The Truth about the Crónica Mexicayotl
2011; Routledge; Volume: 20; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/10609164.2011.587268
ISSN1466-1802
Autores Tópico(s)Historical Studies in Latin America
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. The Crónica mexicayotl, as it has come to be called, was first published in 1949 with an incorrect attribution regarding the work's author (Fernando Alvarado Tezozomoc, Crónica mexicayotl, trans. Adrián León [Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1992 Alvarado Tezozomoc , don Fernando de 1992 . Crónica mexicayotl [1949, 1972], trans. Adrián León . Mexico City : Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México . [Google Scholar] (1949, 1972)]. Hereinafter, however, all references are to the original manuscript, formerly known as the ‘Crónica Mexicana,’ written by the Nah ua annalist Chimalpahin, although the title ‘Crónica mexicayotl’ will be used in this paper, since that is how the work is commonly referred to today. The original manuscript, Chimalpahin's holograph of this work, has been published. For the Nahuatl in transcription and the English translation, see Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin (hereinafter Chimalpahin), Codex Chimalpahin: Society and Politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and Other Nahua Altepetl in Central Mexico, vol. 1, ed. and trans. Arthur J.O. Anderson and Susan Schroeder (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1977); hereinafter CC. The manuscript is part of the British and Foreign Bible Society Collection, currently housed at Cambridge University Library, Anderson Music Reading Room, MS 374, vol. 3. 2. ‘Folio’ is a common term used to number the leaves, or pages, of a manuscript. Most typically one folio has both a recto side and a verso side, and thus is equivalent to two pages. 3. Folio 19v; CC, 1, 64. ‘Tlatolpeuhcayotl. Aqui comiença La chronica, y Antiquedad De los Mexicanos. Etc.’ A cross (+) at the top of a leaf, a title, or the Nahuatl phrase, ‘Nican ompehua …,’ [Here begins …], are standard devices used by native authors, Chimalpahin included, to distinguish between sources and accounts. 4. Alvarado Tezozomoc's name appears twice, f. 19; CC 1:63, 65. 5. It was typical for Chimalpahin to identify his source at the end of each respective text, as appears to be the case here. 6. Folio 24; CC 1:75. 7. Don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quautlehuanitzin is the name that he took for himself in the seventeenth century. It was essentially his nom de plume. Folios 29v, 87v; CC 1:91, 181. 8. There are occasional variations in how he signs himself. See, e.g., Chimalpahin, Annals of His Time (hereinafter, AHT), 2006 Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin , don Domingo de San Antón Muñón. 2006 . Annals of his time and trans James Lockhart Susan Schroeder and Doris Namala . Stanford : Stanford University Press . [Google Scholar], 47, 161, 239, 257, 259, 263. 9. Hereinafter Amecameca, as it is known today. 10. There can be no question regarding Chimalpahin's Christian piety or his devotion to the Catholic church. See Schroeder 2010a, 101–23, for discussion of Chimalpahin's knowledge of scripture and church history and his purpose in incorporating references to Christianity into his annals. Don Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl, Chimalpahin's contemporary, made similar, occasional references to Christianity and other matters in his histories, but they were significantly different in style and content, and are almost formulaic. See his Obras históricas (1975 Alva Ixtlilxochitl , don Fernando de . 1975 . Obras históricas , Edmundo O'Gorman . 2 vols. Mexico City : Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México . [Google Scholar]). For a different but somewhat limited interpretation (due possibly to the use of a flawed source) of Chimalpahin's spirituality, see Rabasa 2010 Rabasa , José . 2010 . In the Mesoamerican archive: Speech, script, and time in Tezozomoc and Chimalpahin . In Without history: Subaltern studies, the Zapatista insurgency, and the spector of history , José Rabasa 205 – 29 . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 205–29. 11. See Schroeder 1991, for examples of his style. And see Romero Galván 2003a, 146, or 2003b, 1:313–50. 12. I anticipate the forthcoming comprehensive study by Camilla Townsend of the Nahuatl annals by Tlaxcalteca don Juan Buenaventura Zapata y Mendoza for future comparison. 13. Unfortunately, this work is also known only from a copy. It is therefore not possible to compare characteristics of style from what is extant of the Spanish-language part of the Crónica mexicayotl with his published chronicle. 14. Tlapalizquixotzin's grandfather, Huehue Chimalpilli (r. 1428–1465), established the rulership in Ecatepec, and she was the third to be installed as ruler (cihuatlahtohuani) there. She possibly relinquished the rulership on her marriage to Moteucçomatzin Xocoyotl. 15. They were first cousins, and for an excellent treatment of the Nahuatl and Spanish translation of additional annals by Chimalpahin, see Domingo Chimalpahin (hereinafter DC), 1998 Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin , don Domingo de San Antón Muñón. 1998 . Las ocho relaciones y El memorial de Colhuacan ed. and trans. Rafael Tena . 2 vols. Mexico City : Cien de México . [Google Scholar], 2, 113. One of Huanitzin's daughters, doña Juana Tlapalizquixotzin, was named after her regal grandmother. 16. Chimalpahin may have been a witness to the event. He was twenty-one at the time and in Mexico City. 17. Tlatoani don Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin, Alvarado Tezozomoc's father, also benefited from the song. 18. Chimalpahin's father died in 1606. 19. ‘IX Acatl xihuitl, 1579 años. Ypan in yn ipan yc 26 mani metztli mayo martes ye yohua yohualnepantla yohualli xellihui, yn otlacat yn Domingo Francisco …,’ the two Spanish first names indicating his commoner status. 20. See Schroeder 1991, 8–9, for his family tree. It is highly unlikely that Chimalpahin was ever addressed in such a magnificent manner, since no Nahuas used such names in the seventeenth century. 21. For discussion of the library and its use by natives, see Schroeder 2010a. 22. The exception is a note added by don Carlos Sigüenza y Góngora at the end of one of Chimalpahin's manuscripts. It is not known if Chimalpahin was still alive during Sigüenza's time. See Schroeder 1991, 24–26. 23. Cited in Schroeder 1991, 31. These descriptions are very graphic, and one wonders if they may have been drawn from pictorial representations on the manuscripts. 24. ‘These are not fables or invented stories but the absolute truth.’ Alva Ixtlilxochitl did the same. See Brian 2010 Brian , Amber . 2010 . Don Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl's narratives of the conquest of Mexico: Colonial subjectivity and the circulation of native knowledge . In The conquest all over again: Nahuas and Zapotecs thinking, writing, and painting Spanish colonialism , Susan Schroeder , 124 – 43 . Brighton : Sussex Academic Press . [Google Scholar], 128–29, 130, 136. 25. Although there were five altepetl in Amecameca, his focus was on one of them, Tzaqualtitlan Tenanco, his birthplace and home until he moved to Mexico City. 26. It is uncertain if Chimalpahin's source by Alvarado Tezozomoc was in the original Nahuatl or Spanish. This work by Chimalpahin is in Spanish. See also CC 2:51, 59–61, 87, for additional excerpts from Alvarado Tezozomoc in Chimalpahin's various annals manuscripts, ‘ynin no ytlahtoltzin yn Señor Don hernando de aluarado Teçoçomoctzin …’ (This too is an account by Sr. don Hernando de Alvarado Tezozomoctzin). 27. See Agustín de Vetancurt, Teatro mexicano [1698] 1971 Vetancurt , Agustín de . 1971 . Teatro mexicano: Descripción breve de los sucesos ejemplares, históricos, políticos, militares y religiosos del Nuevo Mundo de las Indias [1698] . Mexico City : Editorial Porrúa . [Google Scholar], 51, and Clavigero, Storia antica del Messico, 1780–1781 Clavigero , Francisco Javier 1780–1781 . Storia antica del Messico . 4 vols. Cesena : Gregorio Biasino . [Google Scholar], and in Spanish, Historia antigua de México, 1944 Clavigero , Francisco Javier 1944 . Historia antigua de México trans. J. Joaquín de Mora . 2 vols. Mexico City : Editorial Delfin . [Google Scholar], 1:28. It was his ‘Diario,’ the annals contemporary with his stay in Mexico City, that was archived at the Colegio de San Gregorio. 28. Wayne Ruwet discovered the three volumes of manuscripts. See Ruwet, ‘Physical description of the manuscripts,’ CC 1:17–24. 29. For an informative discussion of the Paso y Troncoso collection, see Cline 1973 Cline , Howard F . 1973 . Selected nineteenth-century Mexican writers on ethnohistory . In Handbook of Middle American Indians pt. 2, ed. Howard F. Cline , 13 : 391 – 403 . Austin : University of Texas Press .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 13:391–403. 30. Little is known of Adrián León or his qualifications as a translator of Nahuatl. My thanks to Wayne Ruwet for sharing his copy of this source with me. See also Chimalpahin 1978 Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin , don Domingo de San Antón Muñón. 1978 . Historia Mexicana: A short history of ancient Mexico . In Contributions to the ethnohistory of Mexico, 2, Lesser writings of Chimalpahin . Pt. 5 , John B. Glass . Lincoln Center, MA : Conemex Associates . [Google Scholar] for a useful study of the manuscript. 31. The bold face is my addition. 32. See D'Olwer 1987 D'Olwer , Luis Nicolau . 1987 . Fray Bernardino de Sahagún 1500–1590, trans. Mauricio J. Mixco . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . [Google Scholar], 71–73, 75 n.35. 33. See his Nahuatl Zodiac, e.g., CC 2:129, or CC 1:187, 189, where, puzzled, he furnished alternative place-names for an image. 34. For some examples, see DC 2:121, 143, 151, 163, 165, 179(2), 181, 183, 189, 335, 339, 345, 347, 349, 353, 355, 357; DC 1:83, 91, 93, 117, 183, 215, 259, 281, 321, 323, 333; CC 1:209; CC 2:69. 35. This work is housed at the Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois, Ayer Collection, MS 1484. 36. DC 2:371–81. See also Schroeder 2010b Schroeder , Susan 2010b . Chimalpahin and why women matter . Paper presented at Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, 16–17 September . [Google Scholar]. 37. See Schroeder 1991, 18–19, for a listing of his Amecameca sources. See also Townsend 2010 Townsend , Camilla , 2010 . Don Juan Buenaventura Zapata y Mendoza and the notion of a Nahua identity . In The conquest all over again: Nahuas and Zapotecs thinking, writing, and painting Spanish colonialsm , Susan Schroeder , 144 – 80 . Brighton : Sussex Academic Press . [Google Scholar], 159, 161. 38. ‘amo huel momati.’
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