Lebanese Nationalism versus Arabism: From Bulus Nujaym to Michel Chiha
2004; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 40; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/0026320042000265657
ISSN1743-7881
Autores Tópico(s)Islamic Studies and History
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes In addition to al-Bustani, the first notion of Syria can be seen in the writings of Khalil Khuri, Kharabat Suria [The Syrian Ruins] (Beirut: al-Matba'a al-Suriyya, 1860); Mikha'il Mishaqa, in Asad Rustum and Subhi Abu Shaqra (eds.), 'al-Jawab 'Ala Iqtirah al-Ahbab' [The Answer for Lovers' Suggestion] (Beirut: Mudiriyat al-Athar, 1955); Iliyas Matr, al-'Uqud al-Duriyya fi Tarikh al-Mamlaka al-Suriyya [The Pearly Necklaces in the History of the Syrian Kingdom] (Beirut: Publications of Matba't al-Ma'arif, 1874); George Yanni, Tarikh Suria [History of Syria] (Beirut: Al-Matba'a al-Adabiyya, 1881). On Syria of al-Bustani, Matr and Yanni, see Yussef M. Choueiri, Arab History and the Nation State: A Study in Modern Arab Historiography 1820–1980 (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), pp.25–54. See Martin al-Ab al-Yasu'i, Tarikh Lubnan [History of Lebanon], tr. Rashid al-Khuri al-Shartuni, 3rd edn, (Beirut: Dar Nazir 'Abbud, 1994). On the University of Saint Joseph and its Oriental faculty, see Rafael Herzstein, 'Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth: Fondation et Fonctionnement de 1875 à 1914' (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Haifa 2002, pp.195 – 201; see also Asher Kaufman, 'Reviving Phoenicia: The Search for an Identity in Lebanon' (Ph.D dissertation, Brandeis University, 2000), pp.55–62. Archives of Chamber of Commerce of Marseilles (ACCM), dossier MQ.5.4, Commerce international, Syrie et Liban – 1885–1926, Baron d'Anthouard to President of the Chamber of Commerce of Marseilles, 6 May 1915. Ibid, President of CCM to Baron d'Anthouard, 27 July 1915. See Archives of Chamber of Commerce of Marseilles, dossier MQ.5.4, Commerce international, Syrie et Liban, 1885–1926; Série L. IX, no.774; Série L, no.775 and Correspondence & documents, nos. 37–50. In all these dossiers, one can find the correspondence between the Chamber of Commerce of Marseilles with other French chambers of commerce, with the Minister of Foreign Affairs and with other French institutions concerning 'La Syrie, que la France doit réclamer', from Taurus to al-'Arish. In the dossier Correspondence & documents, nos.37–50, there is a map 'Croquis de la Syrie et de la Mésopotamie', showing this Syrie française. ACCM, Correspondence & documents, nos.37–50, note sur la valeur économique de la Syrie (Marseilles, 1915). See correspondence, Archives of Chamber of Commerce of Lyons, Syrie, Documents divers, vol.2029 (1918–24) ; and Mission en Syrie, f.2029 (1919–20). Archives of Chamber of Commerce of Marseilles, Congrès français de la Syrie, Séances et Travaux, 3 vols. (Paris and Marseilles, 1919). The first volume contains Paul Huvelin, 'Compte rendu de la mission française en Syrie', in Que vaut la Syrie. The second volume contains the 'Section d'archéologie, histoire, géographie et ethnographie', mainly dealing with the 'traditional relation' between France and Syria from the time of the Crusaders. The third volume contains the 'Section de l'enseignement', in which can be found valuable information on the role of the French and western schools in Syria, Lebanon and Palestine; Congrès français de la Syrie. See Rabbath, La formation historique du Liban politique et consitutionnel. Essai de synthèse (Beirut: Université Libanaise, 1973), pp.279–80; Meir Zamir, The Formation of Modern Lebanon (London: Croom Helm, 1985), p.23; 'Isam Khalifa, Abhath fi Tarikh Lubnan al-Mu'asir [Studies in the History of Modern Lebanon] (Beirut: Dar al-Jil, 1985), pp.74–5, 116. Quoted in Zeine N. Zeine, The Struggle for Arab Independence, 2nd edn (Delmar, NY: Caravan Books, 1977), p.68, and then in Rabbath, La formation historique, p.280. Edgard Tawil, La Syrie (Alexandria: [n.n.], 1919). 'Abdalla Sfeir [Sfayr], Le Mandat Français et les traditions françaises en Syrie et au Liban (Paris: Librairie Plon-Norrit et Cie, 1922). Ghanim, 'Introduction' in Georges Samné, La Syrie (Paris: Bossard, 1920), pp.xvii–xviii. Ibid., p.xi. Ibid., p.xix. Georges Samné, La Syrie, p.25. Ibid., p.216. Ibid. The map gives as the southern frontier the Qasmiyya river, p.224. Ibid., p.230. Ibid., Samné devoted large sections of his book to three factors he sees as having destroyed Syria: l'impérialisme hedjazien, British policy, and the Zionist project, pp.375–581. Ibid, p.254. Nadra Moutran, La Syrie de demain (Paris: Librairie Plon-Norritetlie, 1996) p.97. Ibid., 'Introduction', p.i. Ibid., p.29. Ibid., p.137. Ibid., 'Introduction', p.vi. Ibid., p.30. Ibid., p.33. Ibid, p.358 Khairallah Khairallah, La Syrie (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1912). Khairallah's oscillation led to a debate among Lebanese historians. Toufic Touma, in Paysans et institutions féodales chez les Druses et les Maronites du Liban du XVIIe siècle à 1914, (2 vols, Beirut: Université Libanaise, Sections des Etudes Historiques, No. 21, 1971–2), writes that even though Kairallah gave his book the title La Syrie, he was one of the supporters of Greater Lebanon, vol.1, p.680. Wajih Kawtharani, in al-Itijahat al-Ijtima'iyya wal-Siyasiyya fi Jabal Lubnan wal-Mashriq al-'Arabi [The Social and Political Trends in Mt. Lebanon and the Eastern Arab Countries], 2nd edn, (Beirut: Manshurat Bahsun al-Thakafiyya, 1986, considers Khairallah to be propagating the French colonial point of view on Syria and Lebanon, hinting that his Syrianism was no more than naz'a infisaliyya (an isolatistionist trend) pp.99, 210–11. 'Isam Khalifa, in Fi Mu'tarak al-Qadiyya al-Lubnaniyya [On the Struggle for the Lebanese Cause] (Lebanon: n.p., 1985) pp. 67–8, sees Khairallah as one of the first intellectuals who saw no contradiction between Greater Lebanon and pan-Arabism and thus combined the Lebanese nationalism of Greater Lebanon with an Arabism that would 'secure a dynamic Arab unity based on common language and spirit, and on common strategy, economy and history'. Khalifa considers Kawtharani's interpretation to be inspired by his confessional position, thus lacking the necessary logic to back up his arguments, p.83, note 58. Jacques Tabet, La Syrie (Paris: A. Lemerre, 1920), p.15. Ibid., p.16. Ibid., p.29. Ibid., p.34. Ibid., p.35. Ibid., p.44. Ibid., p.58. Ibid., pp.63–4. Ibid., p.66. Ibid., p.88. Ibid., p. 94. Ibid., pp.94–5. Ibid., pp.96–97. Ibid., p.151. Ibid., pp. 257–8. Ibid., p.259. On al-Qila'i and al-Duwayhi, see Ahmad Beydoun, Identité confessionelle et temps social chez les historiens Libanais contemporains (Beirut: Lebanese University Press, 1984), pp.161–208; Kamal Salibi, House of Many Mansions, The History of Lebanon Reconsidered (London: I.B.Tauris, 1985), pp.77–86. See Beydoun, pp.161–208. Yusuf al-Sawda, Tarikh Lubnan al-Hadari [History of Lebanon's Civilization] (Beirut: Dar al-Nahar, 1972), p.153. See Yusuf al-Sawda, Fi Sabil Lubnan [For Lebanon], 1st edn (Alexandria: n.p., 1919), 2nd edn (Beirut: Dar al-Arz, 1924), 3rd edn, (Beirut: Publications of Dar Lahd Khatir, 1988), pp.44–8. Carol Hakim-Dowek, 'The Origins of the Lebanese National Idea, 1840–1914', Ph.D. thesis, St. Antony's College, Oxford University, 1997. Kamal Salibi, House of Many Mansions, p.25. Nujaym dedicates about half of his book to a historical narrative on the Maronite–Druze conflict in the nineteenth century which reflects the struggle between the 'progress' of the Maronites and the 'feudality' of the Druze, see M. Jouplain [Bulus Nujaym], La question du Liban, étude d'histoire diplomatique et de droit internationale (Paris: Arthur Rousseau, 1908) (2nd edn, Jounieh, 1961). Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (Oxford: OUP, 1962; repr. Cambridge: CUP, 1988), p.275. Jouplain (note 54), pp.589–90; 2nd edn (Jounieh, 1961) p.545. Ibid, 2nd ed., p.582. On the relationship between Jouplain's arguments and the creation of Greater Lebanon, see Marwan Buheiry, 'Bulus Nujaym and the Grand Liban ideal 1908–1919', in Marwan Buheiry (ed.), Intellectual Life in the Arab East (Beirut: Centre for Arab and Middle East Studies, American University of Beirut, 1981); Hakim-Dowek, pp.291–332; and Beydoun (note 48), pp.367–87. Ferdinand Tayan, Sous les cidres du Liban: La nationalité maronite, (Paris: Librairie de Montligeon, 1905), pp.2–6. Henri Lammens, 'Tasrih al-Absar fi ma Yahtawihi Lubnan mina al-Athar' [Overview of Lebanese Archaeological Sites], al-Mashriq, Revue Catholique Orientale Bimensuelle (1902), vol.5, nos. 1, 2, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 (pp.21–6, 106–14, 361–7, 440–5, 584–8, 640–6, 759–63, 804–9, 826–31, respectively). Lammens' articles were later published in two volumes under the same title, Tasrih al-Absar, 2nd edn, (Beirut: Dar al-Ra'id, 1982) and 3rd edn, (Beirut: Dar Nazir 'Abbud, 1995). al-Mashriq, vol.5, no.10, p.441. Yusuf al-Sawda, Fi Sabil Lubnan, 3rd edn, (Beirut: Dar Lahd Khatir, 1988), pp.157–8. Ibid., 1st edn (Alexandria, 1919) pp.290–1. Ibid., 3rd edn, Beirut, 1988), p.327. Ibid, pp.326–7. Yusuf al-Sawda, Istiqlal Lubnan wal-Ittihad al-Lubnani fi al-Iskandaria [The Independence of Lebanon and the Party of Lebanese Unity in Alexandria] (Alexandria: n.p., 1922), p.49. For a survey of the latter's activities, see the reports of the French delegates in Egypt in 'Isam Khalifa, Abhath, pp.100–9. See Fawaz Traboulsi, Silat bila Wasl, Michel Chiha wal-Aidiulujiyya al-Lubnaniyya [Ties without Connection, Michel Chiha and the Lebanese Nationalist Ideology] (Beirut: Riad El-Rayyes Books, 1999), p.19. Le Matin, 23 Aug. 1919, quoted in Rabbath, La formation historique, p.304. On Mukarzil's activities, see Khalifa, Abhath, pp.110–5. See Rabbath, La Formation historique, p.281. See Muhammad J. Bayhum, Lubnan Bayna Musharriq wa-Mugarrib, 1920–1969 (Beirut: n.p., 1970), pp.14–50. Chiha's sister was married to Bshara al-Khuri; Chiha had married the sister of Henri Far'un, his partner in the Far'un-Chiha bank they owned together. (From 1919 till his death in 1954, Chiha was the director of the bank.) For further details on his life, see Fawaz Traboulsi, Silat bila Wasl, pp.15–32; Fawaz N. Traboulsi, 'Identités et solidarités croisées dans le conflit du Liban contemporain', (Ph.D. thesis, University of Paris VIII, Paris, 1993), pp.298–363. For further information and details on the historical background to the constitution, see Rabbath, La formation historique, pp.365–86. See Antoine N. Messarra, Théorie générale du système politique libanais (Paris: Cariscript, 1994), pp.60 – 3. Michel Chiha, Liban d'aujourd'hui (1942), (Beirut: Editions du Trident, 1949), p.7. Ibid, p.13. Ibid, pp.13–15. Ibid, p.23. Ibid., pp.30–9. Ibid., p.39. Ibid., pp.41–2. Ibid., pp.43–8. Ibid., pp.48–9. Ibid., pp.54–6. See especially ibid., pp.62–6. Ibid., p.66. Traboulsi, Silat bila Wasl, pp.37–60. Chiha, pp.62–3. Theodor Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation (London: Centre for Lebanese Studies and I.B.Tauris, 1993), pp.28–9, 70. Chiha, Le Liban d'aujourd'hui, p.66. Ibid., pp.67–73. See Nabil Khalifa, Al-Kata'ib wa-'Urubat Lubnan, 2 vols. (Beirut: n.p., 1983), vol.1, pp.45–68, 68–78. A good example of this approach is a book by Walid Pharis, Lebanese Christian Nationalism (Boulder, CO: L. Reinner, 1995), pp.11–92.
Referência(s)