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When does turnout matter? the case of Poland

2004; Routledge; Volume: 56; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/09668130410001682690

1465-3427

Clare McManus-Czubińska, William L. Miller, Radosław Markowski, Jacek Wasilewski,

Populism, Right-Wing Movements

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes Henry E. Brady & Cynthia S. Kaplan, 'Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union', in David Butler & Austin Ranney (eds), Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1994), pp. 174–217 at p. 184. Krzysztof Jasiewicz & Tomasz Zukowski, 'The Elections of 1984–89 as a Factor in the Transformation of the Social Order in Poland', in George Sandford (ed.), Democratization in Poland 1988–90: Polish Voices (New York, St Martin's Press, 1992), p. 103, quoted with approval by Brady & Kaplan, 'Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union', p. 185. Raymond Taras, Consolidating Democracy in Poland (Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1995), p. 124; reprinted in Marjorie Castle & Ray Taras, Democracy in Poland (Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 2002), pp. 66 and 65 respectively. Scharpf, for example, argues—with only a touch of exaggeration—that, in discussions of legitimacy, 'input‐orientations of majority rule are everywhere complemented by output‐oriented criteria'; see Fritz W. Scharpf, 'Interdependence and Democratic Legitimation', in Susan J. Pharr & Robert D. Putnam (eds), Disaffected Democracies (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2000), pp. 101–120 at p. 104. Ibid., p. 102. The Electoral Commission, Voting for Change (London, June 2003), p. 9. William L. Miller, Stephen White & Paul Heywood, Values and Political Change in Postcommunist Europe (London, Macmillan, 1998), p. 85. Winston Churchill, Hansard, 11 November 1947, col. 206. Juan J. Linz & Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 5; see also Richard Rose, William Mishler & Christian Haerpfer, Democracy and its Alternatives (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1998). Sidney Verba, Norman H. Nie & Jae‐on Kim, Participation and Political Equality (London, Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 1–3; see also Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman & Henry Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1995); and Geraint Parry, George Moyser & Neil Day, Political Participation and Democracy in Britain (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992). Verba, Nie & Kim, Participation and Political Equality, p. 27. Benjamin Highton & Raymond E. Wolfinger, 'The Political Implications of Higher Turnout', Berkeley Institute of Government Studies Working Paper 99–5, 1999, p. 1; later published in British Journal of Political Science, 31, 1, January 2001, pp. 179–223. Verba, Nie & Kim, Participation and Political Equality, p. 2; Arend Lijphart, 'Unequal Participation: Democracy's Unresolved Dilemma', American Political Science Review, 91, 1, March 1997, pp. 1–14 at p. 4. Georg Lutz, 'Participation, Cognitive Involvement and Democracy: When Do Low Turnout and Low Cognitive Involvement Make a Difference, and Why?', paper presented to the ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops (Workshop 22), Edinburgh, March 2003, pp. 4–5. Lutz quotes Kim Q. Hill & Jan E. Leighley, 'The Policy Consequences of Class Bias in State Electorates', American Journal of Political Science, 36, 2, May 1992, pp. 351–365; Kim Q. Hill & Jan E. Leighley, 'Political Parties and Electoral Mobilisation in Contemporary United States Elections', American Journal of Political Science, 40, 3, August 1996, pp. 787–804: Alexander M. Hicks & Duane H. Swank, 'Politics, Institutions and Welfare Spending in Industralised Democracies 1960–82', American Political Science Review, 86, 3, September 1992, pp. 658–674; Dennis C. Mueller & Thomas Stratmann, 'The Economic Effects of Democratic Participation', Journal of Public Economics, 87, 9–10, September 2003, pp. 2129–2155. See also Highton & Wolfinger, 'The Political Implications of Higher Turnout', pp. 10–11, who show more policy distortion on economic welfare issues than on anything else. John Curtice, 'Is Scotland a Nation and Wales Not?', in Bridget Taylor & Katerina Thomson (eds), Scotland and Wales: Nations Again? (Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 1999), pp. 119–147 at p. 131. Lutz, 'Participation, Cognitive Involvement and Democracy', pp. 13–14. Ibid., p. 19. For turnout in Polish elections see George Sanford, Democratic Government in Poland: Constitutional Politics Since 1989 (Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2002), pp. 178–182 for turnout in presidential elections, p. 184 for turnout in parliamentary elections and p. 90 for turnout in the 1997 constitutional referendum. For turnout in the EU referendum on 7–8 June 2003 see the website of the Polish State Electoral Commission: http://referendum.pkw.gov.pl. The 2001 PNES (Polish National Election Survey) was funded by a grant from the Polish NSF (KBN) to the Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences with additional funding from the UK ESRC under grant R000223685 to Glasgow University. The 2001 PNES was directed by the authors. For overviews of that election see Frances Millard, 'Elections in Poland 2001: Electoral Manipulation and Party Upheaval', Communist and Post‐Communist Studies, 36, 1, March 2003, pp. 69–86; and Aleks Szczerbiak, 'Poland's Unexpected Political Earthquake: The September 2001 Parliamentary Election', The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 18, 3, September 2002, pp. 41–29. Hugo Young, 'It is Better to Accept Low Turnouts Than to Cheapen Political Discourse', Guardian, 24 October 2002, p. 22. Giovanni Sartori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited: The Contemporary Debate (Chatham, NJ, Chatham House, 1987), at pp. 163–171 especially. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London, Allen and Unwin, 1943). Herbert McClosky & Alida Brill with Dennis Chong, 'The Learning of Civil Libertarian Norms Among Elites and the Mass Public', in Herbert McClosky & Alida Brill, Dimensions of Tolerance: What Americans Believe about Civil Liberties (New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1983), pp. 232–273 at p. 250. Though they explicitly reject the argument by Berelson and others that 'greater political activity could undermine democracy', they nonetheless 'take comfort from the fact that leaders have assimilated democratic norms more thoroughly than the average American' (McClosky & Brill, Dimensions of Tolerance, p. 235); see also Bernard Berelson, Paul F. Lazarsfeld & William N. McPhee, Voting (Chicago, University of Chicago, 1954). Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone (New York, Simon and Schuster, 2000), pp. 350–363. Paul M. Sniderman, Joseph F. Fletcher, Peter H. Russell & Philip E. Tetlock, 'The Thesis of Democratic Elitism', in Paul M. Sniderman, Joseph F. Fletcher, Peter H. Russell & Philip E. Tetlock, The Clash of Rights (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996), pp. 14–51; and William L. Miller, Annis May Timpson & Michael Lessnoff, 'The Governing Perspective', in William L. Miller, Annis May Timpson & Michael Lessnoff, Political Culture in Contemporary Britain: People and Politicians, Principles and Practice (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1996), pp. 55–76. Benjamin R. Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley, CA, University of California, 1984). Robert D. Putnam & Kristin A. Goss, 'Introduction', in Robert D. Putnam (ed.), Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 3–20 at p. 3. Putnam, Bowling Alone, p. 37. Ibid. pp. 22–24. Robert D. Putnam, 'Conclusion', in Putnam (ed.), Democracies in Flux, pp. 393–416 at p. 405. Quentin Skinner, 'The Republican Ideal of Political Liberty', in Michael Rosen & Jonathan Wolf (eds), Political Thought (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 161–171 at p. 164. Highton & Wolfinger, 'The Political Implications of Higher Turnout', pp. 8 and 21. See Verba, Nie & Kim, Participation and Political Equality p. 72, whose study is based on SERL (socio‐economic resources level) defined by income and education. Similarly, Parry, Moyser & Day, Political Participation and Democracy in Britan, p. 83, define 'individual resources' for participation by wealth (primarily income, but supplemented by ownership of cars, houses, stocks and shares—see p. 67) and education. Kay Lehman Schlozman & Sidney Verba, Injury to Insult: Unemployment, Class and Political Response (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1979).