Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Sedation for ventilation in the critically ill A role for isoflurane?

1994; Wiley; Volume: 49; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1365-2044.1994.tb03479.x

1365-2044

Sheila M. Willatts, Elizabeth M. Spencer,

Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research

AnaesthesiaVolume 49, Issue 5 p. 422-428 Free Access Sedation for ventilation in the critically ill A role for isoflurane? S. M. WILLATTS, S. M. WILLATTS S.M. Willatts, FRCP, FRCA, Consultant, E.M. Spencer, DM, FRCA, Senior Registrar, Department of Anaesthetics, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW.Search for more papers by this authorE. M. SPENCER, E. M. SPENCER S.M. Willatts, FRCP, FRCA, Consultant, E.M. Spencer, DM, FRCA, Senior Registrar, Department of Anaesthetics, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW.Search for more papers by this author S. M. WILLATTS, S. M. WILLATTS S.M. Willatts, FRCP, FRCA, Consultant, E.M. Spencer, DM, FRCA, Senior Registrar, Department of Anaesthetics, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW.Search for more papers by this authorE. M. SPENCER, E. M. SPENCER S.M. Willatts, FRCP, FRCA, Consultant, E.M. Spencer, DM, FRCA, Senior Registrar, Department of Anaesthetics, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW.Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1994 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1994.tb03479.xCitations: 8AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References [1] Bion JF, Ledingham, I McA. Sedation in intensive care: a postal study. Intensive Care Medicine 1987; 13: 215– 16. [2] Schwilden H, Stoeckel H. Quantitative EEG analysis during anaesthesia with isoflurane in nitrous oxide at 1.3 and 1.5 MAC. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1987; 59: 738– 45. [3] Yli-Hankala A, Eskola H, Kaukinen S. EEG spectral power during halothane anaesthesia. A comparison of spectral bands in the monitoring of anaesthesia level. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1989; 33: 304– 8. [4] Eger EI, Stevens WC, Cromwell TH. The electroencephalogram in man anesthetized with Forane. Anesthesiology 1971; 35: 504– 8. [5] Prior JGL, Hinds CJ, Williams J, Prior PF. The use of etomidate in the management of severe head injury. Intensive Care Medicine 1983; 9: 313– 20. [6] Veselis RA, Long CW, Shah NK, Bedford RF. Increased EEG activity correlates with clinical sedation. Critical Care Medicine 1988; 16: 383. [7] Veselis RA, Carlon GC, Bedford RF. Spectral edge frequency correlates with sedation level in ICU patients receiving continuous iv midazolam. Anesthesiology 1989; 71: A157. [8] Bodenham A, Brownlie G, Dixon JS, Park GR. Reversal of sedation by prolonged infusion of flumazenil. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 376– 8. [9] Aitkenhead AR, Pepperman ML, Willatts SM, Coates PD, Park GR, Bodenham AR, Collins CH, Smith MB, Ledingham, I McA, Wallace, PGM. Comparison of propofol and midazolam for sedation in critically ill patients. Lancet 1989; ii: 704– 9. [10] Harris CE, Grounds RM, Murray AM, Lumley J, Royston D, Morgan M. Propofol for long-term sedation in the intensive care unit. Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 366– 72. [11] Kong KL, Willatts SM, Prys-Roberts C. Isoflurane compared with midazolam for sedation in the intensive care unit. British Medical Journal 1989; 298: 1277– 80. [12] Spencer EM, Willatts SM. Isoflurane for prolonged sedation in the intensive care unit: efficacy and safety. Intensive Care Medicine 1992; 18: 415– 21. [13] Sharer NM, Nunn JF, Royston JP, Chanarin I. Effects of chronic exposure to nitrous oxide on methionine synthase activity. British Journal Anaesthesia 1983; 55: 693– 701. [14] Prys-Roberts C, Corbett JL, Kerr JH, Crampton Smith A, Spalding JMK. (1969). Treatment of sympathetic overactivity in tetanus. Lancet 1969; i: 542– 6. [15] Neuberger JM. Halothane and hepatitis. Incidence, predisposing factors and exposure guidelines. Drug Safety 1990; 5: 28– 38. [16] Cousins MJ, Greenstein LR, Hitt BA, Mazze RI. Metabolism and renal effects of enflurane in man. Anesthesiology 1976; 44: 44– 53. [17] Eger EI II. Isoflurane: a review. Anesthesiology 1981; 55: 559– 76. [18] Reiz S, Balfors E, Sorensen MB, Ariola S, Friedman A, Trueosson H. Isoflurane—a powerful coronary vasodilator in patients with coronary artery disease. Anesthesiology 1983; 59: 91– 7. [19] Todd MM, Drummond JC. A comparison of the cerebrovascular and metabolic effects of halothane and isoflurane in the cat. Anesthesiology 1984; 60: 276– 82. [20] Artru A. Relationship between cerebral blood volume and CSF pressure during anaesthesia with isoflurane or fentanyl in dogs. Anesthesiology 1984; 60: 575– 9. [21] Michenfelder JD, Sunot TM, Fode N, Sharbrough FN. Isoflurane when compared to enflurane and halothane decreases the frequency of cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesiology 1987; 67: 336– 40. [22] Eger EI II. The pharmacology of isoflurane. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1984; 56: 71– 99S. [23] Knill RL, Clement JL. Variable effects of anaesthetics on the ventilatory response to hypoxaemia in man. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society Journal 1982; 29: 93– 9. [24] Hirshman CA, Bergman NA. Factors influencing intrapulmonary airway calibre during anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990; 65: 30– 42. [25] Heneghan CPH, Bergman NA, Jordan C, Lehane JR, Catlay DM. Effect of isoflurane on bronchomotor tone. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1983; 55: 248– 249P. [26] Vetterman J, Beck KC, Lindahl SGE, Brichant JF, Rehder K. Actions of enflurane, isoflurane, vecuronium, atracurium and pancuronium on pulmonary resistance in dogs. Anesthesiology 1988; 69: 688– 95. [27] Bierman MI, Brown M, Muren O, Keenan RL, Glauser FL. Prolonged isoflurane anesthesia in status asthmaticus. Critical Care Medicine 1986; 14: 832– 3. [28] Revell S, Greenhalgh D, Absalom SR, Soni N. Isoflurane in the treatment of asthma. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 477– 9. [29] Sampaio MM, Crean PM, Keilty SR, Black GW. Changes in oxygen saturation during inhalation induction of anaesthesia in children. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1989; 62: 199– 201. [30] Fisher DM, Robinson S, Brett CM, Perin G, Gregory GA. Comparison of enflurane, halothane and isoflurane for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children with malignancies. Anesthesiology 1985; 63: 647– 50. [31] Rogers SN, Benumof JL. Halothane and isoflurane do not impair arterial oxygenation during one lung ventilation in patients undergoing thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 1983; 59: A532. [32] Gold MI, Schwam SJ, Goldberg M. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and respiratory complications. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1983; 62: 975– 81. [33] Merin RG. Are the myocardial functional and metabolic effects of isoflurane really different from those of halothane and enflurane Anesthesiology 1981; 55: 398– 408. [34] Moffitt EA, Barker RA, Glenn JJ, Imrie DD, Delcampo C, Landymore RW, Kinley CE, Murphy DA. Myocardial metabolism and hemodynamic responses with isoflurane anesthesia for coronary arterial surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1986; 65: 53– 61. [35] Khambatta HJ, Sonntag H, Larsen R, Stephan H, Stone JG, Kettler D. Global and regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism during equipotent halothane and isoflurane anesthesia in patients with coronary artery disease. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1988; 67: 936– 42. [36] Slogoff S, Keats AS. Randomized trial of primary anesthetic agents on outcome of coronary artery bypass operations. Anesthesiology 1989; 70: 179– 88. [37] Slogoff S, Keats AS, Dear WE, Abadia A, Lawyer JT, Moulds JP, Williams TM. Steal-prone coronary anatomy and myocardial ischemia associated with four primary anesthetic agents in humans. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1991; 72: 22– 7. [38] Johnston RR, Eger EI II, Wilson C. A comparative interaction of epinephrine with enflurane, isoflurane and halothane in man. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1976; 55: 709– 12. [39] Arvieux CC, Videcoq M, Ramsay JG, Stone JG, Foex P, Ryder WA. Dose-related effects of isoflurane associated with low plasma concentrations of verapamil on global and regional function in normal and compromised canine myocardium. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1991; 66: 673– 82. [40] Artru AA. A comparison of the effects of isoflurane, enflurane, halothane, and fentanyl on cerebral blood volume and ICP. Anesthesiology 1982; 57: A374. [41] Drummond JC, Todd MM, Shapiro HM. Cerebral blood flow autoregulation in the cat during anesthesia with halothane and isoflurane. Anesthesiology 1983; 59: A305. [42] Reasoner DK, Warner DS, Todd MM, McAllister A. Effects of nitrous oxide on cerebral metabolic rate in rats anaesthetized with isoflurane. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990; 65: 210– 15. [43] Newberg LA, Michenfelder JD. Cerebral protection by isoflurane during hypoxemia or ischemia. Anesthesiology 1983; 59: 29– 35. [44] Campkin TV. Isoflurane and cranial extradural pressure. A study in neurosurgical patients. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1984; 56: 1083– 7. [45] Scheller MS, Todd MM, Drummond JC, Zornow MH. The intracranial pressure effects of isoflurane and halothane administered following cryogenic brain injury in rabbits. Anesthesiology 1987; 67: 507– 12. [46] Thornton C, Barrowcliffe MP, Konieczko KM, Ventham P, Dore CJ, Newton DEF, Jones JG. The auditory evoked response as an indicator of awareness. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1989; 63: 113– 5. [47] Sebel PS, Ingram DA, Flynn PJ, Rutherfoord CF, Rogers H. Evoked potentials during isoflurane anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1986; 58: 580– 5. [48] Haghighi SS, Green D, Oro JJ, Drake RK, Kracke GR. Depressive effect of isoflurane anaesthesia on motor evoked potentials. Neurosurgery 1990; 26: 993– 7. [49] Lloyd-Thomas AR, Cole PV, Prior PF. Quantitative EEG and brainstem auditory evoked potentials: comparison of isoflurane with halothane using the cerebral function analysing monitor. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990; 65: 306– 12. [50] Dobkin AB, Levy AA. Blood serum fluoride levels with methoxyflurane anaesthesia. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society Journal 1973; 20: 81– 93. [51] Clark RB, Beard AG, Thompson DS, Barclay DL. Maternal and neonatal plasma inorganic fluoride levels after methoxyflurane analgesia for labor and delivery. Anesthesiology 1976; 45: 88– 91. [52] Mazze RI, Calverley RK, Smith NT. Inorganic fluoride nephrotoxicity: prolonged enflurane and halothane anesthesia in volunteers. Anesthesiology 1974; 46: 265– 71. [53] Dobkin AB, Ducksook K, Kim D, Choi JK, Levy AA. Blood serum fluoride levels with enflurane (Ethrane) and isoflurane (Forane) anaesthesia during and following major abdominal surgery. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society Journal 1973; 20: 494– 8. [54] Mazze RI, Cousins MJ, Barr GA. Renal effects and metabolism of isoflurane in man. Anesthesiology 1974; 40: 536– 42. [55] Oikkonen M. Isoflurane and enflurane in long anaesthesias for plastic microsurgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1984; 28: 412– 18. [56] Bready LL, Orr MD, Banowsky LH. Defluorination of isoflurane in patients undergoing renal transplantation. Anesthesiology 1983; 59: A257. [57] Steffey EP, Zinkl J, Howland D Jr. Minimal changes in blood cell counts and biochemical values associated with prolonged isoflurane anaesthesia of horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1979; 40: 1646– 8. [58] Stevens WC, Eger EI, White A, Halsey MJ, Munger W, Gibbons RD, Dolan W, Shargel R. Comparative toxicities of halothane, isoflurane and diethylether at subanesthetic concentrations in laboratory animals. Anesthesiology 1975; 42: 408– 19. [59] Ostman M, Biber B, Martner J, Reiz S. Influence of isoflurane on renal and intestinal vascular responses to stress. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1986; 58: 630– 8. [60] Mazze RI, Sievenpiper TS, Stevenson J. Renal effects of enflurane and halothane in patients with abnormal renal function. Anesthesiology 1984; 60: 161– 3. [61] Hosking DJ, Chamberlain MJ. Studies in man with 18F. Clinical Science 1972; 42: 153– 61. [62] Bunker JP, Forrest WH, Mosteller F, Vandam LD. National Halothane Study: a study of the possible association between halothane anesthesia and postoperative hepatic necrosis. Washington , DC , US Government Printing Office, 1969. [63] Wright R, Eade OE, Chisholm M, Hawksley M, Lloyd B, Moles TM, Edwards JC, Gardner MJ. Controlled prospective study of the effect on liver function of multiple exposures to halothane. Lancet 1975; i: 817– 20. [64] Stoelting RK, Blitt CD, Cohen PJ, Merin RG. Hepatic dysfunction after isoflurane anaesthesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1987; 66: 147– 53. [65] Gelman SI. Disturbances in hepatic blood flow during anesthesia and surgery. Archives of Surgery 1976; 111: 881– 3. [66] Harper MH, Collins P, Johnson B, Eger EI, Biava C. Postanesthetic hepatic injury in rats: influence of alterations in hepatic blood flow, surgery, and anesthesia time. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1982; 61: 79– 82. [67] Hayes PC, Hussey AJ, Keating J, Bouchier IA, Williams R, Beckett GJ, Hayes JD. Glutathione S-transferase in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: a more sensitive index of hepatocellular damage than aspartate aminotransferase. Clinica Chimica Acta 1988; 172: 211– 16. [68] Beckett GJ, Foster GR, Hussey AJ, Oliveira DBG, Donovan JW, Prescott LF, Proudfoot AT. Plasma glutathione S-transferase and F protein are more sensitive than alanine aminotransferase as markers of paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced liver damage. Clinical Chemistry 1989; 35: 2186– 9. [69] Allan LG, Hussey AJ, Howie J, Beckett GJ, Smith AF, Hayes JD, Drummond GB. Hepatic glutathione S-transferase release after halothane anaesthesia: open randomised comparison with isoflurane. Lancet 1987; i: 771– 4. [70] Gelman S. General anesthesia and hepatic circulation. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1987; 65: 1762– 79. [71] Bohrer SL, Rogers EL, Koehler RC, Traystman RJ. Effect of hypovolemic hypotension and laparatomy on splanchnic and hepatic arterial blood flow in dogs. Current Surgery 1981; 38: 325– 8. [72] McNeill JR, Pang CC. Effect of pentobarbital anesthesia and surgery on the control of arterial pressure and mesenteric resistance in cats. Role of vasopressin and angiotensin. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1982; 60: 363– 8. [73] Oyama T. Endocrine response to general anesthesia and surgery. Monographs in Anaesthesiology 1983; 11: 1– 35. [74] Gelman S, Dillard E, Bradley EL. Hepatic circulation during surgical stress and anesthesia with halothane, isoflurane or fentanyl. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1987; 66: 936– 943. [75] Dwyer RC, Fee JPH, Howard PJ, Clarke RSJ. Arterial washin of halothane and isoflurane in young and elderly patients. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1991; 66: 572– 9. [76] Truog RD, Rice SA. Inorganic fluoride and prolonged isoflurane anesthesia in the intensive care unit. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1989; 69: 843– 5. [77] Kong KL, Willatts SM, Prys-Roberts C, Harvey JT, Gorman S. Plasma catecholamine concentrations during sedation in ventilated patients requiring intensive therapy. Intensive Care Medicine 1990; 16: 171– 4. [78] Kong KL, Tyler JE, Willatts SM, Prys-Roberts C. Isoflurane sedation for patients undergoing mechanical ventilation: metabolism to inorganic fluoride and renal effects. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990; 64: 159– 62. [79] Spencer EM, Willatts SM, Prys-Roberts C. Plasma inorganic fluoride concentrations during and after prolonged isoflurane sedation: effect on renal function. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1991; 73: 731– 7. [80] Strube PJ, Hulands GH, Halsey MJ. Serum fluoride levels in morbidly obese patients: enflurane compared with isoflurane anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1987; 42: 685– 9. [81] Groves ND, Leach KG, Rosen M. Effects of halothane, enflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia on renal plasma flow. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990; 65: 796– 800. [82] Howie AF, Spencer EM, Beckett GJ. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and glutathione transferase in plasma during and after sedation by low-dose isoflurane or midazolam. Clinical Chemistry 1992; 38: 476– 9. [83] Beckett GJ, Hussey AJ, Laing I, Howie AF, Hayes JD, Strange RC, Faulder CG, Hume R. Measurements of glutathione S-transferase B, in plasma after birth asphyxia: an early indication of hepatocellular damage. Clinical Chemistry 1989; 35: 995– 9. [84] Hussey AJ, Aldridge LM, Paul D, Ray DC, Beckett GJ, Allan LG. Plasma glutathione S-transferase concentration as a measure of hepatocellular integrity following a single general anaesthetic with halothane, enflurane or isoflurane. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1988; 60: 130– 5. [85] Howie AF, Patrick AW, Fisher BM, Collier A, Frier BM, Beckett GJ. Plasma hepatic glutathione S-transferase concentrations after insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in normal subjects and diabetic patients. Diabetic Medicine 1989; 6: 224– 7. [86] Miller CD, Fitch W, Thomson IA. Effect of isoflurane on the canine hepatic circulation and hepatic oxygen balance. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990; 65: 698– 703. [87] Conzen PF, Hobbhahn J, Goetz AE, Habazetti H, Granetzny T, Peter K, Brendel W. Splanchnic oxygen consumption and hepatic surface oxygen tensions during isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1988; 69: 643– 51. [88] Gelman S, Longnecker DE. Isoflurane and hepatic oxygenation. Anesthesiology 1988; 69: 639– 40. [89] Ramsay MAE, Savage TM, Simpson BRJ, Goodwin A. Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone. British Medical Journal 1974; 2: 656– 9. [90] Erskine R, James MFM. Isoflurane but not halothane stimulates neutrophil chemotaxis. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990; 64: 723– 7. [91] Millane TA, Bennett ED, Grounds RM. Isoflurane and propofol for long-term sedation in the intensive care unit. A crossover study. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 768– 74. Citing Literature Volume49, Issue5May 1994Pages 422-428 ReferencesRelatedInformation