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Physical Practices and Sportification: Between Institutionalisation and Standardisation. The Example of Three Activities in France

2013; Routledge; Volume: 30; Issue: 9 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/09523367.2013.782538

1743-9035

Cécile Collinet, Matthieu Delalandre, Pierre-Olaf Schut, Coralie Lessard,

Martial Arts: Techniques, Psychology, and Education

AbstractMany physical activities, from traditional games to emerging practices, have been and still are confronted with the 'sportification' process. Sports historians and sociologists have produced numerous isolated monographs to try and comprehend this development. Through the compared analysis of three activities – break-dancing, spelaeology and mixed martial arts – this study prolongs the modelling effort initiated by Renson to understand the fundamental elements which simultaneously encourage and slow down this process. It shows that this conflict crystallises around the degree of standardisation of a practice and its institutional recognition. To protect the original identity of these activities, their sportification process cannot be completed.Keywords:: sportificationinstitutionalisationstandardisationbreak-dancingmixed martial artsspelaeology Notes 1.CitationElias and Dunning, Sport et Civilization. 2. Van Bottenburg and Heilbron, "De-Sportization of Fighting Contests," 262. 3.CitationGuttmann, From Ritual to Record. 4.CitationPigeassou and Pruneau,"Regards Critiques sur les Rites." 5.CitationLebreton et al., "Cultures Urbaines et Activités Physiques." 6.CitationSavre, "L'institutionnalisation du Vélo Tout Terrain." 7. Like Gloria and Raspaud, "Emergence des Competitions en Escalade," about climbing. 8.CitationParlebas, Jeux, Sports et Sociétés. 9.CitationMaguire, "Sportization Processes"; CitationDonelly, "The Local and the Global"; CitationHorne, "The Politics of Sport."10. Renson, "The Cultural Dilemma of Cultural Games."11.CitationEichberg, "Olympic Sport."12.CitationFriedman, "Being in the World."13.CitationEichberg, "A Revolution of Body Culture?"14.CitationEinarsson, "An Attempt to Describe Some Facts."15. Eichberg, "A Revolution of Body Culture?"16. Renson, "The Cultural Dilemma of Cultural Games."17.CitationSaeki, "The Conflict."18.CitationPociello, "Les Tendances Lourdes."19.CitationBessy and Lacroix, "Glisse D'hier et Surf."20.CitationBessy and Mouton, "Sports de Nature."21.CitationDarbon, Diffusion des Sports.22.CitationPociello, Les Cultures Sportives.23.CitationPociello, "Un Nouvel Esprit D'aventure."24.CitationAdamkiewicz, "Les Performances Sportives."25.CitationBazin, La Culture Hip-Hop; CitationShapiro, "Qu'est-ce que L'artification?"26.cf. Guttmann's earlier quote regarding the essence of sport.27.CitationTerret, "L'institutionnalisation de L'aquatic Fitness."28. Parlebas, Jeux, Sports et Sociétés.29. Guttmann, From Ritual to Record.30. In France, break-dancing is also called B-boying or street dance.31.CitationHager, Hip Hop.32.CitationChang, Can't Stop; Bazin, La Culture Hip-Hop; Stapelton, "From the Margins to Mainstream."33. Since 1984, several French TV programmes have been offering beak-dancing (for example, Dance Street on France since 2010; On va faire leshow on Canal 21 and NTV 2) as well as on the Internet (Canal Street, Move it TV, You can dance, I Love this dance…). In addition, Dailymotion and Youtube have made it possible to put videos online easily and rapidly.34. Feeling the music, physically integrating its rhythm.35. Lebreton et al., "Cultures Urbaines et Activités Physiques," 315–6.36. Parlebas, Jeux, Sports et Sociétés.37.CitationVigne and Dorvillé, "Les Jeux Traditionnels Nordistes," 54.38.CitationMcNamee, Philosophy, Risk and Adventure Sports.39.CitationGilli, La Spéléologie.40.CitationSchut, L'exploration Souterraine.41.CitationSchut, "Sport ou Sciences."42.CitationGloria and Raspaud, "Emergence des Competitions en Escalade."43.CitationEhrenberg, Le Culte de la Performance.44.CitationSuchet et al., "The History and Geography."45.CitationChabert, "Des Courses sur Corde?"46.CitationSchut, L'Exploration Souterraine.47. The analysis of the professions of faith made by the candidates for federal elections in the 1980s reveals the recurring theme of free access to the caves.48.CitationVeyrunes, "Des Courses sur Corde… Pourquoi?"49.CitationGray-Carr, "Making Way."50.CitationPfister, "Sportification, Power and Control."51.CitationAubel, "Les Enjeux de la Sportivisation."52.CitationRenson, "The Cultural Dilemma of Cultural Games."53.CitationVan Bottenburg and Heilbron, "De-Sportization of Fighting Contests."54. Interview of Chantal Jouanno in Karaté Bushido, no. 1012, January 2011.55. Interview displayed on the website of the l'Équipe newspaper: http://www.video.lequipe.fr/video/tous-sports/tous-sports-sport-buzz-22-09-11/recentes/page/1/?sig = iLyROoaf2hs-.56. Recommendation from the European Council No. R (99) 11, adopted by the Ministers' Committee on April 22, 1999, during the 669th meeting of the Ministers' Delegates.57. Bertrand Amoussou's reply to Chantal Jouanno's interview, posted on many websites like http://www.ikusa.fr/index.html/_/news/bertrand-amoussou-repond-a-la-ministre-des-sports-r492.58. Ngai et al., "Injury Trends."59.CitationCoakley, Sports in Society.60. For example, for a specialist in hand-to-hand fighting, the techniques aiming at getting nearer one's opponent without being hit in order to grasp him and throw him off.61. Renson, "The Cultural Dilemma of Cultural Games."62. For example, CitationHarvey et al., "Globalization and Sport."Additional informationNotes on contributorsCécile CollinetCécile Collinet is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Sport Department at Paris Est Marne La Vallée University. Her Laboratory (Analyse compaére des pouvoirs [ACP]) works on the sociology and the history of sport and Physical Education. She is the author of a lot of articles and books about the sociology of sport (especially the sociology of sport sciences and the sportification process).Matthieu DelalandreMatthieu Delalandre is a lecturer in sociology at Paris-Est Marne-La-Vallée University. His work focused first on questions related to the production and the usefulness of scientific knowledge in the field of sport training. He has extended his research to analyse the recent process of sportification of Mixed Martial Arts, a combat sport which is at the same time very popular and highly criticised in France.Pierre-Olaf SchutPierre-Olaf Schut is a lecturer at ACP at Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée University. He works on the history of outdoor activities, like caving or mountaineering, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He is the author of L'Exploration souterraine. Une Histoire culturelle de la spéléologie (L'Harmattan, 2007).Coralie LessardCoralie Lessard is doing her PhD at Paris Est Marne La Vallée University. Her research examines the role of sport in the social integration of young people.