TAIWAN AND CHIANG KAI-SHEK'S FANGONG DALU
2014; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 45; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/03068374.2013.871843
ISSN1477-1500
Autores ResumoAbstractFor much of the 1950s, ROC President Chiang Kai-shek tried to formulate viable "counteroffensive" plans to reclaim mainland China. A main part of this vision was to attract US military sponsorship; for the ROC conspicuously lacked the military strength to reconquer mainland China. However, the formulation of these plans had unintended results for Taiwan. Firstly, the military plans gave Chiang's subordinates an indirect way of stating the impossibility of returning to mainland China, while strenuously proclaiming their loyalty. Secondly, Chiang Kai-shek's admonishment "????" Wu Wang Zai Ju (Forget Not the time at Ju), the clarion call for the ROC's mainland counter offensive, unwittingly promoted a more sedentary form of national identity for the average Taiwanese. Finally, the more Taiwan developed economically by means of US aid, the more the Taiwanese silently distanced themselves from Chiang's Quixotic dream of reclaiming mainland China. Thus, Chiang's leadership in "counteroffensive" planning did more to distance the island state from the mainland than "reclaim" it. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis author would like to give heartfelt thanks to Professor Teow See Heng, and reviewers for their comments. Fellow panelists from conferences organized by the Chinese Studies Association of Australia-Sydney (2009) and World History Association-Beijing (2011) had also contributed invaluable suggestions to various drafts of this essay.Notes1. Ministry of Defence to CKS, '国防部反攻军事战略判断 (修正本)' [Guofangbu fangong junshi zhanlue panduan (xiuzhengben)] (secret), 1957, serial no. 002080102009002, Chiang Kai-shek Papers, Academia Historica.2. Alice H. Amsden, 'The State and Taiwan's Economic Development', in Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol (Eds.), Bringing the State Back In. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, p.90; Thomas B. Gold, State and Society in the Taiwan Miracle. New York: ME Sharpe, 1986, p.125.3. Guo Chuanixi 郭传玺, ed., Zhongguo guomindang Taiwan sishinian shigang 中国国民党台湾四十年史纲 [A history of the KMT 40 years in Taiwan]. Beijing: Zhongguo wenshi chubanshe, 1993, p.101.4. Ramon H. Myers, 'Towards an Enlightened Authoritarian Polity: The Kuomintang Central Reform Committee on Taiwan, 1950–1952'. Journal of Contemporary China Vol. 18, Issue 59 (2009): 189; Bruce J. Dickson, Democratization in China and Taiwan: The Adaptability of Leninist Parties. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, p.64.5. Alan P. L. Liu, Phoenix and the Lame Lion: Modernization in Taiwan and Mainland China. Stanford: Hoover International Press, 1987, p.47.6. Peter Wang Chen-main, 'A Bastion Created, A Regime Reformed, An Economy Reengineered, 1949–1970', in Murray A. Rubinstein (Ed.), Taiwan: A New History (expanded edition). Armonk: ME Sharpe, 2007, p.321.7. Grace Huang, 'Avenging National Humiliation: Chiang Kai-shek's Response to the Japanese Occupation of Manchuria,' (paper presented at the Annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, 3 Sept 2004), 29.8. Chiang Kai-shek, Zongtong Jianggong dashi changbian chugao 总统蒋公大事长编初稿 [Chronological events of President Chiang Kai-shek] Vol. 7 (pt 2), ed. Qin Xiaoyi (Taipei: Caituan faren zhongzhen wenjiao jijinhui, 1978), 509–510. (hereafter cited as ZJDCC)9. Ralph Clough, 'Taiwan Under nationalist Rule'. Cambridge History of China Vol. 15, Issue 2 (1991): 820.10. Jay Taylor, The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009, p.414.11. Myers, 'Towards.' p.189.12. Ralph Clough, 'Taiwan', p.829.13. Chiang Kai-shek, speech, 'Gemin shijian yanjiu san ke minci de yiyi he women gemin shibai de yuanyin' 革命, 实践, 研究, 三个名词的意义和我们革命失败的原因 [Revolution, practice, research: the meaning of those three phrases and the reasons for the failure of our revolution], 16 October 1949, in Zongtong Jianggong Sixiang Yanlun Zongji [The anthology of President Chiang Kai-shek's thoughts and speeches] Vol. 23, Ed. Qin Xiaoyi 秦孝义 (Taipei: Zhongguo guomindang zhongyang weiyuanhui dangshi weiyuanhui, 1984), 30–32. (Hereafter cited as ZJSYZ)14. Dickson, Democratization, p.58; Wang, 'Bastion,' p.322.15. Dickson, Democratization, p.45.16. Ibid, 46–50.17. Linda Chao and Ramon H. Myers, The First Chinese Democracy: Political Life in the Republic of China on Taiwan. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998, p 31.18. Quoted in Liu, Phoenix, p.47; Dickson, Democratization, p.37.19. Dickson, Democratization, p.51.20. Henry R. Luce to CKS, 16 January 1953, serial no. 002080106039002, CKS papers, AH.21. Robert Neville to Henry R Luce, 'Chiang Kai-shek's Our Struggle against the Russian Imperialists and their Chinese Communist Agents', 15 January 1953, serial no. 002080106039002, CKS papers, AH.22. '总裁对七全大会政治报告' [Zhongcai dui qiquan dahui zhenzhi baogao] draft, November 1952, serial no. 002080106039002, CKS papers, AH.23. Diana Lary, China's Republic. Cambridge: CUP, 2007, p.181.24. Chao, Democracy, p.40.25. Chiang, Kai-shek, speech, 'Dui bendang diqici quanguo daibiao dahui kaimu zici' 对本党第七次全国代表大会开幕致词 [Seventh KMT congress opening speech], 10 October 1952, in ZJSYZ Vol. 25, 107.26. Taken from the Records of the Grand Historian, it was documented that the Kingdom of Ji was attacked (BC 284) and surrounded by four other countries. Ji was reduced to the county of Ju and Ji Mo. Despite the great setback, General Tian Dan overcame tremendous difficulties and recovered the territories of Ji with just his well-trained militia by counterattacking with ingenious stratagems such as rampaging oxen. For the defenders of the offshore islands, this military posting presented a certain amount of hardship, loneliness, and danger.27. Li Xiaofen, et al. 李筱峰, 及其他, 'Jiuwei de fuhao – cong "zhenzhi biaoyu" tu kan liang jiang zhenzhi', 久违的符号–从 '政治标语'图像看两蒋政治 [Symbols of ages past – Looking at Jiang politics through political slogans], Taiwan shiliao yanjiu 台湾史料研究 [Taiwan Historical Materials studies] Vol. 27 (2006): 16.28. Paul A. Cohen, Speaking to History: The Story of King Guojian in Twentieth-Century China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009, p.90.29. Ibid, 108.30. Ibid, 105.31. Hsu Pei-ken. 'The Military Thought & Strategic View of Chiang Kai-shek', in Chin Hsiao-yi (Ed.), Proceedings of Conference on Chiang Kai-shek and Modern China. Vol. 1. Taipei: Committee for PCCKSMC, 1987, p.517.32. Thomas B. Gold, 'Taiwan's Quest for Identity in The Shadow of China', in Dafydd Fell (Ed.), The Politics of Modern Taiwan. Vol. 1. London: Routledge, 2008, p.84.33. Quoted in Alan M. Wachman, 'Competing Identities in Taiwan'. The Politics of Modern Taiwan Vol. 1: 134–137.34. Ralph N. Clough, 'The Enduring Influence of the Republic of China on Taiwan Today', in David Shambaugh (Ed.), Contemporary Taiwan. Oxford: OUP, 1998, p.21; Nancy Guy, 'Governing the Arts, Governing the State: Peking Opera and Political Authority in Taiwan'. Ethnomusicology Vol. 43, Issue 3 (1999): 509.35. Lary, Republic, p.195; Lin Weishu 林炜舒, 'Shengfu ban you rensuan – Jiang Jieshi de diwei shi you lishi jueding de' 胜负半由人算- 蒋介石的地位是由历史决定的 [Victory or Defeat as determined by man – Chiang Kai-shek's place in History according to History]. Lishi Yuekan 历史月刊 [Historical Monthy], Vol. 5 (2003), p.99.36. Wachman, 'Competing', p.157.37. Hsu Pei-ken, 'Military Thought', p.517.38. Clough, 'Enduring', p.22.39. Brian Crozier, The Man Who Lost China: The First Full Biography of Chiang Kai-shek. London: Angus & Robertson, 1976, p.262.40. Lin Chao-ching, 'Political Indoctrination in the Curriculum during Four Periods of Elementary School Education in Taiwan'. The Social Studies Vol. 94, Issue 3 (2003): 135; Wachman, 'Competing', p.164.41. Quoted in Richard W. Wilson, Learning to be Chinese: The Political Socialization of Children in Taiwan. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1970, pp.154–155.42. Jeremy E. Taylor, 'The Production of Chiang Kai-shek Personality Cult, 1929-1975'. CQ Vol. 185 (2006): 103.43. See, Li, 'Jiuwei de fuhao', p.13; Roberta Martin, 'The Socialization of Children in China and on Taiwan: An Analysis of Elementary School Textbooks'. CQ Vol. 62 (1975): 245–254.44. Chao, Democracy, p.37.45. Taylor, 'Production', p.104.46. Ralph C. Croizer, Koxinga and Chinese Nationalism: Myth, and the Hero. 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Ministry of Defence to CKS, '参谋总长向中央党部第七届二中全会提案' [Chanmouzhongzhang xiang zhongyang dangbu diqijie erzhong quanhui tian] (secret), 6 September 1953, serial no. 002080102008008, CKS papers, AH.55. [Chanmouzhongzhang xiang zhongyang dangbu diqijie erzhong quanhui tian] (secret), 6 September 1953, serial no. 002080102008008, CKS papers, AH.56. Though the PRC might be an international pariah, Western countries such as Great Britain openly urged the US to ease trade restrictions with Communist China. This implicitly implied that Communist China was here to stay. In fact, the US National Security Council minutes recorded that "the President repeated his familiar view" that negotiations with allies over the embargo list must not be rigid. If the US refused to empathize with the British economic 'privation', London may join India's 'neutralist position'. See, 198th Meeting of NSC, 20 May 1954, NSC Series, box 5, Ann Whitman File, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library; General Pang Mang-chi to CKS, '反攻大陆初期作战大纲之考案' [Fangong dalu chuqi zuozhan dagang zhi kaoan] (secret), 30 June 1956, serial no. 002080102126009, CKS papers, AH.57. General Pang Mang-chi to CKS, '反攻大陆初期作战大纲之考案'[Fangong dalu chuqi zuozhan dagang zhi kaoan] (Secret), 30 June 1956, serial no. 002080102126009, CKS papers, AH.58. Ministry of Defence to CKS, '国防部反攻军事战略判断 (修正本)' [Guofangbu fangong junshi zhanlue panduan (xiuzhengben)] (secret), 1957, serial no. 002080102009002, CKS papers, AH.59. The report tirelessly continued in another sub-section on 'The selection of military targets'. It gave a shortest timeline of one to two years for a counterattack on northern China. The preconditions were allied military aid and military bases in Japan and Korea. In the last option of an independent southern invasion, with or without allied support, it estimated a long grueling three to five years of warfare; ibid.60. 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