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The Utility of Discourse Analysis to Heritage Studies: The Burra Charter and Social Inclusion

2006; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 12; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/13527250600727000

1470-3610

Emma Waterton, Laurajane Smith, Gary Campbell,

Rhetoric and Communication Studies

Abstract This paper reviews the methodological utility of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in heritage studies. Using the Burra Charter as a case study we argue that the way we talk, write and otherwise represent heritage both constitutes and is constituted by the operation of a dominant discourse. In identifying the discursive construction of heritage, the paper argues we may reveal competing and conflicting discourses and the power relations that underpin the power/knowledge relations between expertise and community interests. This identification presents an opportunity for the resolution of conflicts and ambiguities in the pursuit of equitable dialogues and social inclusion. Keywords: DiscourseBurra CharterCritical Discourse AnalysisSocial InclusionHeritageCommunity Notes [1] Smith, Uses of Heritage. [2] See, for instance, Newman and McLean, ‘Heritage Builds Communities’; Byrne et al., Social Significance; Derry and Malloy, Archaeologists and Local Communities. [3] Smith, Archaeological Theory and the Politics of Cultural Heritage. [4] Walker and Marquis‐Kyle, The Illustrated Burra Charter, 7. [5] Domicelj, ‘Foreword’. [6] Walker and Marquis‐Kyle, The Illustrated Burra Charter, 7. [7] Ibid., 6. [8] Starn, ‘Authenticity and Historic Preservation’, 9. [9] Smith, Uses of Heritage. [10] Kuipers, ‘The Creation of Identities by Government Designation’, 206; Smith, Uses of Heritage. [11] Walker and Marquis‐Kyle, The Illustrated Burra Charter, 4. [12] Hall, ‘Whose Heritage?’; Littler, ‘Introduction’; Smith, Uses of Heritage; Bagnall, ‘Performance and Performativity’, 89; Graham, ‘Heritage as Knowledge’, 1004; Dicks, ‘Encoding and Decoding the People’. [13] Graham, ‘Heritage as Knowledge’, 1004. [14] Naidoo, ‘Nevermind the Buzzwords’; Littler, ‘Introduction’; Littler and Naidoo, ‘White Past, Multicultural Present’. [15] Blommaert, Discourse, 21. [16] Fairclough, Analysing Discourse, 3; Fairclough, ‘The Discourse of New Labour’, 229. [17] Fairclough, Analysing Discourse, 3. [18] Fairclough, ‘The Discourse of New Labour’, 230; Taylor, ‘Locating and Conducting Discourse Analytic Research’, 15. [19] The wider landscape of discourse‐analytical strategies incorporates traditions such as systemic functional linguistics (SLF), Foucauldian discourse analysis, functional linguistics, Reinhart Koselleck’s concept analysis, conversational analysis (CA), visual analysis, the discourse‐historical approach, Laclau’s discourse analysis, Hajer’s discourse analysis, Dryzek’s discourse analysis and interactional socio‐linguistics—some of which are complementary and will be included in this discussion. [20] Blommaert, Discourse, 21; Tonkiss, ‘Analysing Discourse’, 246–47. [21] Fairclough, Critical Discourse Analysis; Fairclough, ‘Critical Discourse Analysis’; Fairclough, Analysing Discourse; Fairclough, ‘The Discourse of New Labour’; Chouliaraki and Fairclough, Discourse in Late Modernity. [22] Wodak, ‘What CDA is About’; Wodak, ‘Critical Discourse Analysis’; Wodak, ‘Gender Mainstreaming and the European Union’. [23] van Dijk, Discourse as Social Interaction. [24] Lazar, Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis; Chilton and Schäffner, Politics as Text; Marston, Social Policy and Discourse Analysis; Wetherell et al., Discourse Theory and Practice; Tonkiss, ‘Analysing Discourse’. [25] Critical Discourse Studies; Discourse and Society; Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education; Language in the New Capitalism; Discourse Studies. [26] http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/staff/norman/norman.htm; http://www.discourse-in-society.org/; http://www-english.tamu.edu/ds/discours.html [27] Fairclough, ‘The Discourse of New Labour’, 232. [28] Martin and Wodak, ‘Introduction’, 5. [29] Fairclough and Wodak, ‘Critical Discourse Analysis’, 258; Fairclough, ‘The Discourse of New Labour’, 234; Martin and Wodak, ‘Introduction’. [30] Fairclough, ‘The Discourse of New Labour’, 240. [31] Fairclough and Wodak, ‘Critical Discourse Analysis’, 258. [32] Fairclough and Wodak, ‘Critical Discourse Analysis’, 258; Janks, ‘Critical Discourse Analysis as a Research Tool’, 329; Chouliaraki and Fairclough, Discourse in Late Modernity, 4; Blommaert, Discourse, 24–25. [33] Fairclough, ‘The Discourse of New Labour’, 229. [34] Martin and Wodak, ‘Introduction’, 6. [35] Janks, ‘Critical Discourse Analysis as a Research Tool’, 58. [36] Blommaert, Discourse, 27. [37] Ibid. [38] Fairclough, ‘The Discourse of New Labour’, 238. [39] Fairclough, ‘The Discourse of New Labour’, 235. [40] Fairclough, New Labour, New Language, 28. [41] Chouliaraki and Fairclough, Discourse in Late Modernity, 118–19; Fairclough, ‘The Discourse of New Labour’, 233; Lemke, ‘Intertextuality and Text Semantics’, 85–87. [42] Lemke, ‘Intertextuality and Text Semantics’, 90. [43] Fairclough, Analysing Discourse, 41. [44] Ibid. [45] Verschueren, 1999, cited in Fairclough, Analysing Discourse, 165. [46] Fairclough, Analysing Discourse, 166. [47] Janks, ‘Critical Discourse Analysis as a Research Tool’, 56. [48] McKenna, ‘Critical Discourse Studies’, 14. [49] Walker and Marquis‐Kyle, The Illustrated Burra Charter, 7. [50] Fairclough, Analysing Discourse, 41. [51] Walker and Marquis‐Kyle op. cit. (note 4) commentary on the Australia ICOMOS, The Burra Charter, Article 1, 11. [52] Walker and Marquis‐Kyle, The Illustrated Burra Charter, 7. [53] Australia ICOMOS, The Burra Charter, preamble. [54] Australia ICOMOS, The Burra Charter, Article 2. [55] Ibid., Article 1.2. [56] Ibid., Article 1.3. [57] Ibid., Article 1.2. [58] Walker and Marquis‐Kyle, The Illustrated Burra Charter, 7 emphasis added. [59] Australia ICOMOS, The Burra Charter, Article 5. [60] Ibid., Article 5.1, original emphasis. [61] Ibid., Article 13. [62] Ibid., Article 1, emphasis added. [63] Ibid., Article 1, emphasis added. [64] Ibid., Article 1, emphasis added. [65] Ibid., Article 13, emphasis added. [66] Fairclough, Analysing Discourse, 88. [67] Australia ICOMOS, The Burra Charter, Article 26.3, bolded emphasis added, other emphasis in original. [68] Ibid., Article 12, bolded emphasis added. [69] Ibid. [70] Ibid., Article 26.3, bolded emphasis added. [71] Ibid., Article 30. [72] Fairclough, Analysing Discourse, 148. [73] Australia ICOMOS, The Burra Charter, Article 1.6, original emphasis. [74] Urry, ‘How Societies Remember the Past’; K. Emerick, ‘From Frozen Monuments to Fluid Landscapes: The Conservation and Preservation of Ancient Monuments from 1882 to the Present’, unpublished PhD diss., University of York., 2003. [75] Bauman, Legislators and Interpreters. [76] Fairclough, Analysing Discourse, 10.