Reversing the Erosion of Editorial Diversity: How the Newspaper Preservation Act Has Failed and What Can Be Done
2008; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 13; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/10811680701755032
ISSN1532-6926
Autores ResumoAbstract The Newspaper Preservation Act of 1970 (NPA) was ostensibly designed to protect editorial and reportorial diversity. From 1991 to 2006, however, twelve of twenty-two Joint-Operating Agreements have disappeared, including two in 2005. Another expires in 2007. Along with publishers' desires to monopolize markets for their own fiscal gain, the NPA can be blamed as failed policy that does not include penalties for violating the act's provisions or stipulations for how JOAs should be dissolved. This article considers why newspaper diversity is a valuable commodity worth preserving, traces the history and application of the NPA, and examines recent developments in related court cases and the newspaper business market. The article concludes that the federal government should consider amending or revising the NPA as a means of salvaging editorial diversity in JOA markets. Notes 115 U.S.C. § 1801–1805 (2000). 215 U.S.C. § 1801–1803 (2000). 3The existing JOAs as of Aug. 9, 2007, by city, member newspapers, and expiration date are: Albuquerque, Journal/Tribune, 2022; Charleston (W.Va.), Gazette/Daily Mail, 2036; Cincinnati, Enquirer/Post, 2007; Denver, Post/Rocky Mountain News, 2050; Detroit, Free Press/News, 2089; Fort Wayne (Ind.), Journal Gazette/News Sentinel, 2020; Salt Lake City, Desert News/Tribune, 2012; Seattle, Times/Post-Intelligencer, 2033; Tucson Arizona Star/Citizen, 2015; York (Pa.), Dispatch/Daily Record, 2090. See http://www.freep.com/legacy/jobspage/links/joa.htm. 4Defunct JOAs in chronological order by year terminated, are: Anchorage, 1978; St. Louis, 1983; Franklin-Oil City, Pa., 1985; Miami, 1988; Shreveport, 1991; Knoxville, 1991; Tulsa, 1992; Pittsburgh, 1992; El Paso, 1997; Nashville, 1998; Evansville, 1998; Chattanooga, 1999; San Francisco, 1999; Honolulu, 2000; Birmingham, 2005; Las Vegas, 2005. See http://www.freep.com/legacy/jobspage/links/joa.htm. 5 See Press Release, Gannett Corp., Gannett Informs Scripps That Cincinnati JOA Will Not Be Renewed in 2007 (Jan. 16, 2004) (on file with author). 6 See Editorial, Vegas JOA Craps Out, Editor & Publisher, Aug. 1, 2006 (LexisNexis). 7 See Mark Fitzgerald, JOA Circs Hammered in FAS-FAX Reporting Period, Editor & Publisher, Nov. 8, 2005 (LexisNexis). 8 See Beth Gorczyca, Justice Dept. Looks at Charleston Newspapers, The (W.Va.) State J., Feb. 10, 2005, at 1; Beth Gorczyca Ryan, Government's Case Asks for Two Companies to Return Their JOA to Previous Status, The (W.Va.) State J., May 31, 2007, at 1. 9 Gannett Gets 95% Of Detroit JOA, MediaNews Filing Reveals, Editor & Publisher, Sept. 27, 2005 (LexisNexis). 10 See Sean Adkins, End of JOA Could Mean One-Newspaper Town, York Daily Record, Apr. 30, 2006, at Business and Financial News 1. 11 Ex-Tennessee Daily Fails as a Weekly, Editor & Publisher, Sept. 19, 1992, at 18. The afternoon News-Sentinel swapped circulation cycles with the morning Journal after entering into the JOA. After the JOA was terminated, the Journal lasted only eight months as a weekly publication. Id. 12 See Stephen R. Barnett, High Court Must Deny Detroit JOA, Manhattan Law., Oct. 24–30, 1989, at 11. 1315 U.S.C. § 1801–1805 (2000). 14 See, e.g., John C. Busterna & Robert G. Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (1993). 1515 U.S.C. § 1801 (2000). 16 See Amy K. Sanders, Market Definition, Merger Review and Media Monopolization: Congressional Approval of the Corporate Voice Through the Newspaper Preservation Act, 59 Fed. Comm. L.J. 403, 407 (2007). 17 Id. at 416 (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1801 (2000) as foundation of this policy). 18 See, e.g., Dominic L. Lasorsa, Effects of Newspaper Competition on Public Opinion Diversity, 68 Journalism Q. 38 (1991). See also Ron Rodgers, Steve Hallock, Mike Gennaria & Fei Wei, Two Papers in Joint Operating Agreement Publish Meaningful Editorial Diversity, 24 Newspaper Res. J. 104 (2004). 1952 F. Supp. 362 (S.D.N.Y., 1943). 20 Id. at 372. 21 Id. 22326 U.S. 1, 3 (1945). 23 Id. at 27 (Frankfurter, J., concurring). 24 Id. (Frankfurter, J., concurring). 25 Id. (Frankfurter, J., concurring). 26The Commission on Freedom of the Press, A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines and Books (1947). 27 Id. at 83. 28 Id. 29 Id. 30 Id. at 84. 31 Id. at 85. 32 See John C. Busterna. Trends in Daily Newspaper Ownership, 65 Journalism Q. 831 (1988). See also John S. Martel & Victor J. Haydel III, Judicial Application of the Newspaper Preservation Act: Will Congressional Intent Be Relegated to the Back Pages?, 1984 B.Y.U. L. Rev. 127–28. 33Lasorsa, supra note 18. 34Jan P. Vermeer, Multiple Newspapers and Electoral Competition: A County-Level Analysis, 72 Journalism & Mass Comm. Q. 98 (1995). 35Guido H. Stempel III, Effects on Performance in a Cross-Media Monopoly, 29 Journalism Monographs (1973). 36William Gromley Jr., The Effects of Newspaper-Television Cross-Ownership on News Homogeneity (1976). 37Robert Picard, Measuring Concentration in the Daily Newspaper Industry, 1 J. of Media Econ. 61 (1988). 38Stephen R. Lacy, The Effects of Intracity Competition on Daily Newspaper Content, 64 Journalism Q. 281 (1987). 39 Id. at 286. 40Stephen R. Lacy, Newspaper Competition and Number of Press Services Carried: A Replication, 67 Journalism Q. 79 (1990). 41 See Wayne A. Danielson & John B. Adams, Completeness of Press Coverage of the 1960 Campaign, 38 Journalism Q. 441 (1960). 42 See Galen Rarick & Barry Hartman, The Effects of Competition on One Daily Newspaper's Content, 43 Journalism Q. 459 (1966). 43 See D.J. Stakun, Content Analysis of the Bloomington Herald-Telephone During and After Publication of the Competing Courier-Tribune (1980) (unpublished M.A. thesis, Indiana University) (on file with Wells Library, Indiana University). 44 See N.A. Woerman, The Effects of Competition on the Beloit Daily Call and a Comparison with Its Competitor, The Solomon Valley Post (1982) (unpublished M.A. thesis, Kansas State University) (on file with Kansas State University). 45 See Thomas J. Johnson & Wayne Wanta, Newspaper Competition and Message Diversity in an Urban Market, 20 Mass. Comm. Review 136 (1993). 46 See Stephen Lacy, David C. Coulson & Charles St. Cyr, The Impact of Beat Competition on City Hall Coverage, 76 Journalism & Mass. Comm. Q. 325 (1999). 47 See Keith Kenney & Stephen R. Lacy, Economic Forces Behind Newspapers: Increasing Use of Color and Graphics, 8 Newspaper Res. J. 33 (1987). 48 See Shu-Ling Chen Everett & Stephen Everett, How Readers and Advertisers Benefit From Local Newspaper Competition, 66 Journalism Q. 76 (1989). 49 See Katharine Trim, Gary Pizante & James Yaraskavitch, The Effects of Monopoly on the News: A Before and After Study of Two Canadian Newspaper Towns, 9 Canadian J. of Comm. 33 (1983). 50 See Stephen R. Lacy, The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content (1986) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas) (on file with University of Texas). 51 Id. at 52. 52 Id. 53 See James N. Druckman, Media Matter: How Newspapers and Television News Cover Campaigns and Influence Voters, 22 Political Comm. 463 (2005). 54 See Jennifer Saba, New Growth Needed Online, Editor & Publisher, Jan. 1, 2007 (LexisNexis). 55 See id. See also Jennifer Saba, You've Got to Hand It (Off) to Google, Editor & Publisher, Feb. 1, 2007 (LexisNexis). 56 See Hsiang Iris Chyi & George Sylvie, The Medium is Global, the Content is Not: The Role of Geography in Online Newspaper Markets, 14 J. of Media Econ. 231 (2001). 57 See Mary Alice Shaver & Stephen Lacy, The Impact of Intermedia and Newspaper Competition on Advertising Linage in Daily Newspapers, 76 Journalism & Mass. Comm. Q. 739 (1999). 58 See list of terminated JOAs, supra note 4. 59 See Rodgers, et al., supra note 18, at 104. 60 Id. at 108. 61 Id. 62 Id. 63Robert M. Entman, Newspaper Competition and First Amendment Ideals: Does Monopoly Matter?, 35 J. of Comm. 147 (1985). 64 Id. at 163. 65Anita M. Carlson, The Newspaper Preservation Act: The Seattle Application, 1982 U. Ill. L. Rev. 669 (1982). 66Eric J. Gertler, Michigan Citizens For An Independent Press v. Attorney General: Subscribing to Newspaper Joint Operating Agreements or the Decline of Newspapers, 39 Am. U.L. Rev. 123 (1989). 67Barnett, supra note 12, at 11. 68 See Edward E. Adams, Secret Combinations and Collusive Agreements: The Scripps Newspaper Empire and the Early Roots of Joint Operating Agreements, 73 Journalism & Mass Comm. Q. 195 (1996). 69 See Busterna & Picard, supra note 14, at 25. 70U.S. Department of Justice Public File 44-03-24-15 (2000). 71 See Adams, supra note 68, at 201. 72 See Marion Lewenstein & James N. Rosse, Joint Operating Agreements: Can the First Amendment and Profits Both Survive?, 2 Gannett Center J. 107, 111 (1988). 73394 U.S. 131 (1969). 7415 U.S.C. § § 1, 2 (1982). 7515 U.S.C. § 18 (1982). 76394 U.S. at 133. 77 Id. 78 See Busterna & Picard, supra note 14, at 25. See also 116 Cong. Rec. 1784 (1970) (remarks of Sen. Hruska) (listing cities that had formed JOAs prior to 1970: Albuquerque, N.M. (1933); El Paso, Tex. (1936); Nashville, Tenn. (1937); Evansville, Ind. (1938); Tucson, Ariz. (1940); Tulsa, Okla. (1941); Madison, Wis. (1948); Fort Wayne, Ind. (1950); Bristol, Tenn.-Va. (1950); Birmingham, Ala. (1950); Lincoln, Neb. (1950); Salt Lake City, Utah (1953); Franklin-Oil City, Pa. (1953); Shreveport, La. (1953); Knoxville, Tenn. (1957); Charleston, W. Va. (1958); Columbus, Ohio (1959); St. Louis, Mo. (1959); Pittsburgh, Pa. (1961); Honolulu, Haw. (1962); San Francisco, Cal. (1965); and Miami, Fla. (1966)). 79International Shoe Co. v. FTC, 280 U.S. 291, 293 (1929). 80116 Cong. Rec. 2013, 2013 (1970). 81394 U.S. at 134. 82 Newspaper Preservation Act: Hearing on H.R. 279 Before the Antitrust Subcomm.on the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 70 C.I.S. H-521-1 (1969). 83 See Busterna & Picard, supra note 14, at 36. 8415 U.S.C. § 1802 (2000). 85 The Newspaper Preservation Act: Hearing on H.R. 19123 Before the Antitrust Subcomm. on the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 90th Cong. 55–56 (1968) (testimony of John Donahue on behalf of Williams Small Jr., Publisher, Tucson Daily Citizen). 86DOJ Public File, supra note 70. 87 Id. 88 Id. 8915 U.S.C. § 1801 (2000). 90 Newspaper Preservation Act: Hearing on H.R. 279 Before the Antitrust Subcomm. on the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 70 C.I.S. H-521-1 (1969) (statement of Richard W. McLaren, Assistant Attorney General, Antitrust Division, Department of Justice). 91116 Cong. Rec. 2017 (1970). 92116 Cong. Rec. 23,179 (1970). 93 See Stephen R. Barnett, The JOA Scam, Columbia Journalism Rev., Nov./Dec. 1991, available at http://backissues.cjrarchives.org/year/91/6/joa.asp. 94 Id. 9515 U.S.C. § 1801 (2000). 96Ben H. Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly 95–99 (5th ed. 1997). 97Stephen R. Barnett, Newspaper Monopoly and the Law, 30 J. of Comm. 72 (1980). 98 See Robbie Steel, Joint Operating Agreements in the Newspaper Industry: A Threat to First Amendment Freedoms, 138 U. Pa. L. Rev. 275 (1989). 99116 Cong. Rec. 2009, 2009 (1970). 100 See Sanders, supra note 16, at 416 (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1801 (2000) as foundation of this policy). 10115 U.S.C. § 1802(2) (2000): “[J]oint or common production facilities are established and operated and join or unified action is taken or agreed to be taken with respect to any one or more of the following: printing, time, method, and field of publication; allocation of production facilities; distribution; advertising solicitation; circulation solicitation; business department; establishment of advertising rates; establishment of circulation rates and revenue distribution.” 102 Id. 10315 U.S.C. § 1801–1805 (2000). See also Citizen Publishing, 394 U.S. 131, 133 (1969). 104116 Cong. Rec. 23,148 (1970). 105 Id. 106S. Chesterfield Oppenheim & Carrington Shields, Newspapers and Antitrust Laws 159 (1981). 107 See Anchorage Dailies to End Joint Agreement in April, Editor & Publisher, Oct. 7, 1978, at 7. 108 See Lewenstein & Rosse, supra note 72, at 113. 109 See Anchorage Dailies, supra note 107, at 7. 11015 U.S.C. § 1801 (2000). 11115 U.S.C. § 4 (2000) (establishing Attorney General oversight and power to enjoin perceived antitrust operations). 11215 U.S.C. § § 1 et. seq. (2000) (prohibiting contracts or conspiracies that seek to limit competition in the marketplace). 11315 U.S.C. § § 12 et. seq. (2000) (prohibiting price discrimination and other anti-competitive practices). 11415 U.S.C. § 1801–1805 (2000). 115 Id. 116 Id. 117DOJ Public File, supra note 70. 118 Id. 119 See Stephen R. Barnett, Reviving Newspaper Antitrust Enforcement, Conn. L. Trib., Nov. 1, 1993, at 20. 120 Id. 121Edward Kohn, Newspaper Act Nearly Failed Here, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Jan. 29, 1984, at 3. 122 Id. 123 See list of terminated JOAs, supra note 4. 124 Id. 125 See Barnett, supra note 119, at 20. 126 See id. 127 See Laura Fraser, Toward a One-Paper Town, San Francisco Bay Guardian, May 19, 1999, at 1 (LexisNexis). 128DOJ Public File 92–415 (1992). 129 See Appendix for more details about recent developments in JOA operations and terminations in Honolulu; Seattle; Cincinnati; Charleston, W.Va.; Detroit; Birmingham, Ala.; Las Vegas; and York, Pa. 130Alf Pratte, Terms of Endearment: Owners Ethics, JOAs, and Editorial Independence, 2 J. of Mass Media Ethics 32 (1986–87). 131 Id. 132 See Rich Daysog, Sold Deal Saves Bulletin, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Nov. 9, 2000, at A1. 133Press Release, Gannett Corp., Gannett Informs Scripps that Cincinnati JOA Will Not Be Renewed in 2007 (Jan. 16, 2004) (on file with author). 134 See Kerry Duke, The Post to Say Farewell Dec. 31, Cincinnati Post, July 17, 2007, available at http://news.cincypost.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070717/BIZ/707170339. 135 See list of remaining JOAs, supra note 3. 136 See Fitzgerald, supra note 7. 137 See Editorial, Vegas JOA Craps Out, supra note 6. 138 See Gorczyca, supra note 8, at 1. 139 See id; Ryan, supra note 8, at 1. 140 See John Morton, Dizzy in Detroit, Am. Journalism Rev., Nov./Dec. 2005, available at http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=3977. In addition to the Detroit papers, Knight Ridder gave Gannett the Tallahassee (Fla.) Democrat and $239 million in exchange for Gannett's Idaho Statesman in Boise and two Washington state dailies, the Olympia Olympian and the Bellingham Herald. 141 See Aldo Svaldi, 2 Media Deals Are News in Colo., Denver Post, Sept. 27, 2005, at C10. 142 Gannett Gets 95%, supra note 9. 143 Id. 144Jennette Smith, Paper Shuffle: Ownership Change Seen as Opportunity for Growth, Crain's Detroit Business, Aug. 8, 2005 (LexisNexis). 145E-mail from U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division Group (ATRDocs.Grp@usdoj.gov) to author (July 6, 2006) (on file with author). 146 See Adkins, supra note 10, at 1. 147 Id. 148 Id. 149 See Eric Pryne, Arbitration Was Unlikely to End Fight, Times Says, Seattle Times, Apr. 19, 2007, at 1. 150Michigan Citizens for an Indep. Free Press v. Thornburgh, 493 U.S. 38 (1989). 151493 U.S. 38 (1989). 152 Id. at 39, aff'g 276 U.S. App. D.C. 130 (1989) by an equally divided court. 153 See Gertler, supra note 66, at 150. 154 See Harold L. Nelson, Don R. LeDuc & Dwight L. Teeter Jr., Law of Mass Communications 661 (1989). 155Transcript of Oral Argument at 10–50, Michigan Citizens, 493 U.S. 38 (1989), available at 1989 U.S. TRANS LEXIS 111. 156 See Gertler, supra note 66, at 157. 157 See Judy Sarasohn, Small Newspapers Attack JOA Law as Benefit for ‘Crybaby Publishers,’ Legal Times, June 4, 1990 (LexisNexis). 158 See Linda Greenhouse, Link-up of 2 Detroit Papers Upheld by Court in Tie Vote, N.Y. Times, Nov. 14, 1989, D1. 159Reilly v. Hearst, 107 F. Supp. 2d 1192–94 (N.D.Cal. 2000) 160 Id. at 1194. 161 Id. at 1211–12. 162 Id. 163Press Release, U.S. Department of Justice, Hearst Corp. To Sell San Francisco Examiner to Exln LLC, Resolves Justice Department's Antitrust Concerns (Mar. 30, 2000) (on file with author). 164 See list of terminated JOAs, supra note 4. 165Reilly v. MediaNews Group, Inc., et al., 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 29419 ∗1 (N.D.Cal. 2007). 166 Id. 167Reilly v. Hearst, 107 F.Supp.2d 1211–12. 168Reilly v. MediaNews, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 29419, at ∗9. 169 Id. at ∗9–10. 17015 U.S.C. § 1803 (2000). 171Transcript of Oral Argument at 13, Michigan Citizens, 493 U.S. 38 (1989), available at 1989 U.S. TRANS LEXIS 111. 172 See Barnett, supra note 119, at 20. 173 Gannett Gets 95%, supra note 9. 174 See Gertler, supra note 66, at 150–55. 175 See Morton, supra note 140. 176 See Jeff Lemberg, McClatchy Divests Papers to Private Companies, Bus. Matters, July 2006, at 16. 177 See Sandra Guy, Trib Agrees to Buy Times-Mirror Co., Chicago Sun-Times, Mar. 14, 2000, at 43. 178 See Kate Berry, Tax Liability Key in Dispute between Chandlers and Tribune Co., L.A. Bus. J., July 3, 2006 (LexisNexis). 179 See Katharine Q. Seelye & Richard Siklos, Chicagoan Puts Up $315 Million To Win $8.2 Billion Tribune Co., N.Y. Times, Apr. 3, 2007 (LexisNexis). 180 See Christopher Palmeri, Eager Buyers for … Newspapers?, 392 Bus. Week 72 (July 10, 2006). 181 Id. 182 See Lemberg, supra note 176, at 16. 183 See list of terminated JOAs, supra note 4. 184 See Fitzgerald, supra note 7. 185 See id. In Seattle, the smaller Post-Intelligencer fell 9% (to 132,694) compared to 7% for the larger Times (215,502); in Las Vegas, the smaller Sun lost 40.5% of its circulation (down to 24,154) after plans were announced to cease standalone publishing, instead running as an insert in the larger Review-Journal, which dropped only 0.9% (to 158,116); in Albuquerque, site of the first-ever JOA, the smaller Tribune dropped 7.1% of circulation (to 11,960), compared to only 0.4% for the Journal (106,878); in Tucson, the smaller Citizen fell 5.4% (to 28,427) compared to 3.3% drop-off for the Star (104,130); in Fort Wayne, Ind., the smaller News-Sentinel lost 8.4% (to 31,213) compared to the Journal Gazette's jump of 10% (to 67,830); and in West Virginia, the Charleston Daily Mail fell 16.9% (to 24,358) after its second year of being almost entirely controlled by the larger rival Gazette, which increased 4.1% (to 49,969). 186 Scripps Closing Birmingham Post-Herald, Dissolving JOA, Editor & Publisher, Sept. 22, 2005 (LexisNexis). See also list of terminated JOAs, supra note 4. 187 See Gorczyca, supra note 8, at 1; Ryan, supra note 8, at 1. 188 See Marvin Kalb & Nicholas Kralev, The Afternoon Newspaper War, 5 Harvard Int'l J. of Press/Politics 1–2 (2000). 189 See id. at 2. 190 See Top 10 Afternoon Newspapers, Editor & Publisher, Oct. 1, 2005 (LexisNexis). The remaining top ten afternoon newspaper circulation as of Sept. 2004: Flint (Mich.) Journal, 84,313; Youngstown, Ohio, Vindicator 66,487; Canton, Ohio, Repository 65,598; Staten Island (N.Y.) Advance 61,443; Quincy (Mass.) Patriot-Ledger 57,676; Kalamazoo (Mich.) Gazette 56,276; Huntsville (Ala.) Times 53,145; Appleton (Wisc.) Post-Crescent 51,733; Ann Arbor (Mich.) News 50,815. 191 See Kalb & Kralev, supra note 188, at 2. 192 See id. 193 See list of existing JOAs, supra note 3. JOAs in mid-2007 that involved evening newspapers were in Fort Wayne (News Sentinel), York (Dispatch), Cincinnati (Post), Charleston (Daily Mail), Tucson (Citizen) and Albuquerque (Tribune). 194 See Eric Pryne, Could Committee Win Force Times to Return to Afternoon Publication?, Seattle Times, May 14, 2006, available at http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2002992714_restraint14.html. 195 See Lacy, supra note 38, at 281; Entman, supra note 63, at 147. 196 See Lewenstein & Rosse, supra note 72, at 113. 197 See Will Shanley, MediaNews Profits Up on Acquisitions, Denver Post, Nov. 16, 2006, at C4. 198 See Jennifer Saba, ABC Mixer: Online Meets Circ Data, Editor & Publisher, Apr. 1, 2007 (LexisNexis). 199 See Jennifer Saba, Oh, To Be Single Again, Editor & Publisher, Feb. 1, 2007 (LexisNexis). 200See list of terminated JOAs, supra note 4. 201 See Lewenstein & Rosse, supra note 72, at 117. 202 See Wayne Wanta & Thomas J. Johnson, Content Changes in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch During Different Market Situations, 7 J. of Media Econ. 13 (1994). 203 See id. at 16. 204 See id. at 23. 20547 C.F.R. § 73.3555 (2003). 206 See Steel, supra note 98, at 275. 207107 F. Supp. 2d 1192, 1211 (N.D. Calif. 2000). 20815 U.S.C. § 1803(c) (2000). 209704 F.2d 467 (9th Cir. 1983). 210107 F. Supp. 2d 1192, 1197 (N. C. Cal. 2000). 1 See Kay Dawn Rutledge Jones, Advertisers Consdier Fiscal Impact of Banner's Absence, Nashville Business J., Feb. 23, 1998, at 3. 2 See Dave Flessner, Times is Sold: Papers Will Combine for One Morning Edition, Chattanooga Times Nov. 24, 1998, at A1. 3 See James Prichard, Associated Press, Evansville Afternoon Newspaper to Close After 92 Years, Dec. 19, 1998 (LexisNexis). 4 Court Keeps Paper Open, Nat'l Law J., Nov. 29, 1999, at A6. 5 Id. 6 See Rich Daysog, Sold Deal Saves Bulletin, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Nov. 9, 2000, at A1. 7Reilly v. Hearst, 107 F. Supp. 2d 1192-1194 (N.D.Cal. 2000). 8 See Press Release, Gannett Corp., Gannett Informs Scripps that Cincinnati JOA Will Not Be Renewed in 2007 (Jan. 16, 2004) (on file with author). 9 See Kerry Duke, The Post to Say Farewell Dec. 31, Cincinnati Post, July 17, 2007, available at http://news.cincypost.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AIDAID=/20070717/BIZ/707170339. 10 See Aldo Svaldi, 2 Media Deals Are News in Colo., Denver Post, Sept. 27, 2005, at C10. 221 See Gannett Gets 95% Of Detroit JOA, MediaNews Filing Reveals, Editor & Publisher, Sept. 27, 2005 (LexisNexis). 12 Id. 13 Scripps Closing Birmingham Post-Herald, Dissolving JOA, Editor & Publisher, Sept. 22, 2005 (LexisNexis). 14E-mail from U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division Group (ATRDocs.Grp@usdoj.gov) to author (July 6, 2006, 09:21.40 EDT) (on file with author). 15 See Editorial, Vegas JOA Craps Out, Editor & Publisher, Aug. 1, 2006 (LexisNexis). 16 Id. 17 See Mark Fitzgerald, JOA Circs Hammered in FAS-FAX Reporting Period, Editor & Publisher, Nov. 8, 2005 (LexisNexis). 18E-mail from U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division Group (ATRDocs.Grp@usdoj.gov) to author (July 6, 2006, 09:21.40 EDT) (on file with author). 19 See Sean Adkins, End of JOA Could Mean One-Newspaper Town, York Daily Record, April 30, 2006, at Business and Financial News 1. 20 See id. 21 See id. 22 See Eric Pryne, Arbitration Was Unlikely to End Fight, Times Says, Seattle Times, Apr. 19, 2007, at 1. 23 See Beth Gorczyca Ryan, Government's Case Asks for Two Companies to Return Their JOA to Previous Status, The (W.V. State J., May 31, 2007, at 1. 24 See Beth Gorczya, Justice Dept. Looks at Charleston Newspapers, The (W.V.) State J., Feb. 10, 2005, at 1. 25 See id.
Referência(s)