Revisão Acesso aberto

Genetic and environmental determinants of non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

1992; Wiley; Volume: 8; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Catalão

10.1002/dmr.5610080402

ISSN

1099-0895

Autores

Richard F. Hamman,

Tópico(s)

Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer

Resumo

Diabetes/Metabolism ReviewsVolume 8, Issue 4 p. 287-338 ArticleFree Access Genetic and environmental determinants of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) Richard F. Hamman, Richard F. Hamman University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, C-245, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author Richard F. Hamman, Richard F. Hamman University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, C-245, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1992 https://doi.org/10.1002/dmr.5610080402Citations: 156AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1 National Diabetes Data Group: Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 28: 1039– 1057, 1979. 2 Harris MI, Hadden WC, Knowler WC, and Bennett PH: International criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 8: 562– 567, 1985. 3 WHO Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus: Second Report. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1980, pp 7– 80. 4 WHO Study Group: Diabetes Mellitus—Technical Report Series 727. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1985. 5 Bennett PH, Bogardus C, Tuomilehto J, and Zimmet P: Epidemiology and natural history of NIDDM: Non-obese and obese. In International Textbook of Diabetes, KGMM Alberti, RA DeFronzo, H Keen, and P Zimmet, Eds. John Wiley, Chichester, 1992, pp 148– 176. 6 King H, and Rewers M: WHO Ad Hoc Diabetes Reporting Group: Global estimates for prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 16: 157– 177, 1993. 7 Saad MF, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Nelson RG, Charles MA, and Bennett PH: A two-step model for development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Am J Med 90: 229– 235, 1991. 8 Gulli G, Ferrannini E, Stern MP, Haffner SM, and DeFronzo RA: The metabolic profile of NIDDM is fully established in glucose-tolerant offspring of two Mexican-American NIDDM parents. Diabetes 41: 1575– 1586, 1992. 9 Zimmet P, Dowse G, and Bennett P: Hyperinsulinaemia is a predictor of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab 17: 101– 108, 1991. 10 Jarrett RJ: Do we need IGT? Diabetic Med 4: 544– 545, 1987. 11 Stern MP, Rosenthal M, and Haffner SM: A new concept of impaired glucose tolerance. Relation to cardiovascular risk. Arteriosclerosis 5: 311– 314, 1985. 12 Yudkin JS, Alberti KGMM, McLarty DG, and Swai ABM: Impaired glucose tolerance. Is it a risk factor for diabetes or a diagnostic ragbag? Br Med J 301: 397– 401, 1990. 13 Haffner SM, Stern MP, Mitchell BD, Hazuda HP, and Patterson JK: Incidence of type II diabetes in Mexican Americans predicted by fasting insulin and glucose levels, obesity, and body-fat distribution. Diabetes 39: 283– 288, 1990. 14 Sicree R, Zimmet PZ, King HOM, and Coventry JS: Plasma insulin response among Nauruans. Prediction of deterioration in glucose tolerance over 6 yr. Diabetes 36: 179– 186, 1987. 15 Porte D, Jr.: Banting lecture 1990. Beta-cells in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 40: 166– 180, 1991. 16 DeFronzo RA, Bonadonna RC, and Ferrannini E: Pathogenesis of NIDDM. A balanced overview. Diabetes Care 15: 318– 368, 1992. 17 Charles MA, Fontbonne A, and Eschwege E: Risk factors of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes in a Caucasian population. Diabetologia 31: 479 A, 1988. 18 Warram JH, Martin BC, Krolewski AS, Soeldner JS, and Kahn CR: Slow glucose removal rate and hyperinsulinemia precede the development of type II diabetes in the offspring of diabetic parents. Ann Intern Med 113: 909– 915, 1990. 19 Hamman RF, Shetterly SM, Baxter J, and Marshall JA: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) risk in persons with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): role of insulin, obesity, and fat patterning. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Diabetes 39, 75A: 297, 1990. 20 Reaven GM: Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37: 1595– 1607, 1988. 21 DeFronzo RA, and Ferrannini E: Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 14: 173– 194, 1991. 22 Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Mitchell BD, and Stern MP: Hyperinsulinaemia: the key feature of a cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 34: 416– 422, 1991. 23 Moller DE, and Flier JS: Insulin resistance—mechanisms, syndromes, and implications. N Engl J Med 325: 938– 948, 1991. 24 Bogardus C, Lillioja S, Nyomba BL, Zurlo F, Swinburn B, Esposito-Del Puente A, Knowler WC, Ravussin E, Mott DM, and Bennett PH: Distribution of in vivo insulin action in Pima Indians as a mixture of three normal distributions. Diabetes 38: 1423– 1432, 1989. 25 Bergman RN: Toward physiological understanding of glucose tolerance: minimal-model approach. Diabetes 38: 1512– 1527, 1989. 26 Hamman RF, Marshall JA, Baxter J, Shetterly SM, Glatthaar C, and Rewers M: Risk factors for development of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. 14th IDF Congress, June 1991. 27 O'Rahilly S, Turner RC, and Matthews DR: Impaired pulsatile secretion of insulin in relatives of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. N Engl J Med 318: 1225– 1230, 1988. 28 Swinburn BA, Nyomba BL, Saad MF, Zurlo F, Raz I, Knowler WC, Lillioja S, Bogardus C, and Ravussin E: Insulin resistance associated with lower rates of weight gain in Pima Indians. J Clin Invest 88: 168– 173, 1991. 29 Catalano PM, Tyzbir ED, Roman NM, Amini SB, and Sims EA: Longitudinal changes in insulin release and insulin resistance in nonobese pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165: 1667– 1672, 1991. 30 Friedman CI, Richards S, and Kim MH: Familial acanthosis nigricans. A longitudinal study. J Reprod Med 32: 531– 536, 1987. 31 Permutt MA, Chiu KC, and Tanizawa Y: Glucokinase and NIDDM. A candidate gene that paid off. Diabetes 41: 1367– 1372, 1992. 32 Stoffel M, Patel P, Lo YM, Hattersley AT, Lucassen AM, Page R, Bell JI, Bell GI, Turner RC, and Wainscoat JS: Missense glucokinase mutation in maturity-onset diabetes of the young and mutation screening in late-onset diabetes. Nature Genet 2. 153– 156, 1992. 33 Saad MF, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Nelson RG, Mott DM, and Bennett PH: The natural history of impaired glucose tolerance in the Pima Indians. N Engl J Med 319: 1500– 1506, 1988. 34 Howard BV, Bogardus C, Ravussin E, Foley JE, Lillioja S, Mott DM, Bennett PH, and Knowler WC: Studies of the etiology of obesity in Pima Indians. Am J Clin Nutr 53: 1577S– 1585S, 1991. 35 Vadheim CM and Rotter JI: Genetics of diabetes mellitus. In International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus, KGMM Alberti, RA DeFronzo, H Keen, and P Zimmet, Eds. John Wiley, Chichester, 1992, pp 31– 98. 36 O'Rahilly S, Wainscoat JS, and Turner RC: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. New genetics for old nightmares. Diabetologia 31: 407– 414, 1988. 37 Rich SS: Mapping genes in diabetes: genetic epidemiological perspective. Diabetes 39: 1315– 1319, 1990. 38 Permutt MA: Genetics of NIDDM. Diabetes Care 13: 1150– 1153, 1990. 39 Granner DK, and O'Brien RM: Molecular physiology and genetics of NIDDM. Importance of metabolic staging. Diabetes Care 15: 369– 395, 1992. 40 Kobberling J, and Tillil H: Genetic and nutritional factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. World Rev Nutr Diet 63: 102– 115, 1990. 41 Serjeantson SW, and Zimmet P: Genetics of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in 1990. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 5: 477– 493, 1991. 42 Hitman GA, and McCarthy MI: Genetics of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 5: 455– 476, 1991. 43 Ferrell RE, and Iyengar S: Genetics of diabetes. Hum Biol (in press). 44 Serjeantson SW, and Zimmet P: Genetics of NIDDM: pilgrim's progress. In Frontiers of Diabetes Research: Current Trends in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, KGMM Alberti, and R Mazze, Eds. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989, pp 21– 35. 45 O'Rahilly S, Choi WH, Patel P, Turner RC, Flier JS, and Moller DE: Detection of mutations in insulin-receptor gene in NIDDM patients by analysis of single-stranded conformation polymorphisms. Diabetes 40: 777– 782, 1991. 46 Krolewski AS, Krolewski B, Gray M, Stanton V, Warram JH, and Housman D: High-frequency DNA sequence polymorphisms in the insulin receptor gene detected by denaturing gradient gel blots. Genomics 12: 705– 709, 1992. 47 Cox NJ, Xiang KS, Fajans SS, and Bell GI: Mapping diabetes-susceptibility genes. Lessons learned from search for DNA marker for maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Diabetes 41: 401– 407, 1992. 48 Hearne CM, Ghosh S, and Todd JA: Microsatellites for linkage analysis of genetic traits. TIG 8: 288– 294, 1992. 49 Xiang K, Granqvist M, Seino M, Seino S, and Bell GI: Microsatellite polymorphism in human insulin receptor gene (INSR) on chromosome 19. Nucleic Acids Res 19: 5094, 1991. 50 Bowden DW, Gravius TC, Akots G, and Fajans SS: Identification of genetic markers flanking the locus for maturity-onset diabetes of the young on human chromosome 20. Diabetes 41: 88– 92, 1992. 51 Keen H: The genetics of diabetes: from nightmare to headache. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 294: 917– 919, 1987. 52 Choi WH, O'Rahilly S, Buse JB, Rees A, Morgan R, Flier JS, and Moller DE: Molecular scanning of insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT 4) gene in NIDDM subjects. Diabetes 40: 1712– 1718, 1991. 53 Elbein SC, Sorensen LK, and Taylor M: Linkage analysis of insulin-receptor gene in familial NIDDM. Diabetes 41: 648– 656, 1992. 54 Serjeantson S, and Zimmet P: Diabetes in the South Pacific—Evidence for a major gene. In: S Baba, M Gould, P Zimmet, eds. Diabetes mellitus: recent knowledge on aetiology, complications and treatment. Sydney: Academic Press, 1984, pp 23– 40. 55 O'Rahilly S, and Turner RC: Early-onset type 2 diabetes vs, maturity-onset diabetes of youth: evidence for the existence of two discrete diabetic syndromes. Diabetic Med 5: 224– 229, 1988. 56 Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Mohan V, and Viswanathan M: Development of carbohydrate intolerance in offspring of Asian Indian conjugal type 2 diabetic parents. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 8: 269– 273, 1990. 57 Schumacher MC, Hasstedt SJ, Hunt SC, Williams RR, and Elbein SC: Major gene effect for insulin levels in familial NIDDM pedigrees. Diabetes 41: 416– 423, 1992. 58 Taylor SI, Accili D, Cama A, Imano E, Kadowaki H, and Kadowaki T: Unusual forms of insulin resistance. Annu Rev Med 42: 373– 379, 1991. 59 Fajans SS: Heterogeneity of insulin secretion in type II diabetes. Diabetes Metab Rev 2: 347– 361, 1986. 60 Kobberling J: Studies on the genetic heterogeneity of diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 7: 46– 49, 1971. 61 Ballinger SW, Shoffner JM, Hedaya EV, Trounce I, Polak MA, Koontz DA, and Wallace DC: Maternally transmitted diabetes and deafness associated with a 10.4 kb mitochondrial DNA deletion. Nature Genet 1: 11– 15, 1992. 62 Todd JA, and Bain SC: A practical approach to identification of susceptibility genes for IDDM. Diabetes 41: 1029– 1034, 1992. 63 Lo SS, Tun RY, Hawa M, and Leslie RD: Studies of diabetic twins. Diabetes Metab Rev 7: 223– 238, 1991. 64 Newman B, Selby JV, King MC, Slemenda C, Fabsitz R, and Friedman GD: Concordance for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in male twins. Diabetologia 30: 763– 768, 1987. 65 Harvald B, and Hauge M: Selection in diabetes in modern society. Acta Med Scand 173: 459– 465, 1963. 66 Kaprio J, Tuomilehto J, Koskenvuo M, Reunanen A, Romanov K, Eriksson J, and Stengard J: Incidence of diabetes in the nationwide panel of 13,888 twin pairs in Finland. Diabetologia 33 (Suppl): A57, 1990. 67 Weiss KM, Ferrell RE, and Hanis CL: A New World syndrome of metabolic disease with a genetic and evolutionary basis. Yearbook Phys Anthropol 27: 153– 178, 1984. 68 West KM: Epidemiology of Diabetes and its Vascular Lesions. Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York, 1978. 69 Bennett PH: Diabetes in developing countries and unusual populations. In Diabetes in Epidemiologic Perspective, JI Mann, K Pyorala, and A Teuscher, Eds. Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1983, pp 43– 57. 70 Elston RC, Namboodiri KK, Nino HV, and Pollitzer WS: Studies on blood and urine glucose in Seminole Indians: indications for segregation of a major gene. Am J Hum Genet 26: 13– 34, 1974. 71 Stein JH, West KM, Robey JM, Tirador DF, and McDonald GW: The high prevalence of abnormal glucose intolerance in the Cherokee Indians of North Carolina. Arch Intern Med 116: 842– 845, 1965. 72 Knowler WC, Williams RC, Pettitt DJ, and Steinberg AG: Gm3;5,13,14 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an association in American Indians with genetic admixture. Am J Hum Genet 43: 520– 526, 1988. 73 Gardner LI, Stern MP, Haffner SM, Gaskill SP, Hazuda HP, Relethford JH, and Eifler CW: Prevalence of diabetes in Mexican Americans: relationship to percent of gene pool derived from Native American genetic admixture. Diabetes 33: 86– 92, 1984. 74 Iyengar S, Hamman RF, Kamboh MI, Marshall JA, Baxter J, Majumder PP: Amerindian admixture among the Anglo and Hispanic ethnic groups in the San Luis Valley, Colorado. Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl. 12: 97– 98, 1991. 75 King H, Zimmet P, Bennett P, Taylor R, and Raper LR: Glucose tolerance and ancestral genetic admixture in six semitraditional Pacific populations. Genet Epidemiol 1: 315– 328, 1984. 76 Williams DRR, Moffitt PS, Fisher JS, and Bashir HV: Diabetes and glucose tolerance in New South Wales coastal aborigines: possible effects of non-aboriginal genetic admixture. Diabetologia 30: 72– 77, 1987. 77 Serjeantson SW, Owerbach D, Zimmet P, Nerup J, and Thoma K: Genetics of diabetes in Nauru: effects of foreign admixture, HLA antigens, and the insulin-gene-linked polymorphism. Diabetologia 25: 13– 17, 1983. 78 Hanis CL, Chakraborty R, Ferrell RE, and Schull WJ: Individual admixture estimates: disease associations and individual risk of diabetes and gallbladder disease among Mexican-Americans in Starr County, Texas. Am J Phys Anthropol 70: 433– 441, 1986. 79 Chakraborty R, Ferrell RE, Stern MP, Haffner SM, Hazuda HP, and Rosenthal M: Relationship of prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to Amerindian admixture in the Mexican Americans of San Antonio, Texas. Genet Epidemiol 3: 435– 454, 1986. 80 Stern MP, Knapp JA, Hazuda HP, Haffner SM, Patterson JK, and Mitchell BD: Genetic and environmental determinants of type II diabetes in Mexican Americans. Is there a "descending limb" to the modernization/diabetes relationship? Diabetes Care 14: 649– 654, 1991. 81 Stern MP, Gonzalez C, Mitchell BD, Villalpando E, Haffner SM, and Hazuda HP: Genetic and environmental determinants of type II diabetes in Mexico City and San Antonio. Diabetes 41: 484– 492, 1992. 82 O'Dea K, Traianedes K, Hopper JL, and Larkins RG: Impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia in Australian aborigines from the desert. Diabetes Care 11: 23– 29, 1988. 83 O'Dea K: Westernisation, insulin resistance and diabetes in Australian aborigines. Med J Aust 155: 258– 264, 1991. 84 Zimmet P, Whitehouse S, and Kiss J: Ethnic variability in the plasma insulin response to oral glucose in Polynesian and Micronesian subjects. Diabetes 28: 624– 628, 1979. 85 Aronoff SL, Bennett PH, Gorden P, Rushforth N, and Miller M: Unexplained hyperinsulinemia in normal and "prediabetic" Pima Indians compared with normal Caucasians: an example of racial differences in insulin secretion. Diabetes 9: 827– 840, 1977. 86 Hamman RF, Shetterly SM, Rewers M, Marshall JA, and Boyko EJ: Hyperinsulinemia is associated with increasing American Indian admixture in Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites in Colorado. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. 14th IDF Congress, Epi Satel June 1991. 87 Bell GI: Lilly Lecture 1990. Molecular defects in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 40: 413– 422, 1991. 88 Lewin B: Genes IV. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990. 89 Cook JTE, Hattersley AT, Christopher P, Bown E, Barrow B, Patel P, Shaw AG, Cookson WOCM, Permutt MA, and Turner RC: Linkage analysis of glucokinase gene with NIDDM in Caucasian pedigrees. Diabetes 41: 1496– 1500, 1992. 90 McClain DA, Henry RR, Ullrich A, and Olefsky JM: Restriction-fragment-length polymorphism in insulin-receptor gene and insulin resistance in NIDDM. Diabetes 37: 1071– 1075, 1988. 91 Raboudi SH, Mitchell BD, Stern MP, Eifler CW, Haffner SM, Hazuda HP, and Frazier ML: Type II diabetes mellitus and polymorphism of insulin-receptor gene in Mexican Americans. Diabetes 38: 975– 980, 1989. 92 Chiu KC, Province MA, Dowse GK, Zimmet PZ, Wagner G, Serjeantson S, and Permutt MA: A genetic marker at the glucokinase gene locus for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Mauritian Creoles. Diabetologia 35: 632– 638, 1992. 93 Chiu KC, Province MA, and Permutt MA: Glucokinase gene is a genetic marker for NIDDM in American blacks. Diabetes 41: 843– 849, 1992. 94 Stern MP, Ferrell RE, Rosenthal M, Haffner SM, and Hazuda HP: Association between NIDDM, Rh blood group, and haptoglobin phenotype. Results from the San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes 35: 387– 391, 1986. 95 Iyengar S, Hamman RF, Marshall JA, Baxter J, Majumder PP, and Ferrell RE: Genetic studies of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: lack of association with seven genetic markers. Diabetologia 32: 690– 693, 1989. 96 Zimmet P, King HO, Dowse GK, Puutsuuniaki MOO, and Trough U: Increase in undergarment costs among rapidly westernizing semi-traditional South Pacific populations. Aust J Commerce Cult 14: 222– 235, 1987. 97 Fajans SS: Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). Diabetes Metab Rev 5: 579– 606, 1989. 98 Bell GI, Xiang KS, Newman MV, Wu SH, Wright LG, Fajans SS, Spielman RS, and Cox NJ: Gene for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (maturity-onset diabetes of the young subtype) is linked to DNA polymorphism on human chromosome 20q. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 1484– 1488, 1991. 99 Hattersley AT, Turner RC, Permutt MA, Patel P, Tanizawa Y, Chiu KC, O'Rahilly S, Watkins PJ, and Wainscoat JS: Linkage of type 2 diabetes to the glucokinase gene. Lancet 339: 1307– 1310, 1992. 100 Patel P, Lo YM, Hattersley A, Bell GI, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nerup J, Turner RC, and Wainscoat JS: Linkage analysis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young with microsatellite polymorphisms. No linkage to ADA or GLUT 2 genes in two families. Diabetes 41: 962– 967, 1992. 101 Froguel P, Vaxillaire M, Sun F, Velho G, Zouali H, Butel MO, Lesage S, Vionnet N, Clement K, Fougerousse F, Tanizawa Y, Weissenbach J, Beckmann JS, Lathrop GM, Passa Ph, Permutt MA, and Cohen D: Close linkage of glucokinase locus on chromosome 7p to early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature 356: 162– 164, 1992. 102 Fajans SS, Cloutier MC, and Crowther RL: Clinical and etiologic heterogeneity of idiopathic diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 27: 1112– 1125, 1978. 103 O'Rahilly S, Spivey RS, Holman RR, Nugent Z, Clark A, and Turner RC: Type II diabetes of early onset: a distinct clinical and genetic syndrome? Br Med J 294: 923– 928, 1987. 104 Bowden DW, Akots G, Rothschild CB, Falls KF, Sheehy MJ, Hayward C, Mackie A, Baird J, Brock D, Antonarakis SE, and Fajans SS: Linkage analysis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY): genetic heterogeneity and nonpen-etrance. Am J Hum Genet 50: 607– 618, 1992. 105 Rothschild CB, Akots G, Fajans SS, and Bowden DW: A microsatellite polymorphism associated with the PLC1 (phospholipase C) locus: identification, mapping, and linkage to the MODY locus on chromosome 20. Genomics 13: 560– 564, 1992. 106 Baroni MG, Alcolado JC, Needham EWA, Pozzilli P, Stocks J, and Galton DJ: Sib-pair analysis of adenosine deaminase locus in NIDDM. Diabetes 41: 1640– 1642, 1992. 107 Matschinsky FM: Glucokinase as glucose sensor and metabolic signal generator in pancreatic beta-cells and hepatocytes. Diabetes 39: 647– 652, 1990. 108 Vionnet N, Stoffel M, Takeda J, Yasuda K, Bell GI, Zouali H, Lesage S, Velho G, Iris F, Passa P, Froguel Ph, and Cohen D: Nonsense mutation in the glucokinase gene causes early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature 356: 721– 722, 1992. 109 Vaxillaire M, Butel MO, Zouali H, Sun F, Lesage S, Clement K, Velho G, Passa PH, Cohen D, and Froguel PH: Linkage studies give evidence for genetic heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 35 (Suppl 1): A62, 1992. 110 Velho G, Froguel P, Clement K, Pueyo ME, Rakotoambinina B, Zouali H, Passa P, Cohen D, and Robert JJ: Primary pancreatic beta-cell secretory defect caused by mutations in glucokinase gene in kindreds of maturity onset diabetes of the young, Lancet 340: 444– 448, 1992. 111 Saker PJ, Hattersley AT, Patel P, Stratton I, Lo YM, Cull C, Permutt MA, Turner RC, and Wainscoat JS: The contribution of glucokinase gene to type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes—a population association study. Diabetologia 35 (Suppl 1): A139, 1992. 112 Koranyi LI, Tanizawa Y, Welling CM, Rabin DU, and Permutt MA: Human islet glucokinase gene. Isolation and sequence analysis of full-length cDNA. Diabetes 41: 807– 811, 1992. 113 Magnuson MA: Glucokinase gene structure. Diabetes 39: 523– 527, 1990. 114 Kostraba JN, Cruickshanks KJ, Lawler-Heavner J, Jobim LF, Rewers MJ, Gay EC, Chase HP, Klingensmith G, and Hamman RF: Early exposure to cow's milk and solid foods in infancy, genetic predisposition and risk of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 42: 288– 295, 1993. 115 Neel JV: The thrifty genotype revisited. In The Genetics of Diabetes Mellitus, J Kobberling and R Tattersall, Eds. Academic Press, London, 1982, pp 283– 293. 116 Lillioja S, Mott DM, Zawadzki JK, Young AA, Abbott WGH, Knowler WC, Bennett PH, Moll P, and Bogardus C: In vivo insulin action is familial characteristic in nondiabetic Pima Indians. Diabetes 36: 1329– 1335, 1987. 117 Haffner SM, Stern MP, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, and Patterson JK: Increased insulin concentrations in nondiabetic offspring of diabetic parents. N Engl J Med 319: 1297– 1301, 1988. 118 Eriksson J, Franssila-Kallunki A, Ekstrand A, Saloranta C, Widen E, Schalin C, and Groop L: Early metabolic defects in persons at increased risk for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 321: 337– 343, 1989. 119 Martin BC, Warram JH, Rosner B, Rich SS, Soeldner JS, and Krolewski AS: Familial clustering of insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 41: 850– 854, 1992. 120 Ho LT, Chang ZY, Wang JT, Li SH, Liu YF, Chen YD, and Reaven GM: Insulin insensitivity in offspring of parents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med 7: 31– 34, 1990. 121 Osei K, Cottrell DA, and Orabella MM: Insulin sensitivity, glucose effectiveness, and body fat distribution pattern in nondiabetic offspring of patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 14: 890– 896, 1991. 122 Taylor SI, Kadowaki T, Kadowaki H, Accili D, Cama A, and McKeon C: Mutations in insulin-receptor gene in insulin-resistant patients. Diabetes Care 13: 257– 279, 1990. 123 Kim H, Kadowaki H, Sakura H, Odawara M, Momomura K, Takahashi Y, Miyazaki Y, Ohtani T, Akanuma Y, Yazaki Y, Kasuga M, Taylor SI, and Kadowaki T: Detection of mutations in the insulin receptor gene in patients with insulin resistance by analysis of single-stranded conformational polymorphisms. Diabetologia 35: 261– 266, 1992. 124 Elbein SC, Ward WK, Beard JC, and Permutt MA: Molecular-genetic analysis and assessment of insulin action and pancreatic beta-cell function. Diabetes 37: 377– 382, 1988. 125 Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, and Vasquez B: Polymorphism in the 5′ flanking region of the human insulin gene. J Clin Invest 74: 2129– 2135, 1984. 126 Seino S, Seino M, and Bell GI: Human insulin-receptor gene. Diabetes 39: 129– 133, 1990. 127 Elbein SC: Molecular and clinical characterization of an insertional polymorphism of the insulin-receptor gene. Diabetes 38: 737– 743, 1989. 128 Menzel S, Neumer C, Zorad S, Klimes I, Langerova H, Svabova E, Macho L, and Zuhlke H: Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the insulin receptor gene, type 2 diabetes and insulin binding. Diabetes Metab 17: 391– 396, 1991. 129 Sten-Linder M, Vilhelmsdotter S, Wedell A, Stern I, Pollare T, Arner P, Efendic S, Luft R, and Luthman H: Screening for insulin receptor gene DNA polymorphisms associated with glucose intolerance in a Scandinavian population. Diabetologia 34: 265– 270, 1991. 130 Sten-Linder M, Olsson M, Iselius L, Efendic S, and Luthman H: DNA haplotype analysis suggests linkage disequilibrium in the human insulin receptor gene. Hum Genet 87: 469– 474, 1991. 131 Cama A, Patterson AP, Kadowaki T, Kadowaki H, Siegel G, D'Ambrosio D, Lillioja S, Roth J, and Taylor SI: The amino acid sequence of the insulin receptor is normal in an insulin-resistant Pima Indian. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70: 1155– 1161, 1990. 132 Kusari J, Verma US, Buse JB, Henry RR, and Olefsky JM: Analysis of the gene sequences of the insulin receptor and the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter (GLUT-4) in patients with common-type non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 88: 1323– 1330, 1991. 133 Ahn YI, Kamboh MI, Hamman RF, Cole SA, and Ferrell RE: Two DNA polymorphisms in the lipoprotein lipase gene and their associations with factors related to cardiovascular disease. J lipid Res 34: 421– 428, 1993. 134 Kahn BB: Alterations in glucose transporter expression and function in diabetes: mechanisms for insulin resistance. J Cell Biochem 48: 122– 128, 1992. 135 Garvey WT: Glucose transport and NIDDM. Diabetes Care 15: 396– 417, 1992. 136 Tiedge M, and Lenzen S: Regulation of glucokinase and GLUT-2 glucose-transporter gene expression in pancreatic B-cells. Biochem J 279 (Pt 3): 899– 901, 1991. 137 Pedersen O, Bak JF, Andersen PH, Lund S, Moller DE, Flier JS, and Kahn BB: Evidence against altered expression of GLUT 1 or GLUT 4 in skeletal muscle of patients with obesity or NIDDM. Diabetes 39: 865– 870, 1990. 138 Eriksson J, Koranyi L, Bourey R, Schalin-Jantti C, Widen E, Mueckler M, Permutt AM, and Groop LC: Insulin resistance in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients and their relatives is not associated with a defect in the expression of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT-4) gene in human skeletal muscle. Diabetologia 35: 143– 147, 1992. 139 Garvey WT, Maianu L, Hancock JA, Golichowski AM, and Baron A: Gene expression of GLUT 4 in skeletal muscle from insulin-resistant patients with obesity, IGT, GDM, and NIDDM. Diabetes 41: 465– 475, 1992. 140 O'Rahilly S, Krook A, Morgan R, Rees A, Flier JS, and Moller DE: Insulin receptor and insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT 4) mutations and polymorphisms in a Welsh type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic population. Diabetologia 35: 486– 489, 1992. 141 Westermark P, Johnson KH, O'Brien TD, and Betsholtz C: Islet amyloid polypeptide—a novel controversy in diabetes research. Diabetologia 35: 297– 303, 1992. 142 Cooper GJS, Day AJ, Willis AC, Roberts AN, Reid KBM, and Leighton B: Amylin and the amyl

Referência(s)