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Pathogenicity of IgE in autoimmunity: Successful treatment of bullous pemphigoid with omalizumab

2009; Elsevier BV; Volume: 123; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/j.jaci.2008.11.035

1097-6825

Janet A. Fairley, Christian L. Baum, Debra Brandt, Kelly N. Messingham,

Coagulation, Bradykinin, Polyphosphates, and Angioedema

To the Editor:IgE class autoantibodies have been identified in a growing number of autoimmune diseases; however, their pathogenic relevance remains unknown. One such disease, bullous pemphigoid (BP), is characterized by subepidermal blistering caused by autoantibodies against the hemidesmosomal protein BP180. The initial phase of lesion development presents as urticarial plaques consisting of dermal edema and eosinophilic infiltration. As lesions progress, tense, fluid-filled vesicles develop that correspond histologically to skin separation at the basement membrane zone.Historically, clinical and experimental studies investigating the pathogenesis of BP focused on IgG class autoantibodies; however, IgE class autoantibodies are detectable in 90% of BP patients.1Dimson O.G. Giudice G.J. Fu C.-L. Warren S.J. Janson M.M. Fairley J.A. Identification of a potential effector function for IgE autoantibodies in the organ-specific autoimmune disease bullous pemphigoid.J Invest Dermatol. 2003; 120: 784-788Crossref PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar In addition, laboratory studies provide strong evidence that IgE class autoantibodies are pathogenic in BP.1Dimson O.G. Giudice G.J. Fu C.-L. Warren S.J. Janson M.M. Fairley J.A. Identification of a potential effector function for IgE autoantibodies in the organ-specific autoimmune disease bullous pemphigoid.J Invest Dermatol. 2003; 120: 784-788Crossref PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar, 2Fairley J.A. Fu C.L. Giudice G.J. Mapping the binding sites of BP180 IgE autoantibodies in bullous pemphigoid.J Invest Dermatol. 2005; 125: 467-472Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar, 3Zone J.J. Taylor T. Hull C. Schmidt L. Meyer L. IgE basement membrane zone antibodies induce eosinophil infiltration and histological blisters in engrafted human skin on SCID mice.J Invest Dermatol. 2007; 127: 1167-1174Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar, 4Fairley J.A. Burnett C.T. Fu C.-L. Larson D.L. Fleming M.G. Giudice G.J. A pathogenic role for IgE in autoimmunity: bullous pemphigoid IgE reproduces the early phase of lesion development in human skin grafted to nu/nu mice.J Invest Dermatol. 2007; 127: 2605-2611Crossref PubMed Scopus (133) Google Scholar On the basis of this evidence and the early urticarial phase of the disease, we initiated treatment of a steroid-unresponsive patient with BP with omalizumab, a humanized mAb that inhibits IgE binding to its high-affinity receptor (FcεRI).5Holgate S.T. Djukananovic R. Casale T. Bousquet J. Anti-immunoglobulin E treatment with omalizumab in allergic diseases: an update on anti-inflammatory activity and clinical efficacy.Clin Exp Allergy. 2005; 35: 408-416Crossref PubMed Scopus (231) Google Scholar In the case we report, clinical improvement was observed within 16 weeks of treatment. This patient represents the first demonstration of the in vivo pathogenicity of IgE class autoantibodies in an autoimmune patient.When referred to the University of Iowa, this 70-year-old woman had a 1-year history of BP and was under poor control on prednisone 40 mg/day, azathioprine 150 mg/day (initially prescribed for myositis several years before), and minocycline 200 mg/day. The patient had a compression fracture from previous steroid use for myositis and wanted to avoid further steroids. Prednisone was discontinued, and she was enrolled in an open-label, randomized trial of omalizumab for BP (IND 100569). This study was approved by the University of Iowa Institutional Review Board (IRB #200704726) and was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki principles.On enrollment, the patient's serum level of anti-BP180 IgG was 129 U, and anti-BP180 IgE was 44 U. Her total IgE level was 222 IU (normal < 100 IU). The omalizumab dose was calculated according the asthma dosing nomogram, and she received 300 mg subcutaneously every 2 weeks for the 16-week duration of treatment in the study.One week after her first dose, the patient reported a decrease in itching, and the intact blister count was decreased by 44% (89 to 50). By week 16, her body surface involvement with urticarial plaques had declined from 50% to 5%, and the tense blisters characteristic of BP were resolved, although some small erosions of 4 to 6 mm remained (Fig 1). Eosinophils had dropped from 3427/mm3 to 887/mm3 (normal, 0-475/mm3). Measurement of total IgE during treatment is not accurate because the clearance rate of omalizumab:IgE complexes is slower than that of free IgE, and these complexes are not biologically active.6Corren J. Shapiro G. Reimann J. Deniz Y. Wong D. Adelman A. Togias A. Allergen skin tests and free IgE levels during reduction and cessation of omalizumab therapy.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008; 121: 506-511Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar, 7Hamilton R.G. Marcotte G.V. Saini S.S. Immunologic methods for quantifying free and total serum IgE levels in allergy patients receiving Omalizumab (Xolair) therapy.J Immunol Methods. 2005; : 81-91Crossref PubMed Scopus (92) Google Scholar As expected, no change was seen in IgG antibodies against BP180 (124 U pretreatment, 104 U posttreatment). Four months after discontinuing omalizumab, the patient noted a return of pruritus and new blisters on the back and calves. Omalizumab was reinstituted off the trial. The pruritus subsided and the blisters resolved within 2 weeks.The small amount of residual disease present at 16 weeks may be a result of several factors. First, the dose and treatment schedule used in this study were developed for asthma and may not be optimal for BP. It remains to be determined whether a different treatment regimen would yield a further drop in eosinophils and additional clinical improvement. Second, omalizumab prevents IgE from binding to mast cells and basophils but should not inhibit direct effects of IgE produced by binding to BP180 on the surface of keratinocytes. Finally, if IgG and IgE both play a role in BP lesion development, the remaining IgG may be responsible for the residual disease.In summary, this case extends the growing evidence indicating IgE class autoantibodies are relevant in autoimmunity. This case is the first to demonstrate the pathogenicity of IgE autoantibodies in vivo. The remarkable clinical improvement of this patient despite the relatively high levels of BP180-specific IgG throughout her treatment supports a prominent role for IgE in this autoimmune disease.We propose that omalizumab may provide a therapeutic option for patients when a broader immunosuppressive therapy is contraindicated. Further studies are needed to determine whether omalizumab can be used as a monotherapy or as an adjunctive agent to minimize exposure to broad-based immunosuppression in these patients. Based on this study, a larger trial comparing omalizumab with standard prednisone is currently underway. To the Editor: IgE class autoantibodies have been identified in a growing number of autoimmune diseases; however, their pathogenic relevance remains unknown. One such disease, bullous pemphigoid (BP), is characterized by subepidermal blistering caused by autoantibodies against the hemidesmosomal protein BP180. The initial phase of lesion development presents as urticarial plaques consisting of dermal edema and eosinophilic infiltration. As lesions progress, tense, fluid-filled vesicles develop that correspond histologically to skin separation at the basement membrane zone. Historically, clinical and experimental studies investigating the pathogenesis of BP focused on IgG class autoantibodies; however, IgE class autoantibodies are detectable in 90% of BP patients.1Dimson O.G. Giudice G.J. Fu C.-L. Warren S.J. Janson M.M. Fairley J.A. Identification of a potential effector function for IgE autoantibodies in the organ-specific autoimmune disease bullous pemphigoid.J Invest Dermatol. 2003; 120: 784-788Crossref PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar In addition, laboratory studies provide strong evidence that IgE class autoantibodies are pathogenic in BP.1Dimson O.G. Giudice G.J. Fu C.-L. Warren S.J. Janson M.M. Fairley J.A. Identification of a potential effector function for IgE autoantibodies in the organ-specific autoimmune disease bullous pemphigoid.J Invest Dermatol. 2003; 120: 784-788Crossref PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar, 2Fairley J.A. Fu C.L. Giudice G.J. Mapping the binding sites of BP180 IgE autoantibodies in bullous pemphigoid.J Invest Dermatol. 2005; 125: 467-472Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar, 3Zone J.J. Taylor T. Hull C. Schmidt L. Meyer L. IgE basement membrane zone antibodies induce eosinophil infiltration and histological blisters in engrafted human skin on SCID mice.J Invest Dermatol. 2007; 127: 1167-1174Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar, 4Fairley J.A. Burnett C.T. Fu C.-L. Larson D.L. Fleming M.G. Giudice G.J. A pathogenic role for IgE in autoimmunity: bullous pemphigoid IgE reproduces the early phase of lesion development in human skin grafted to nu/nu mice.J Invest Dermatol. 2007; 127: 2605-2611Crossref PubMed Scopus (133) Google Scholar On the basis of this evidence and the early urticarial phase of the disease, we initiated treatment of a steroid-unresponsive patient with BP with omalizumab, a humanized mAb that inhibits IgE binding to its high-affinity receptor (FcεRI).5Holgate S.T. Djukananovic R. Casale T. Bousquet J. Anti-immunoglobulin E treatment with omalizumab in allergic diseases: an update on anti-inflammatory activity and clinical efficacy.Clin Exp Allergy. 2005; 35: 408-416Crossref PubMed Scopus (231) Google Scholar In the case we report, clinical improvement was observed within 16 weeks of treatment. This patient represents the first demonstration of the in vivo pathogenicity of IgE class autoantibodies in an autoimmune patient. When referred to the University of Iowa, this 70-year-old woman had a 1-year history of BP and was under poor control on prednisone 40 mg/day, azathioprine 150 mg/day (initially prescribed for myositis several years before), and minocycline 200 mg/day. The patient had a compression fracture from previous steroid use for myositis and wanted to avoid further steroids. Prednisone was discontinued, and she was enrolled in an open-label, randomized trial of omalizumab for BP (IND 100569). This study was approved by the University of Iowa Institutional Review Board (IRB #200704726) and was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki principles. On enrollment, the patient's serum level of anti-BP180 IgG was 129 U, and anti-BP180 IgE was 44 U. Her total IgE level was 222 IU (normal < 100 IU). The omalizumab dose was calculated according the asthma dosing nomogram, and she received 300 mg subcutaneously every 2 weeks for the 16-week duration of treatment in the study. One week after her first dose, the patient reported a decrease in itching, and the intact blister count was decreased by 44% (89 to 50). By week 16, her body surface involvement with urticarial plaques had declined from 50% to 5%, and the tense blisters characteristic of BP were resolved, although some small erosions of 4 to 6 mm remained (Fig 1). Eosinophils had dropped from 3427/mm3 to 887/mm3 (normal, 0-475/mm3). Measurement of total IgE during treatment is not accurate because the clearance rate of omalizumab:IgE complexes is slower than that of free IgE, and these complexes are not biologically active.6Corren J. Shapiro G. Reimann J. Deniz Y. Wong D. Adelman A. Togias A. Allergen skin tests and free IgE levels during reduction and cessation of omalizumab therapy.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008; 121: 506-511Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar, 7Hamilton R.G. Marcotte G.V. Saini S.S. Immunologic methods for quantifying free and total serum IgE levels in allergy patients receiving Omalizumab (Xolair) therapy.J Immunol Methods. 2005; : 81-91Crossref PubMed Scopus (92) Google Scholar As expected, no change was seen in IgG antibodies against BP180 (124 U pretreatment, 104 U posttreatment). Four months after discontinuing omalizumab, the patient noted a return of pruritus and new blisters on the back and calves. Omalizumab was reinstituted off the trial. The pruritus subsided and the blisters resolved within 2 weeks. The small amount of residual disease present at 16 weeks may be a result of several factors. First, the dose and treatment schedule used in this study were developed for asthma and may not be optimal for BP. It remains to be determined whether a different treatment regimen would yield a further drop in eosinophils and additional clinical improvement. Second, omalizumab prevents IgE from binding to mast cells and basophils but should not inhibit direct effects of IgE produced by binding to BP180 on the surface of keratinocytes. Finally, if IgG and IgE both play a role in BP lesion development, the remaining IgG may be responsible for the residual disease. In summary, this case extends the growing evidence indicating IgE class autoantibodies are relevant in autoimmunity. This case is the first to demonstrate the pathogenicity of IgE autoantibodies in vivo. The remarkable clinical improvement of this patient despite the relatively high levels of BP180-specific IgG throughout her treatment supports a prominent role for IgE in this autoimmune disease. We propose that omalizumab may provide a therapeutic option for patients when a broader immunosuppressive therapy is contraindicated. Further studies are needed to determine whether omalizumab can be used as a monotherapy or as an adjunctive agent to minimize exposure to broad-based immunosuppression in these patients. Based on this study, a larger trial comparing omalizumab with standard prednisone is currently underway.