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‘A Sordid Tussle on the Strand’: Rhodesia House during the UDI Rebellion (1965–80)

2010; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 38; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/03086534.2010.503398

1743-9329

Josiah Brownell,

African history and culture studies

Abstract Under the 1961 constitution, Rhodesia floated in a constitutional netherworld somewhere between a dominion and a colony. As Rhodesia's primary institutional link to the mother country, it was in the struggles over the status of their High Commission, Rhodesia House, that larger constitutional issues would be contested in microcosm. After UDI, Britain's awkward and unpopular policies towards the illegal regime in Africa were reflected in its policies regarding the London building and its occupants. The regime viewed Rhodesia House as a vital link to the outside world and sought to use it as a base from which to break out of its international isolation. The British shut down Rhodesia House in 1969, but its symbolic importance did not go away and it remained an important protest venue for demonstrators of all stripes. This article explores the significance of Rhodesia House during the fifteen-year rebellion and analyses what the controversies that swirled around the building say about the British imperial constitutional structure, the illegal regime's foreign policy goals and Britain's policy towards Rhodesia during this long and bizarre rebellion. Acknowledgment I would like to thank Donal Lowry and my brother, Roy E. Brownell, for their help in the development of this article. Notes Whether UDI later became legal under international law is outside the scope of this article. For a good overview of Rhodesia under international law, see Quentin-Baxter, Rhodesia and the Law. Ian Smith to Alexander Skeen (telegram), 16 Oct. 1965, quoted in Wood, So Far and No Further, 395. For a good overview of the Rhodesian question in the United Nations, see Gowlland-Debbas, Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law, 218. The only other visible symbol of the regime in London outside Rhodesia House was Ian Smith's wax effigy in Madame Tussaud's, which had to eventually be removed to protect it from the public who threatened to harm it. '"Ian Smith" is Moved "For His Own Good"', Rhodesia Herald, 26 Aug. 1966. The lack of other protest venues led demonstrators to occupy the Rhodes House Library in Oxford briefly, the sole link being that the eponymous founder of both was Cecil Rhodes. Statement about Rhodes House Library, Oxford, 4 Dec., 1968, Anti-Apartheid Movement Archive, MSS AAM 1211, Rhodes House Library, Oxford University. For the classic text on Britain's policy towards Rhodesia, see Windrich, Britain and the Politics of Rhodesia Independence. For more on the importance of racial demographics in the collapse of the white regime, see Brownell, The Collapse of Rhodesia. Lauren Benton has traced how in British India colonial officials and international lawyers struggled to make sense of the 'quasi-sovereign' territories that existed in a space between the purely domestic and purely foreign. See Benton, 'From International Law to Imperial Constitutions'. Constitutional scholar A. B. Keith explicitly argued that this precision would have been unwise from the imperial standpoint. Keith, Governments of the British Empire, 6. See, for example, 'Themes of Publicity about the Commonwealth', 1949, CO 875/52/6. Palley, Constitutional History, 724. See Palley, Constitutional History, 724; Baxter and Hodgens, 'Constitutional Status of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland'. The last high commissioner in Salisbury, Jack Johnston, described Britain's residual powers under the 1961 as being 'reduced to a thread'. Sir Jack Johnston memoirs, 'Recollections', 115, MSS Brit. Emp. S. 555, Rhodes House Library, Oxford University. When Rhodesia was not invited to the 1965 Conference, the Rhodesian government 'took exception' to what they considered to be their right denied them. Palley, Constitutional History, 746. Ibid., 731. For an analysis of the evolution of intra-Commonwealth relations and their differences from international relations, legally and in practice, see Wilson, 'Some Questions of Legal Relations between Commonwealth Members'. In quantifying exactly how much sovereignty Rhodesia would achieve under the 1961 constitution, Whitehead said that Rhodesia would be 'more than 90 per cent independent'. Wood, So Far, 76. Historian Harry Strack describes Rhodesia's status under the 1961 constitution as placing Rhodesia in the 'twilight zone' between dependence and independence. Strack, 'The International Relations of Rhodesia under Sanctions'. Chief Justice Beadle described Rhodesia's status prior to UDI as being 'semi-independent'. Eekelaar, 'Rhodesia: The Abdication of Constitutionalism', 20. 'Rhodesia House Statues', Dr. E. Grey-Turner, The Times, 10 Sept. 1980 (quoting from the centenary history of the BMA, published in 1935). 'Epsteins Crumble above the Strand: Philip Howard Looks at London: Statues Plea', The Times, 30 May 1973. 'Rhodesia House Statues', Alfred Baker, The Times, 10 Sept. 1980. 'Epstein Statues on Rhodesia House: Plaster Casts Taken', The Times, 13 Aug. 1937. 'The Truth About Those Vandals in the Strand', The Times, 4 Sept. 1980. 'Epstein Statues on Rhodesia House: Plaster Casts Taken', The Times, 13 Aug. 1937. According to some reports, Epstein vehemently opposed the mutilation of his works, arguing that they were integral to the fabric of the building. 'Epsteins Crumble above the Strand: Philip Howard Looks at London: Statues Plea', The Times, 30 May 1973. 'New Rhodesia House: Epstein Statues to be Removed', The Times, 24 Apr. 1935. He even recommended 'having the dump knocked down'. Letter from Evan Campbell to Winston Field, 29 Nov. 1963. Winston Field Papers, MSS Afr. S. 2344, Rhodes House Library, Oxford University. Untitled memorandum on Rhodesia House Staff, 19 Oct. 1965, DO 207/112. 'Diplomatic Privileges Bill (Lords)', Parliamentary Debate, Hansard, 1 July 1964 (emphasis added). Skeen, Prelude, 17–18. Skeen, Prelude, 18. 'Action against Rhodesia House after UDI', letter to Prime Minister Harold Wilson from Arthur Bottomley, secretary of state for commonwealth relations, 15 Oct. 1965, DO 183/596. Ibid. For an interesting analysis of Wilson's Oct. 1964 statement, see Windrich, Britain and the Politics, 32–34. 'Occupation of Rhodesia House after a UDI,' draft memorandum by the CRO, 7 Oct., 1965. See also the addendum to memorandum, 'Occupation of Rhodesia House: Note on Legal Aspects and Possible Methods', DO 183/596. 'Occupation of Rhodesia House: Note on Legal Aspects and Possible Methods,' Addendum to CRO memorandum, 7 Oct., 1965. DO 183/596. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. 'Occupation of Rhodesia House after a UDI', draft memorandum by the CRO, 7 Oct. 1965, DO 183/596. Ibid. Cypher telegram to J. G. Fingland (DEDIP), Deputy HC, from J. B. Johnston, High Commissioner, 4 Oct. 1965, DO 183/596. Jack Johnston Memoirs, 126, Rhodes House Library, Oxford University. Johnston confessed that at the time he was 'a little disappointed' that the Rhodesians did not enter the premises after UDI depriving him of the joy of seeing their surprise that there was nothing inside. Jack Johnston Memoirs, 126, Rhodes House Library, Oxford University. Letter to A. Snelling, Deputy Undersecretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, from O. G. Forster, of the CRO, 8 Oct. 1965, DO 183/596. Letter to A. Bottomley, Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, from Elwyn Jones, Attorney General, 12 Oct., 1965, DO 183/596. Ibid. Ibid. 'Note for the Record,' by M. B. Chitty, 25 Oct. 1965, DO 183/596. 'Action against Rhodesia House's Communications in the Event of UDI', letter to Mr Costley-White from I. F. S. Vincent of the DSAO, 26 Oct. 1965, DO 183/596. 'Action to be taken with regard to Rhodesia House in the event of UDI', note of meeting held in the CRO, 28 Oct. 1965, DO 183/596 (emphasis added). Leigh, Wilson Plot, 106. Flower, Serving Secretly, 49. As Leigh described it, 'There was no machine for it'. Leigh, Wilson Plot, 106. Surprisingly, she received only six months in prison and he only five years. Leigh, Wilson Plot, 106. Blackburn indicated that he was handed over by Fairer-Smith to a South African handler prior to the Keenan operation. However, he described himself as still working for the Rhodesian Intelligence services. Transcript of Interrogation of Norman Henry Blackburn by Detective Superintendent Gilbert at New Scotland Yard, 25 May 1967, CRIM 1/4718. Gordon Winter, an ex-BOSS operative, claimed that South Africa, Rhodesia and Portugal regularly pooled their intelligence. Winter, Inside BOSS, 347. Transcript of Interrogation of Norman Henry Blackburn by Detective Superintendent Gilbert at New Scotland Yard, 25 May 1967, CRIM 1/4718. Winter, Inside BOSS, 307–08. Though in MP James Wellbeloved's speech, he mistakenly claimed Fairer-Smith was a South African Intelligence operative. 'Metropolitan Police', HC Deb, 15 Dec. 1971, vol. 828, cc. 650–73. 'Rhodesia,' HC Deb, 21 Feb. 1967, vol. 741, cc. 1433–38. Ibid. Flower, Serving Secretly, 92. These visits were finally exposed in Parliament in a speech by MP Edward du Cann in 1978. HC Deb, 7 Nov. 1978, vol. 957, cc. 694–921. Skeen, Prelude, 148. 'Rhodesia House', letter to K. J. Neale from A. W. Snelling, 11 Nov. 1965, DO 207/112. Skeen, Prelude, 150. According to the head of Rhodesian intelligence, Ken Flower, Skeen was as nervous as he was because, unlike anyone else in Rhodesia House, he was in the British Army and feared he could be hanged as a traitor. Flower, Serving Secretly, 49. Skeen, Prelude, 150. Flower, Serving Secretly, 49–50. 'Rhodesia House', letter to K. J. Neale from A. W. Snelling, 11 Nov. 1965, DO 207/112. Ibid. Ibid. 'Southern Rhodesia Bill', HL Deb, 15 Nov. 1965, vol. 270, cc. 413–38. Letter from Selwyn Lloyd, MP, to Arthur Bottomley, 15 Nov. 1965, DO 207/112. 'Rhodesia House Residual Staff', letter from D. Mitchell of the PM's Office to Oliver Forster of the CRO, 14 Nov. 1965, DO 207/112. 'Southern Rhodesia Bill', HL Deb, 15 Nov. 1965, vol. 270, cc. 413–38. See telegram from Head of Mission, Mr Fingland, in Salisbury to the CRO, 19 Nov. 1965, DO 207/112; 'Status of Rhodesian residual staff' from M. B. Chitty to K. J. Neale, 26 Nov. 1965, DO 207/112. 'Immunities and Privileges for Rhodesia House', letter from M. B. Chitty to Mr Burden of the Protocol Dept., 7 Feb. 1966, DO 207/112. 'Rhodesia House (Occupants)', HC Deb, 14 March 1968, vol. 760, c. 355W. See telegram from American Consulate in Salisbury to State Department, 3 Dec. 1965, Central Files 1964–67, RG 59, Box 2607, US National Archives at College Park, MD, NACP. Skeen, Prelude, 165. 'Rhodesia House: Note for the Record', M. B. Chitty, 11 Nov. 1965, DO 207/112. See DO 207/112. The printed heading on Rhodesia House stationery reading 'High Commission for Rhodesia' was scribbled off by hand in most subsequent letters sent out from Rhodesia House. 'Staff at Rhodesia House', letter from N. D. Watson, Asst. Undersecretary of State, to K. J. Neale, Head of Rhodesia Dept., 12 Nov. 1965, DO 207/112. Ibid. 'Proposals to be put to Mr. Heathcote about staff to remain at Rhodesia House', memo by M. B. Chitty, 18 Nov. 1965, DO 207/112. It is unclear how aware the British government was of the public relations work already being conducted out of Rhodesia House, which had become an increasing priority in the build-up to a UDI. See, for example, letter from Even Campbell to Winston Field, 21 Feb. 1964, Winston Field Papers, MSS Afr. S. 2344, Rhodes House Library, Oxford University. 'Agreement on Status of Rhodesia House', Rhodesia Herald, 25 Nov. 1965. 'Rhodesia House', Letter from Chitty to Mr Burltrop, 15 Feb. 1966, DO 207/112. Letter from R. J. A. Martin to Neale, Feb. 1966. DO 207/112. Skeen, Prelude, 165. See, for example, Telegram No. 1873, from Salisbury to Commonwealth Relations Office, by Deputy High Commissioner Fingland, 26 Nov. 1965, DO 207/112. Windrich, Britain and the Politics, 86. Telegram from American Consulate in Salisbury to State Department, 29 Nov. 1965, Central Files 1964–67, RG 59, Box 2607, NACP. 'Funding of Rhodesia House', From Salisbury to CO, Telegram No. 113, 31 Jan. 1967, FCO 36/93. 'Demand is Big for British Passports', Rhodesia Herald, 8 Jan. 1964; 'Rush at British Passport Office', Rhodesia Herald, 19 Apr. 1966; 'Passport Office Chaotic', Rhodesia Herald, 4 July 1969. Letter from Neale to R. A. R. Baltrop, 15 Nov. 1966, Do 207/112. Letter from Watson to Neale, 16 Nov. 1966. 'Greetings to Rhodesia at Cenotaph', The Times, 13 Nov. 1967. Letter from Watson to K. J. Neale, 16 Nov. 1966, DO 207/112. 'Rhodesia', HC Deb, 13 Dec., 1966, vol. 738, cc. 221–27. Letter from K. J. Neale to Watson, 15 Nov. 1966, DO 207/112. 'Mission in Pretoria,' letter by S. F. Brice, The Times, 3 May 1967. Letter to K. J. Neale from M. B. Chitty, 5 May 1967, FCO 36/93. Letter to A. Bottomley from K. J. Neale, 9 May 1967, FCO 36/93. Ibid. 'Awaiting Execution', letter from S. F. Brice, The Times, 24 Aug. 1967. Letter to M. B. Chitty from A. Bottomley, 24 Aug. 1967, FCO 36/93. 'Rhodesia House', letter to Mr Faber from A. Bottomley, 13 March 1968, FCO 36/93. Ibid. Letter to Derek Marks from S. F. Brice, 24 May 1968, FCO 36/93. 'Rhodesian Cocktails', Daily Telegraph, 28 Feb. 1966. 'Comfort for Rhodesia', Garfield Todd, The Times, 4 June 1968. This letter produced an equally angry defence the next day from Sir John Kennedy, who claimed his attendance was purely social and not political. 'Rhodesian Comfort', Major-General Sir John Kennedy, The Times, 5 June 1968. '… And Rhodesia House Stands Desolate', Rhodesia Herald, Oct. 1979. Letter to M. B. Chitty from A. Bottomley, 24 Aug. 1967, FCO 36/93. Telegram to M. B. Chitty from J. D. Hennings, 30 Aug. 1967, FCO 36/93. See, for example, 'Talks on Rhodesia Started in London', New York Times, 8 Sept. 1964. 'Worldwide Dismay at Hangings', The Times, 7 March 1968. 'Cabinet Meet Today to Consider Next Steps in Rhodesia Crisis: "Cynicism" Charge by Smith', The Times, 7 March 1968. 'Two Men Fined after Planning to Bomb Rhodesia House', Rhodesia Herald, 27 March 1968; 'Bottle Hurled at Rhodesia House Window', Rhodesia Herald, 30 March 1968. 'Scotland Yard to Protect Rhodesia House for PM's Commonwealth Conference', Rhodesia Herald, 21 Dec. 1968. 'Rhodesian Flag Flies in London', The Times, 3 Jan. 1969. 'Writers' Sit-in at Rhodesia House', The Times, 8 Jan. 1969. Ibid. 'Plan to Occupy Rhodesia House', The Times, 11 Jan. 1969. 'Battle of the Strand in South Africa and Rhodesia Protest', The Times, 13 Jan. 1969. See, for example, the front page story, 'Rhodesia House Attack Failed: London Demonstrators Turn on SA Embassy: Leaders of Mob Fight with Police', Rhodesia Herald, 13 Jan. 1969. 'Disturbances, Strand', HC Deb, 20 Jan. 1969, vol. 776, cc.44–47. 'Students at Rhodesia House', The Times, 22 Feb. 1969. 'Rhodesia House Invaded by LSE Students', Rhodesia Herald, 27 Feb. 1969. 'Five Arrested after Apartheid Rally', The Times, 27 May 1969. 'Staff at Rhodesia House', Letter from N. D. Watson to K. J. Neale, 12 Nov. 1965, DO 207/112. See, for example, 'The LBJ flag, or the Case of Lardner-Burke's Jersey', airgram from W. P. O'Neill, American Consulate, Salisbury, to State Department, 16 Aug. 1968. Central Files 1967–69, RG 59, Box 2445, NACP. 'Union Jack Replaced by New Rhodesian Flag', airgram from W. P. O'Neill, American Consulate Salisbury, to State Department, 11 Oct. 1968, Central Files 1967–69, RG 59, Box 2445, NACP. 'Rhodesia: Flying the Flag', memorandum by George Thomson, Minister without Portfolio, 24 Dec. 1968, PREM 13/2893. Ibid. Ibid. 'Rhodesia: Flying the Flag: Summary of events subsequent to minute of 24th Dec. from Minister without Portfolio to the Prime Minister', memorandum by George Thomson, 1 Jan. 1969, PREM 13/2893. 'Rhodesia House Flag', British Cabinet Meeting minutes, Misc 232 (69), 2 Jan. 1969, CAB 130/410. Ibid. Handwritten minute by Harold Wilson on top of telegram to FCO from Mr, Carter, Residual Mission, Telegram No. 1459, 19 Dec., 1968. PREM 13/2893. 'Rhodesia: Flying the Flag', memorandum by George Thomson, Minister without Portfolio, 24 Dec. 1968. PREM 13/2893. 'Rhodesia House Flag', British Cabinet Meeting minutes, Misc 232 (69), 2 Jan. 1969, CAB 130/410. 'Rhodesia: Flying the Flag', memorandum by George Thomson, Minister without Portfolio, 24 Dec. 1968, PREM 13/2893. Quoting Thomson's characterisation of doing nothing after warning Brice about the consequences. 'Rhodesia: Flying the Flag', memorandum by George Thomson, Minister without Portfolio, 24 Dec. 1968, PREM 13/2893. 'Smith Flag Survives Mauling', The Times, 4 Jan. 1969. Ibid. 'Flag pole Raiders Leave Their Perch', Rhodesia Herald, 16 Jan. 1969. 'Girl Climbs Flagpole in Rhodesia Protest', Rhodesia Herald, 28 Jan. 1969. See, for example, M. Cummings, Daily Express, 4 Jan. 1969; M. Cummings, Daily Express, 5 Jan. 1969; W. Papas, The Guardian, 13 Jan. 1969; J. Musgrave Wood 'Emmwood', Daily Mail, 14 Jan. 1969; R. Carl 'Giles', Daily Express, 14 Jan. 1969; K. Waite, The Sun, 28 Jan. 1969. British Cartoon Archive, www.cartoons.ac.uk. 'Rhodesia House (Flag)', HC Deb, 23 Jan. 1969, vol. 776, cc. 161–62W. Ibid. 'Oh Say Can You See?', telegram from Bruce, American Embassy in London to State Department, 7 Jan. 1969, Central Files 1967–69, RG 59, Box 2445, NACP. Ibid. Ibid. Gibbs stated that if crown royalists could gain at least 40 per cent of the vote he would stay. See 'British Plans for Rhodesia', telegram from W. P. O'Neill, American Consulate in Salisbury to State Department, 15 Apr. 1969, Central Files 1967-1969, RG 59, Box 2445, NACP. See also. 'British Prepare for Break with Smith', telegram from Annenberg, American Embassy in London to State Department, 21 May 1969, Central Files 1967–69, RG 59, Box 2445, NACP. 'Possible Closing of British Mission in Salisbury', telegram from Kaiser, American Embassy in London to State Department, 18 Apr. 1969, Central Files 1967–69, RG 59, Box 2445, NACP. 'British Prepare for Break with Smith', telegram from Annenberg, American Embassy in London to State Department, 21 May 1969, Central Files 1967–69, RG 59, Box 2445, NACP. 'Sweeping Victory for Ian Smith in Heavy Rhodesian Poll', The Times, 21 June 1969. Quentin-Baxter, Rhodesia and the Law, 18. 'Funding of Rhodesia House', from Salisbury to CO, Telegram No. 113, 31 Jan. 1967, FCO 36/93. Letter handed to S. Brice from A. Bottomley, 24 June 1969, FCO 36/579. Telegram to Salisbury Residual Mission from Mr Stewart of the Rhodesia Political Dept, FCO, Telegram No. 541, 23 June 1969, FCO 36/579. Telegram from Mr Lister, Residual Mission, Salisbury, to London, 13 July 1969, FCO 36/584. Megahey, Humphrey Gibbs, 168–69. 'Rhodesians Strike Flag in London', The Times, 15 July 1969. 'The Past Lingers: History Haunts the Silent Rooms of Rhodesia House', Rhodesia Herald, 19 Oct. 1979. Ibid. K. Waite, The Sun, 16 July 1969, British Cartoon Archive. Available from http://www.cartoons.ac.uk INTERNET. See, for example, 'MPs in Clash on Rhodesia Break', The Times, 25 June 1969. 'Opposition to Resist Communications Ban', The Times, 25 June 1969. Lake, Tar Baby Option, 141. See PREM 15/163. Lake, Tar Baby Option, 142–43. 'Rhodesia Matters', Memorandum of Conversation between W. P. O'Neill, James Bottomley and Richard Faber, London, 24 July 1969, Central Files 1967–69, RG 59, Box 2445, NACP. 'Rhodesia Centre Besieged', Rhodesia Herald, 30 March 1973. 'Rhodesia Opens an Office in US: Information Center Causes Distress in Washington', New York Times, 5 Feb. 1966; 'US is Taking Steps to Close Rhodesia Information Office', Rhodesian Herald, 1 March 1966. See the William A. Rusher Papers, Restricted Access at the Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Letter from K. H. Towsey to W. A. Rusher, 3 March 1978, Box 169, Rusher papers. See, for example, letter to President Carter from seventeen members of the media, 3 June 1977, Box 169, Rusher Papers. 'Rhodesia Lobbying Office Seems about to Close', The Washington Post, 1 June 1977. Fieldhouse, Anti-Apartheid, 136. 'Rhodesia House Bomb Attack', Rhodesia Herald, 1 Feb. 1972. '43 Charged after Rhodesia Protest March in London', The Times, 14 Feb. 1972. 'Marchers Attack Rhodesia House', Rhodesia Herald, 14 Feb. 1972. '43 Charged after Rhodesia Protest March in London', The Times, 14 Feb. 1972. See, for example: 'Anatomy of a Demonstration', Rhodesia Herald, 15 Feb. 1972. 'Oxfordshire Aims for 18pc Rate Rise', The Times, 25 Jan. 1975. 'Rhodesia House Renovation', The Times, 16 Aug. 1980. 'Dispute over Who Will Pay Rates on Rhodesia House', The Times, 9 Apr. 1980. Barring this, Letts threatened to climb on top of Rhodesia House and remove the eighteen-foot stone statues himself—a threat that for obvious reasons was never carried out. 'Epsteins Crumble above the Strand: Philip Howard Looks at London: Statues Plea', The Times, 30 May 1973. See, for example, 'Ownership of Rhodesia House a Riddle', The Times, 7 June 1971. See also State Immunity Act, 1978, Clause 5(a), (b). 'Rhodesia House Renovation', The Times, 16 Aug. 1980. Smith, Bitter Harvest, 326. See, for example, 'Sadness at Closure of Rhodesia House', letter by V. Tennant, Rhodesia Herald, 22 Apr. 1966. 'Rhodesia House Holds Memories for Many People in Rhodesia', editorial by W. E. Arnold, Rhodesia Herald, 5 July 1969. 'History Haunts the Silent Rooms of Rhodesia House: The Past Lingers', Rhodesia Herald, 19 Oct. 1979. 'Rhodesia House to Stay Empty', Rhodesia Herald, 15 Dec. 1979. Kowalewski, 'The Protest Uses of Symbolic Politics in the USSR'. Ibid., 449–50. Ibid., 452. Letter to Members of Parliament from AAM, 19 Sept. 1967, Anti-Apartheid Movement Archive, MSS AAM 1211, Rhodes House Library, Oxford University. In his history of the Anti-Apartheid Movement, Roger Fieldhouse found that, '[b]ecause Rhodesia, unlike South Africa, was still (at least nominally) under British rule until 1980, it often proved easier to persuade people of the rightness of the Rhodesian campaign, compared with the campaign against apartheid in South Africa'. Fieldhouse, Anti-Apartheid, 130–31. Statement by Anne Warren, 'Why I raised the Union Jack' (undated but 1969), Anti-Apartheid Movement Archive, MSS AAM 1211, Rhodes House Library, Oxford University. Statement to be read out at Rhodesia House, 3 Feb. 1972, Anti-Apartheid Movement Archive, MSS AAM 1216, Rhodes House Library, Oxford University (emphasis added).