Revisão Revisado por pares

Oral mucosal fungal infections

2008; Wiley; Volume: 49; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Catalão

10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00291.x

ISSN

1600-0757

Autores

Lakshman P. Samaranayake, WK Leung, LJ Jin,

Tópico(s)

Antifungal resistance and susceptibility

Resumo

Periodontology 2000Volume 49, Issue 1 p. 39-59 Oral mucosal fungal infections Lakshman P. Samaranayake, Lakshman P. SamaranayakeSearch for more papers by this authorW. Keung Leung, W. Keung LeungSearch for more papers by this authorLijian Jin, Lijian JinSearch for more papers by this author Lakshman P. Samaranayake, Lakshman P. SamaranayakeSearch for more papers by this authorW. Keung Leung, W. Keung LeungSearch for more papers by this authorLijian Jin, Lijian JinSearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 December 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00291.xCitations: 153Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1 Aas JA, Barbuto SM, Alpagot T, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ. Subgingival plaque microbiota in HIV positive patients. J Clin Periodontol 2007: 34: 189– 195. 2 Agger WA, Caplan RH, Maki DG. Ocular sporotrichosis mimicking mucormycosis in a diabetic. Ann Ophthalmol 1978: 10: 767– 771. 3 Aleck KA, Bartley DL. Multiple malformation syndrome following fluconazole use in pregnancy: report of an additional patient. Am J Med Genet 1997: 72: 253– 256. 4 Ampel NM. Emerging disease issues and fungal pathogens associated with HIV infection. Emerg Infect Dis 1996: 2: 109– 116. 5 Andriole VT. The 1998 Garrod lecture. Current and future antifungal therapy: new targets for antifungal agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999: 44: 151– 162. 6 Anonymous. Classification and diagnostic criteria for oral lesions in HIV infection. EC-clearinghouse on oral problems related to HIV infection and WHO collaborating centre on oral manifestations of the immunodeficiency virus. J Oral Pathol Med 1993: 22: 289– 291. 7 Arathoon EG, Gotuzzo E, Noriega LM, Berman RS, DiNubile MJ, Sable CA. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of caspofungin versus amphotericin B for treatment of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002: 46: 451– 457. 8 Arikan A, Kulak Y, Kadir T. Comparison of different treatment methods for localized and generalized simple denture stomatitis. J Oral Rehabil 1995: 22: 365– 369. 9 Ariyaratnam S, Thakker NS, Sloan P, Thornhill MH. Potentiation of warfarin anticoagulant activity by miconazole oral gel. BMJ 1997: 314: 349. 10 Axell T, Samaranayake LP, Reichart PA, Olsen I. A proposal for reclassification of oral candidosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997: 84: 111– 112. 11 Baciewicz AM, Menke JJ, Bokar JA, Baud EB. Fluconazole-warfarin interaction. Ann Pharmacother 1994: 28: 1111. 12 Barkvoll P, Attramadal A. Effect of nystatin and chlorhexidine digluconate on Candida albicans. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1989: 67: 279– 281. 13 Bell WA, Gamble J, Garrington GE. North American blastomycosis with oral lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1969: 28: 914– 923. 14 Benjamin RP, Callaway L, Conant NF. Facial granuloma associated with fusarium infection. Arch Dermatol 1970: 101: 598– 600. 15 Benson-Mitchell R, Tolley N, Croft CB, Gallimore A. Aspergillosis of the larynx. J Laryngol Otol 1994: 108: 883– 885. 16 Berger CJ, Disque FC, Topazian RG. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: diagnosis and treatment. Report of two cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1975: 40: 27– 33. 17 Borradori L, Schmit JC, Stetzkowski M, Dussoix P, Saurat JH, Filthuth I. Penicilliosis marneffei infection in AIDS. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994: 31: 843– 846. 18 Bradsher RW. Blastomycosis. Clin Infect Dis 1992: 14(Suppl. 1): S82– S90. 19 Braga PC, Maci S, Dal Sasso M, Bohn M. Experimental evidences for a role of subinhibitory concentrations of rilopirox, nystatin and fluconazole on adherence of Candida spp. to vaginal epithelial cells. Chemotherapy 1996: 42: 259– 265. 20 Brooks GF, Butel JS, Ornston LN. Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology. In: M. Jawetz, editor. Medical Mycology. Connecticut: Appleton & Lange, 1991: 320– 321. 21 Budtz-Jorjenson E. Oral candidosis. In: LP Samaranayake, TW MacFarlane, editors. Candida-associated denture stomatitis and angular chielitis. London: Wright, 1990: 156– 183. 22 Cawley EP, Grekin RH, Curtis AC. Torulosis; a review of the cutaneous and adjoining mucous membrane manifestations. J Invest Dermatol 1950: 14: 327– 344. 23 Cawson RA. Colour atlas of oral disease. In: RA Cawson, WH Binnie, JW Eveson, editors. The deep mycoses. London: Wolfe, 1994: 9.3– 9.9. 24 Chambers MS, Lyzak WA, Martin JW, Lyzak JS, Toth BB. Oral complications associated with aspergillosis in patients with a hematologic malignancy. Presentation and treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995: 79: 559– 563. 25 Coogan MM, Greenspan J, Challacombe SJ. Oral lesions in infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Bull World Health Organ 2005: 83: 700– 706. 26 Cruikshank G, Vincent RD, Cherrick H, Derby K. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis. J Am Dent Assoc 1977: 95: 1164. 27 Cutler JE. Putative virulence factors of Candida albicans. Annu Rev Microbiol 1991: 45: 187– 218. 28 De Almeida OP, Jorge J, Scully C, Bozzo L. Oral manifestations of pracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1991: 72: 430– 435. 29 De Almeida OP, Scully C. Oral lesions in the systemic mycoses. Curr Opin Dent 1991: 1: 423– 428. 30 Deng Z, Ribas JL, Gibson DW, Connor DH. Infections caused by Penicillium marneffei in China and Southeast Asia: review of eighteen published cases and report of four more Chinese cases. Rev Infect Dis 1988: 10: 640– 652. 31 Dias AP, Samaranayake LP. Clinical, microbiological and ultrastructural features of angular cheilitis lesions in Southern Chinese. Oral Dis 1995: 1: 43– 48. 32 Dixon DM, Salkin IF, Duncan RA, Hurd NJ, Haines JH, Kemna ME, Coles FB. Isolation and characterization of Sporothrix schenckii from clinical and environmental sources associated with the largest U.S. epidemic of sporotrichosis. J Clin Microbiol 1991: 29: 1106– 1113. 33 Dreizen S. Oral complications of cancer therapies: description and incidence of oral complications. Monogr Natl Cancer Inst 1990: 9: 11– 15. 34 Dreizen S, Bodey GP, McCredie KB, Keating MJ. Orofacial aspergillosis in acute leukemia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1985: 59: 499– 504. 35 Dreizen S, Keating MJ, Beran M. Orofacial fungal infections. Nine pathogens that may invade during chemotherapy. Postgrad Med 1992: 91: 349– 350. 353-344, 357-360 passim. 36 Dupont B, Drouhet E. Fluconazole in the management of oropharyngeal candidosis in a predominantly HIV antibody-positive group of patients. J Med Vet Mycol 1988: 26: 67– 71. 37 Ellepola AN, Samaranayake LP. Antimycotic agents in oral candidosis: an overview: 1. Clinical variants. Dent Update 2000: 27: 111– 112. 38 Emmanuelli JL. Infectious granulomatous diseases of the head and neck. Am J Otolaryngol 1993: 14: 155– 167. 39 Ezsias A, Wojnarowska F, Juniper R. Topical use of miconazole antifungal oral gel on warfarinized patients: a word of caution. Dent Update 1997: 24: 421– 422. 40 Finch RG, Snyder IS. Modern pharmacology. In: CR Craig, RE Stitzel, editors. Antifungal drugs. Boston: Little Brown, 1994: 647– 656. 41 Fonesca JB. Oral lesions of paracoccidioidomycosis. J Am Med Assoc 1958: 166: 1633. 42 Fonseca R, Cardoso AS, Pomarico I. Frequency of oral manifestations in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Quintessence Int 2000: 31: 419– 422. 43 Franklin IM, Elias E, Hirsch C. Fluconazole-induced jaundice. Lancet 1990: 336: 565. 44 Fromtling RA. Imidazoles as medically important antifungal agents:an overview. Drugs Today 1984: 20: 325– 349. 45 Glick M, Cohen SG, Cheney RT, Crooks GW, Greenberg MS. Oral manifestations of disseminated Cryptococcus neoformans in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1987: 64: 454– 459. 46 Gluskin M, Solomon MP, Gold B, Corrado ML, Berger J. Murocmycotic slough of nasal floor and palate in the anephric patient. J Am Dent Assoc 1979: 98: 224– 227. 47 Gosavi DK. Acute necrosis of the maxilla due to mucormycosis. J Laryngol Otol 1978: 92: 265– 267. 48 Grbic JT, Mitchell-Lewis DA, Fine JB, Phelan JA, Bucklan RS, Zambon JJ, Lamster IB. The relationship of candidiasis to linear gingival erythema in HIV-infected homosexual men and parenteral drug users. J Periodontol 1995: 66: 30– 37. 49 Greenspan D. Treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994: 31: S51– S55. 50 Hartwick RW, Batsakis JG. Sinus aspergillosis and allergic fungal sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1991: 100: 427– 430. 51 Heinic GS, Greenspan D, MacPhail LA, Schiodt M, Miyasaki SH, Kaufman L, Greenspan JS. Oral Histoplasma capsulatum infection in association with HIV infection: a case report. J Oral Pathol Med 1992: 21: 85– 89. 52 Hilmarsdottir I, Coutellier A, Elbaz J, Klein JM, Datry A, Gueho E, Herson S. A French case of laboratory-acquired disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in a patient with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1994: 19: 357– 358. 53 Holmstrup P, Samaranayake LP. Oral candidosis. In: LP Samaranayake, TW MacFarlane, editors. Acute and AIDS-related oral candidoses. London: Wright, 1990: 133– 155. 54 Howell RB, Jandinski JJ, Palumbo P, Shey Z, Houpt MI. Oral soft tissue manifestations and CD4 lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected children. Pediatr Dent 1996: 18: 117– 120. 55 Imwidthaya P. Update of Penicillosis marneffei in Thailand. Mycopathologia 1994: 127: 135– 137. 56 Joseph EA, Mare A, Irving WR Jr. Oral South American blastomycosis in the United States of America. Report of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1966: 21: 732– 737. 57 Katz HI. Drug interactions of the newer oral antifungal agents. Br J Dermatol 1999: 141(Suppl. 56): 26– 32. 58 Kirkpatrick CH. Candidiasis, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. In: GP Bodey, editor. Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis. New York: Raven Press Limited, 1993: 167– 183. 59 Kostiala I, Kostiala AA, Kahanpaa A, Elonan E. Acute fungal stomatitis in patients with haematologic malignancies. J Infect Dis 1982: 146: 101– 104. 60 Kroidl A, Schaeben A, Oette M, Wettstein M, Herfordt A, Haussinger D. Prevalence of oral lesions and periodontal diseases in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Eur J Med Res 2005: 10: 448– 453. 61 Kulak Y, Arikan A, Delibalta N. Comparison of three different treatment methods for generalized denture stomatitis. J Prosthet Dent 1994: 72: 283– 288. 62 Kurrasch M, Beumer J III, Kagawa T. Mucormycosis: oral and prosthodontic implications. A report of 14 patients. J Prosthet Dent 1982: 47: 422– 429. 63 Lambert H, O'Grady FW. Antibiotics and chemotherapy. In: H Lambert, FW O'Grady, editors. Antifungal agents. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1992: 27– 37. 64 Lesse AJ. Essentials of pharmacology. In: CM Smith, A Reynard, editors. Antifungal agents. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1995: 404– 411. 65 Lilic D, Cant AJ, Abinun M, Calvert JE, Spickett GP. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. I. Altered antigen-stimulated IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production. Clin Exp Immunol 1996: 105: 205– 212. 66 Limongelli WA, Rothstein SS, Smith LG, Clark MS. Disseminated South American blastomycosis (paracoccidioidomycosis): report of case. J Oral Surg 1978: 36: 625– 630. 67 Listemann H, Schonrock-Nabulsi P, Kuse R, Meigel W. Geotrichosis of oral mucosa. Mycoses 1996: 39: 289– 291. 68 Lucatorto F, Eversole LR. Deep mycoses and palatal perforation with granulomatous pansinusitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: case reports. Quintessence Int 1993: 24: 743– 748. 69 Lucatorto FM, Franker C, Hardy WD, Chafey S. Treatment of refractory oral candidiasis with fluconazole. A case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991: 71: 42– 44. 70 Lynch DP, Naftolin LZ. Oral Cryptococcus neoformans infection in AIDS. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1987: 64: 449– 453. 71 MacFarlane TW, Samaranayake LP. Systemic infections. In: JH Jones, DK Mason, editors. Oral manifestations of systemic disease. 2nd edition. London, UK: Balliere Tindall, 1990: 339– 386. 72 MacPhail LA, Hilton JF, Dodd CL, Greenspan D. Prophylaxis with nystatin pastilles for HIV-associated oral candidiasis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996: 12: 470– 476. 73 Martin MV. Oral candidosis. In: LP Samaranayake, TW MacFarlane, editors. Antifungal agents. London: Wright, 1990: 238– 255. 74 Martin MV, Farrelly PJ, Hardy P. An investigation of the efficacy of nystatin for the treatment of chronic atrophic candidosis (denture sore mouth). Br Dent J 1986: 160: 201– 204. 75 Martinez-Canut P, Guarinos J, Bagan JV. Periodontal disease in HIV seropositive patients and its relation to lymphocyte subsets. J Periodontol 1996: 67: 33– 36. 76 Mcginnis MR, Rinaldi MG. Antibiotics in laboratory medicine. In: V Lorian, editor. Antifungal drugs: mechanisms of action, drug resistance, susceptibility testing and asseys of activity in biological fluids. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1996: 176– 211. 77 Meyer RD, Young LS, Armstrong D, Yu B. Aspergillosis complicating neoplastic disease. Am J Med 1973: 54: 6– 15. 78 Millns B, Martin MV. Nystatin pastilles and suspension in the treatment of oral candidosis. Br Dent J 1996: 181: 209– 211. 79 Mincer HH, Oglesby RJ Jr. Intraoral North American blastomycosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1966: 22: 36– 41. 80 Moore M. Cryptococcosis with cutaneous manifestations; four cases with a review of published reports. J Invest Dermatol 1957: 28: 159– 182. 81 Murray HW, Littman ML, Roberts RB. Disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) in the United States. Am J Med 1974: 56: 209– 220. 82 Myoken Y, Sugata T, Kyo TI, Fujihara M. Pathological features of invasive oral aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996: 54: 263– 270. 83 Nagy-Agren SE, Chu P, Smith GJ, Waskin HA, Altice FL. Zygomycosis (mucormycosis) and HIV infection: report of three cases and review. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995: 10: 441– 449. 84 Napoli JA, Donegan JO. Aspergillosis and necrosis of the maxilla: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991: 49: 532– 534. 85 Newton AV. Denture sore mouth: a possible aetiology. Br Dent J 1962: 112: 357– 360. 86 Nyst MJ, Perriens JH, Kimputu L, Lumbila M, Nelson AM, Piot P. Gentian violet, ketoconazole and nystatin in oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in Zairian AIDS patients. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1992: 72: 45– 52. 87 Odden K, Schenck K, Koppang H, Hurlen B. Candidal infection of the gingiva in HIV-infected persons. J Oral Pathol Med 1994: 23: 178– 183. 88 Odds FC. Candida and candidosis. A review and bibliography. London: Balliere, Tindall, 1994. 89 Ohtsuka K, Watanabe M, Orikasa Y, Inouye S, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H, Kondo S, Takeuchi T. The in-vivo activity of an antifungal antibiotic, benanomicin A, in comparison with amphotericin B and fluconazole. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997: 39: 71– 77. 90 Okuda C, Ito M, Sato Y, Oka K, Hotchi M. Disseminated cutaneous Fusarium infection with vascular invasion in a leukemic patient. J Med Vet Mycol 1987: 25: 177– 186. 91 Page LR, Drummond JF, Daniels HT, Morrow LW, Frazier QZ. Blastomycosis with oral lesions. Report of two cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1979: 47: 157– 160. 92 Parfrey NA. Improved diagnosis and prognosis of mucormycosis. A clinicopathologic study of 33 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1986: 65: 113– 123. 93 Pemberton MN, Sloan P, Ariyaratnam S, Thakker NS, Thornhill MH. Derangement of warfarin anticoagulation by miconazole oral gel. Br Dent J 1998: 184: 68– 69. 94 Rangedara DC, Lewis RR, Cawson RA, Hay RJ. An unusual case of chronic tongue ulceration. J Trop Med Hyg 1985: 88: 223– 226. 95 Reichart PA, Weigel D, Schmidt-Westhausen A, Pohle HD. Exfoliative cheilitis (EC) in AIDS: association with Candida infection. J Oral Pathol Med 1997: 26: 290– 293. 96 Reznik DA. Oral manifestations of HIV disease. Top HIV Med 2005: 13: 143– 148. 97 Rippon JW. Medical mycology. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1982. 98 Rose HD, Gingrass DJ. Localized oral blastomycosis mimicking actinomycosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1982: 54: 12– 14. 99 Ruhnke M, Schmidt-Westhausen A, Trautmann M. In vitro activities of voriconazole (UK-109,496) against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant Candida albicans isolates from oral cavities of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997: 41: 575– 577. 100 Salisbury PL III, Caloss R Jr, Cruz JM, Powell BL, Cole R, Kohut RI. Mucormycosis of the mandible after dental extractions in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997: 83: 340– 344. 101 Salman L, Sheppard SM. South American blastomycosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1962: 15: 671– 676. 102 Samaranayake LP. Introduction and historical aspects. In: LP Samaranayake, TW MacFarlane, editors. Oral Candidosis. London: Wright, 1990: 66– 103. 103 Samaranayake LP. Superficial oral fungal infections. Curr Opin Dent 1991: 1: 415– 422. 104 Samaranayake LP. Oral mycoses in HIV infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992: 73: 171– 180. 105 Samaranayake LP. Candida krusei infections and fluconazole therapy. Hong Kong Med J 1997: 3: 312– 314. 106 Samaranayake LP. Essential microbiology for dentistry, 3rd edn. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2006. 107 Samaranayake LP, Furguson MM. Delivery of antifungal agents to the oral cavity. Adv Drug Diliv Rev 1994: 13: 161– 179. 108 Samaranayake LP, Holmstrup P. Oral candidiasis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Oral Pathol Med 1989: 18: 554– 564. 109 Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW. Oral candidosis. London: Wright, 1990. 110 Samaranayake LP, Yaacob HB. Oral candidosis. In: LP Samaranayake, TW MacFarlane, editors. Classification of oral candidosis. London: Wright, 1990: 124– 132. 111 Schoen DH, Murray PA, Nelson E, Catalanotto FA, Katz RV, Fine DH. A comparison of periodontal disease in HIV-infected children and household peers: a two year report. Pediatr Dent 2000: 22: 365– 369. 112 Schuman P, Capps L, Peng G, Vazquez J, El-Sadr W, Goldman AI, Alston B, Besch CL, Vaughn A, Thompson MA, Cobb MN, Kerkering T, Sobel JD. Weekly fluconazole for the prevention of mucosal candidiasis in women with HIV infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1997: 126: 689– 696. 113 Scully C, De Almeida OP. Orofacial manifestations of the systemic mycoses. J Oral Pathol Med 1992: 21: 289– 294. 114 Scully C, De Almeida OP, Sposto MR. The deep mycoses in HIV infection. Oral Dis 1997: 3(Suppl. 1): S200– S207. 115 Scully C, El-Kabir M, Samaranayake LP. Candida and oral candidosis: a review. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1994: 5: 125– 157. 116 Sirisanthana V, Sirisanthana T. Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995: 14: 935– 940. 117 Sugar AM. Mucormycosis. Clin Infect Dis 1992: 14(Suppl. 1): S126– S129. 118 Sugata T, Myoken Y, Kyo T, Fujihara M. Invasive oral aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients with leukemia. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994: 52: 382– 386. 119 Sullivan DJ, Westerneng TJ, Haynes KA, Bennett DE, Coleman DC. Candida dubliniensis sp. nov.: phenotypic and molecular characterization of a novel species associated with oral candidosis in HIV-infected individuals. Microbiology 1995: 141(Pt 7): 1507– 1521. 120 Supparatpinyo K, Khamwan C, Baosoung V, Nelson KE, Sirisanthana T. Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in southeast Asia. Lancet 1994: 344: 110– 113. 121 Tabachnick TT, Levine B. Mucormycosis of the craniofacial structures. J Oral Surg 1975: 33: 464– 469. 122 Toth BB, Frame RR. Oral histoplasmosis: diagnostic complication and treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1983: 55: 597– 600. 123 Traboulsi RS, Mukherjee PK, Ghannoum MA. In vitro activity of inexpensive topical alternatives against Candida spp. isolated from the oral cavity of HIV-infected patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008: 31: 272– 276. 124 Umadevi M, Adeyemi O, Patel M, Reichart PA, Robinson PG. Periodontal diseases and other bacterial infections. Adv Dent Res 2006: 19: 139– 145. 125 Van't Wout JW. Fluconazole treatment of candidal infections caused by non-albicans Candida species. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996: 15: 238– 242. 126 Velegraki A, Nicolatou O, Theodoridou M, Mostrou G, Legakis NJ. Paediatric AIDS--related linear gingival erythema: a form of erythematous candidiasis? J Oral Pathol Med 1999: 28: 178– 182. 127 Walker DM, Arendorf T. Oral candidosis. In: LP Samaranayake, TW MacFarlane, editors. Candidial leukoplakia, chronic multifocal candidosis and median rhomboid glossitis. London: Wright, 1990: 184– 199. 128 Warnakulasuriya KA, Samaranayake LP, Peiris JS. Angular cheilitis in a group of Sri Lankan adults: a clinical and microbiologic study. J Oral Pathol Med 1991: 20: 172– 175. 129 Weems JJ Jr. Candida parapsilosis: epidemiology, pathogenicity, clinical manifestations, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Clin Infect Dis 1992: 14: 756– 766. 130 Wheat J. Endemic mycoses in AIDS: a clinical review. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995: 8: 146– 159. 131 Wheat LJ, Connolly-Stringfield PA, Baker RL, Curfman MF, Eads ME, Israel KS, Norris SA, Webb DH, Zeckel ML. Disseminated histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment, and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1990: 69: 361– 374. 132 White TC, Marr KA, Bowden RA. Clinical, cellular, and molecular factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998: 11: 382– 402. 133 Witorsch P, Utz JP. North American blastomycosis: a study of 40 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1968: 47: 169– 200. 134 Wu-Hsieh BA, Lee GS, Franco M, Hofman FM. Early activation of splenic macrophages by tumor necrosis factor alpha is important in determining the outcome of experimental histoplasmosis in mice. Infect Immun 1992: 60: 4230– 4238. 135 Zambon JJ, Reynolds HS, Genco RJ. Studies of the subgingival microflora in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Periodontol 1990: 61: 699– 704. Citing Literature Volume49, Issue1January 2009Pages 39-59 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Referência(s)
Altmetric
PlumX