedent for Future British Conduct,” American Neptune 54 (1994): 197.2. Jefferson to Jean Nicolas Démeunier, [26 June 17861, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, vol. 10 (Princeton, 1954), 61.3. Jefferson to Elbridge Gerry, 11 May 1785, Papers of Jefferson, vol. 8, 143.4. John Adam to Baron De Thulemeier, 13 February 1785, ibid., vol. 7, 465n.5. New‐Hampshire Gazette or, State Journal, and General Advertiser, 9 February 1779.6. Christopher Gadsden to Thomas McKean, 25 August 1781, The Writings of Christopher Gadsden, 1746–1805, ed. Richard Walsh (Columbia, S.C., 1966), 172.7. Philip Ranlet, “Tory David Sproat of Pennsylvania and the Death of American Prisoners of War,” Pennsylvania History 61 (1994): 185–86; Philip Davidson, Propaganda and the American Revolution, 1763–1783 (Chapel Hill, 19411, xiv‐xvi, 365, 369–71, 456.8. See Ranlet, “Tory David Sproat”; and Sheldon S. Cohen, Yankee Sailors in British Gaols: Prisoners of War at Forton and Mill, 1777–1783 (Newark, Del., 1995).9. Larry G. Bowman, “Prisoners of War.” in The American Revolution, 1775–1783, ed. Richard L. Blanco, vol. 2 (New York, 1993), 1328–34.10. “Information with respect to the State of Southern Prisoners given by Major Lane,” 7 February 1780, George Washington Papers, reel 64, Library of Congress; “Extract of a Letter from Major Genl. Lincoln to Washington,” 23 December 1779, ibid.11. Pierre Colomb, “Memoirs of a Revolutionary Soldier,” printed in The Collector 63 (1950): 198, 247. 12. Ibid., 24713. Ibid., 248; see also Gary D. Olson, “Thomas Brown, Loyalist Partisan, and the Revolutionary War in Georgia, 1777–1782,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 54 (1970): 13; and Edward G. Williams, “The Prevosts of the Royal Americans,” Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 56 (1973): 14–16, 20–21.14. Paul H. Smith, Loyalists and Redcoats: A Study in British Revolutionary Policy (Chapel Hill, 1964), 87–88, 94–98, 125, 139, 169–71.15. Memorial of Sir James Wright and others to Lord George Germain, 19 November 1778, British Headquarters Papers, no. 1962, New York Public Library.16. Wright to Sir Henry Clinton, 15 April 1780, ibid., no. 2686; Clinton to General Augustine Prevost, 30 April 1779, ibid., no. 1959.17. Clinton to General Prevost, 30 April 1779, ibid., no. 1959; General Prevost to Clinton, 30 July 1779, ibid., no. 2151.18. General Prevost to Clinton, 30 July 1779, ibid., no. 2151.19. James Wright Jr. to Lord Cornwallis, 20 August 1780, Public Record Office (hereafter PRO) 30/11/63, ff. 59–61.20. Ibid.; Franklin Wickwire and Mary Wickwire, Cornwallis: The American Adventure (Boston, 1970), 186; Kenneth Coleman, The American Revolution in Georgia (Athens, Ga., 1958), 124–25.21. Nisbet Balfour to Cornwallis, 27 June 1780, PRO 30/11/2, f. 203; Olson, “Thomas Brown,” 14–15.22. Sir James Wright to Mariot Arbuthnot, 7 March 1780, Colonial Office (hereafter CO) 5/665/f. 227, Library of Congress.23. Balfour to Lord Rawdon, 29 October 1780, PRO 30/11/3, ff. 309–11.24. David Ramsay, M.D., The History of South‐Carolina, vol. 1 (Charleston, S.C., 1809), 444.25. Clinton to Germain, 4 June 1780, Documents of the American Revolution, Colonial Office Series, 1770–1783, ed. K. G. Davies, vol. 18 (Shannon, Ireland, 1978), 102.26. Cornwallis to Clinton, 29 August 1780, The Campaign in Virginia, 1781: An exact Reprint of six rare Pamphlets on the Clinton‐Cornwallis Controversy, ed. Benjamin Franklin Stevens, vol. 1 (London, 1888), 261–63; Balfour to Cornwallis, 1 September 1780, PRO 30/11/64, f. 3; Horatio Gates to Jefferson, 9 September 1780, Papers of Jefferson, vol. 3, 620; Philip Ranlet, The New York Loyalists (Knoxville, Tenn., 1986), 113.27. Cornwallis to Sir James Wright, 24 July 1780, PRO 30/11/78, ff. 46–47.28. Cornwallis to Rawdon, 29 June 1780, Correspondence of Charles, First Marquis Cornwallis, ed. Charles Ross, vol. 1 (London, 1859), 49; Cornwallis to Major Wright, 21 July 1780, PRO 30/11/78, f. 38.29. Cornwallis to Major Wright, 21 July 1780, PRO 30/11/78, f. 38; Cornwallis to Balfour, 3 July 1780, ibid., ff. 3–4.30. Cornwallis to Sir James Wright, 24 July 1780, ibid., ff. 46–47; Sir James Wright to Cornwallis, 9 July and 31 July 1780, PRO 30/11/2, ff. 257, 397; Edward J. Cashin, The King's Ranger: Thomas Brown and the American Revolution on the Southern Frontier (Athens, Ga., 1989), 109–10; Wickwire and Wickwire, Cornwallis, 186.31. Major Wright to Cornwallis, 15 July 1780, PRO 30/11/2, ff. 305–06; Cornwallis to Major Wright, 21 July 1780, PRO 30/11/78, f. 38.32. Major Wright to Cornwallis, 20 August 1780, PRO 30/11/63, ff. 59–61; Cashin, The King's Ranger, 98–99.33. Cornwallis to Germain, 19 September 1780, Clinton‐Cornwallis, vol. 1, 265; Ranlet, The Fate of the Washington, 1775–1776,” 196–97.34. Cornwallis to Clinton, 4 December 1780, Cornwallis Correspondence, vol. 1, 73; Washington to President of Congress, 16 October 1780, The Writings of George Washington, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick, vol. 20 (Washington, D.C., 1937), 192.35. Cornwallis to Clinton, 4 December 1780, Cornwallis Correspondence, vol. 1, 73.36. Balfour to Rawdon, 26 October 1780, PRO 30/11/3, ff. 290–91.37. Lt. Col. Moses Kirkland to Cornwallis, 31 October 1780, ibid., f. 347.38. Charles Stedman, The History of the Origin, Progress, and Termination of the American War, vol. 2 (1794; reprint, New York, 1969), 317.39. Rawdon to Cornwallis, 5 December 1780, Cornwallis Correspondence, vol. 1, 501.40. Balfour to Clinton, 6 May 1781, Clinton‐Cornwallis, vol. 1, 472–73,41. Cornwallis to Phillips, 10 April 1781, Cornwallis Correspondence, vol. 1, 87.42. Cornwallis to Germain, 18 April 1781, ibid., 89–9043. Cornwallis to Rawdon, 26 July 1780, PRO 30/11/78, ff. 48–49; Cornwallis to Clinton, 23 August 1780, Cornwallis Correspondence, vol. 1, 57.44. Cornwallis to Clinton, 22 December 1780, Clinton‐Cornwallis, vol. 1, 314.45. William Moultrie to Balfour, 16 October 1780, in William Moultrie, Memoirs of the American Revolution, vol. 2 (New York, 1802), 140–41.46. Cornwallis to Clinton, 3 December 1780, Clinton‐Cornwallis, vol. 1, 307.47. Thomds Bee to John Laurens, 9 February 1781, Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774–1789, ed. Paul H. Smith, vol. 16 (Washington, D.C., 1989), 693.48. Nathdnael Greene to President of Congress, 10 May 1781, Papers of the Continental Congress, item no. 155, pp. 67–69, reel 175, National Archives.49. Balfour to Rawdon, 26 October 1780, PRO 30/11/3, ff. 290–91; Ramsay, South Carolina, vol. 1, 460.50. Balfour to Rawdon, 29 October 1780, PRO 30/11/3, ff. 309–11; Wickwire and Wickwire, Cornwallis, 146.51. Rawdon to Balfour, 22 October 1780, PRO 30/11/3, f. 256; Balfour to Rawdon, 26 October 1780, ibid., ff. 290–91.52. Dr. David Oliphant to Moultrie, 14 November 1780, Moultrie, Memoirs, vol. 2, 142; Peter Fayssoux, M.D., to David Ramsey, 26 March 1785, Documentary History of the American Revolution, ed. R. W. Gibbes, M.D., vol. 3 (Columbia, S.C., 1853), 118.53. Moultrie to Balfour, 22 November 1780, ibid., 143; Balfour to Moultrie, 28 November 1780, ibid., 144–45.54. Ramsay, South Carolina, vol. 1, 460–61; Edward McCrady, The History of South Carolina in the Revolution, 1780–1783 (New York, 1902), 349–50.55. Oliphant to Moultrie, 3 February 1781, Moultrie, Memoirs, vol. 2, 155–56; Moultrie to Balfour, 24 January 1781, ibid., 151.56. Balfour to Moultrie, 8 February 1781, ibid., 156–57; Moultrie to Balfour, 24 January 1781, ibid., 151; Moultrie to Balfour, 12 February 1781, ibid., 158–60.57. Oliphant to Moultrie, 3 February 1781, ibid., 155n.58. Clinton to Germain, 20 September 1780, Documents, vol. 18, 224; Wickwire and Wickwire, Cornwallis, 159. Germain to Cornwallis, 9 November 1780, Documents, vol. 18, 226–27; Cornwallis to Germain, 17 March 1781, Earl Cornwallis, An Answer To… The Narrative of Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton (1783; reprint, New York, 1970), 22; Clinton to Cornwallis, 5 March 1781, ibid., 7.60. Earact of a Letter from Lt. Colonel Prevost to Lord Amherst,” 28 July 1780, CO 5/174/ff. 187–88.61. Lord Amherst to Germain, 8 November 1780, ibid., f. 185; Germain to Clinton, 7 March 1781, Documents, vol. 20, 77.62. John Dalling to the commanding officer at Charles Town, 14 July 1780, PRO 30/11/3, ff. 226–27.63. Dalllng to James Bain, 29 July 1780, PRO 30/11/2, ff, 385–86.64. Bain to Cornwallis, 18 October 1780, PRO 30/11/3, ff. 239–40; Cornwallis to Balfour, 4 November 1780, PRO 30/11/82, f. 7.65. Dalling to Cornwallis, 4 November 1780, PRO 30/11/66, ff. 1–2.66. Dalling to Charles Jenkinson, 31 August 1781, CO 5/173/ff. 86‐88; Balfour to Dalling, 24 May 1781, ibid., ff. 89–90; Balfour to Germain, 1 May 1781, CO 5/184/ff. 143–44; see also McCrady, South Carolina, 350.67. Balfour to Clinton, 13 February 1781, PRO 30/11/5, f. 56; James Simpson to William box, 21 February 1781, CO 5/230/pp. 287–89.68. Balfour to [Clinton], 25 January 1781, General Leslie's Letter Books, Emmet Collection, no. 15493, reel 10, New York Public Library; Clinton to Balfour, 9 March 1781, PRO 30/11/5, ff. 109–10.69. “Lieutenant Colonel Balfour's Proposal to General Moultrie,” 14 January 1781, Moultrie, Memoirs, vol. 2, 149–50; Lord Charles Montagu to Moultrie, 9 February and 11 March 1781, ibid., 158, 166–67; Moultrie to Montagu, 12 March 1781, ibid., 168–70; “Orders Charlestown, February 9, 1781 to Captain William Lowe,”Loyalists in the Southern Campaign of the Revolutionary War, ed. Murtie June Clark, vol. 1 (Baltimore, Md¨ 1981), 478.70. Orders to Lowe, 9 February 1781, Loyalists, vol. 1, 478; Montagu to Dalling, 1 October 1781, in Robert Scott davis Jr., “Lord Montagu's Mission to South Carolina in 1781: American POWs for the King's Service in Jamaica,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 84 (1983): 104.71. “Total Number enlisted in the… Carolina Rangers,” n.d., ibid., 477; Fayssoux to Ramsay, 26 March 1785, Documentary History, vol. 3, 119–20.72. Dalling to Jenkinson, 31 August 1781, CO 5/173/ff. 86–88.73. Recruiting List, Continental Prisoners of War… since 10 February 1781, for the West Indies,”Loyalists, vol. 1, 471–79; Robert Stansbury Lambert, South Carolina Loyalists in the American Revolution (Columbia, S.C., 19871, 203–04; Ranlet, The New York Loyalists, 109, 111.74. Dalling to General Stephen Kemble, 31 December 1780, The Kemble Papers, New York Historical Society, Collections, vol. 17 (1884), 377; James Robertson to Germain, 1 July 1780, The Twilight of British Rule in Revolutionary America: The New York Letter Book of General James Robertson, 1780–1783, ed. Milton M. Klein and Ronald W. Howard, (Cooperstown, N.Y., 1983), 127; Major William Odell to Rodney, 20 September 1780, Letter‐Books and Order‐Book of George, Lord Rodney, Admiral of the White Squadron, 1780–1782, New York Historical Society, Collections, vol. 65 (1932–1933), 14–15; Capt. R. F. Brownrigg to Cornwallis, 4 March 1781, PRO 30/11/69, ff. 3–4; Robertson to Cornwallis, 4 March 1781, ibid., ff. 5–6; Rivington's The Royal Gazette, 26 August 1780.75. Odell to Cornwallis, 19 May 1781, PRO 30/11/6, ff. 91–92.76. “Instructions for Captain Amherst,” ibid., f. 90; Capt. Amherst to Cornwallis, 13 May 1781, ibid., f. 88–89; Robertson to Lord Amherst, 24 January 1781, Robertson Letter Book, 171–72; Robertson to Cornwallis, 4 March 1781, PRO 30/11/69, ff. 5–6; Dalling to Jenkinson, 31 August 1781, CO 5/173/& 86–88.77. Cornwallis to Capt. Amherst, 28 June 1781, PRO 30/11/87, f. 19; Cornwallis to Balfour, 16 July 1781, PRO 30/11188, f. 21; Dalling to Jenkinson, 31 August 1781, CO 5/173/ff. 86–88; Robertson to Lord Amherst. 25 January 1782, Robertson Letter Book, 236–37; Piers Mackesy, The War for America, 1775–1783 (Cambridge, Mass., 1964), 33778. Sworn Statements of Humphry Macumber and others, 7 August 1781, in Loyalists, vol. 1, 481–83.79. Moultrie to Balfour. 21 March 1781, Moultrie, Memoirs, vol. 2, 193–94.80. Cornwallis to Germain, 17 March 1781, in Cornwallis, An Answer, 22.81. Balfour to Moultrie, March 1781, Moultrie, Memoirs, vol. 2, 171–72; Moultrie to Balfour, 31 March and 2 May 1781, ibid., 174, 197–98; McCrady, South Carolina, 356. The cartel is printed in Moultrie, Memoirs, vol. 2, 198–200.82. Balfour to the Militia prisoners of war, 17 May 1781, Documentary History, vol. 3, 72–73.83. Balfour to the Militia prisoners, 17 May 1781, ibid., 72–73; Stephen Moore and others to Greene, 18 May 1781, Leslie's Letter Books, Emmet no. 1 15670, reel 10.84. Moore and others to Balfour, 19 May 1781, Documentary History, vol. 3, 76–77.85. Moore and others to Greene, 18 May 1781, Emmet no. 15670, reel 10.86. Mabel L. Webber, ed., “Josiah Smith's Diary, 1780–1781,” South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 33 (1932): 282–84; George Smith McCowen Jr., The British Occupation of Charleston, 1780–82 (Columbia, S.C., 1972), 62.87. Sylvia R. Frey, Water From the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age (Princeton, 1991), 106, 326.88. Lt. Col. Robert Mebane and others to General Lafayette, 10 August 1781, in Loyalists, vol. 1, 480; Lafayette to Greene, 25 August 1781, Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution, Selected Letters and Papers, 1776–1790, ed. Stanley J. Idzerda, vol. 4 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1981), 352; Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, ed. Worthington C. Ford, vol. 21 (Washington, D.C., 1912), 929–30; Benjamin Franklin to President of Congress, 14 May 1781, The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, ed. Francis Wharton, vol. 4 (Washington, D.C., 1889), 410.89. Congress Journals, vol. 21, 973–74.90. James Young to Philip Stephens, 9 December 1776, Naval Documents of the American Revolution, ed. William Bell Clark and William James Morgan, vol. 7 (Washington, D.C., 1976), 424–25; Edward Otto Bayer to Young, 5 December 1776, ibid., 380–81; Larry G. Bowman, Captive Americans: Prisoners During the American Revolution (Athens, Ohio, 1976), 51; J. H. Parry and P. M. Sherlock, A Short History of the West Indies, 3d ed. (London, 1971), 134–35.91. “Circuldr letter from Ld. George Germain,” 10 January 1778, Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York, ed. E. B. O'Callaghan, vol. 8 (Albany, N.Y., 1857), 737; Parry and Sherlock, West Indies, 135.92. William Knox to Stephens, 1 September 1780, CO 5/255/pp. 33–34.93. Rodney to Major General James Cunningham, 3 March and 5 March 1782, Rodney Letter‐Books, vol. 65, 251, 261; Capt. John Laforey to Rodney, 13 March 1782, ibid., 286; Rodney to Stephens, 18 May 1782, ibid., 411, 413; Rodney to General Archibald Campbell, 23 May 1782, ibid., 428‐29; Rodney to Lt. John Carteret Lewis, 16 July 1781, ibid., vol. 66, 523–24; Rodney to Capt. John McLaurin, 5 March 1782, ibid., 592; Rodney to Capt. Charles Cotton, 29 March 1782, ibid., 630; Bowman, Captive Americans, 42.94. Samuel Parsons to the Committee of Congress for Foreign Affairs, 20 July 1781, Papers of the Continental Congress, item 90, 378–79, reel 118; Parsons to the Marine Committee of Congress, 12 April 1782. ibid., item 137, 601–02, reel 148; Parsons to Congressional Committee for Foreign Affairs, 14 April 1782, ibid., 627–30.95. Parsons to Committee of Congress for Foreign Affairs, 20 July 1781, ibid., item 90, 378–79, reel 118.96. Ranlet, “Tory David Sproat,” 192.97. Ibid., 188; Bowman, Captive Americans, 51.98. Alexander Martin to the North Carolina congressional delegates, n.d., The State Records of North Carolina, ed. Walter Clark, vol. 16 (Winston, N.C., 1899), 735; Martin to Greene, 17 February 1783, ibid., 740–41; Martin to General Lillington, 17 February 1783, ibid., 739–40.99. Martin to Greene. 17 February 1783, ibid., 740–41.100. Martin to Montagu, 17 February 1783, ibid., 742–43; Martin to Greene, 17 February 1783, ibid., 740–41.101. Grezne to Martin, 28 March 1783, ibid., 768.102. Dr. John Hunter to Robert Adair, 5 September 1781, CO 5/173/ff. 93–94103. Kanlet, “Tory David Sproat,” 189, 200.104. Sylvia R. Frey, The British Soldier in America: A Social History of Military Life in the Revolutionary Period (Austin, Tex., 1981), 24–25, 27.