1909 and all that: reflections on the Housing, Town Planning, Etc. Act 1909
2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 27; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/02665433.2012.646776
ISSN1466-4518
Autores Tópico(s)Housing, Finance, and Neoliberalism
ResumoAbstract As the pioneering legislation for town planning in Britain, the Housing, Town Planning Etc. Act 1909 has been the subject of analysis and discussion over the past half century. However, many commentators have argued that the Act was a timid measure that failed to achieve its intentions. The purpose of this study is to question that argument by re-examining both the Act and the commentaries on it. It does so by charting the historiography of the Act and then returning to the debates in Parliament and within the profession at the time the legislation was introduced and finally given Royal assent. It concludes that to regard the Act as a failure is to misunderstand its purpose as primarily concerned with the house and its surroundings, to which the broader question of land-use planning was effectively seen as an adjunct. Keywords: 1909 Actplanning lawhousing reformgovernancelandownership Notes J. Sulman, ‘The Laying out of Towns’ (Proceedings of the second meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Science, Melbourne, Australia 1890), 730–6; A. King, ‘Town Planning: A Note on the Origins and Use of the Term’, Planning History Bulletin 4, no. 2 (1982): 15–17. J. Minett, ‘The Housing, Town Planning, Etc. Act 1909’, The Planner 60, no. 5 (1974): 676–84. W. Ashworth, The Genesis of Modern British Town Planning: A Study in Economic and Social History of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1954); G. Cherry, Urban Change and Planning: A History of Urban Development in Britain since 1750 (Henley-on-Thames: G.T. Foulis, 1972); A. Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City: Germany, Britain, the United States and France 1780–1914 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1981). G. McDougall, ‘The State, Capital and Land: The History of Town Planning Revisited’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 3, no. 3 (1978): 361–80. See, e.g. Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City, 72–87. See A. Sutcliffe, ‘Britain's First Town Planning Act: A Review of the 1909 Achievement’, Town Planning Review 59, no. 3 (1988): 289–303. Ashworth, Modern British Town Planning, 190. Minett, ‘Housing, Town Planning, Etc. Act’, 676. See, e.g. P. Hall, Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), 54. McDougall, ‘State, Capital and Land’; Sutcliffe, ‘Britain's First Town Planning’. G. Cherry, Town Planning in Britain Since 1900 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996). Ibid., 36. Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City. Sutcliffe , ‘Britain's First Town Planning’, 301. N. Herbert-Young, ‘Central Government and Statutory Planning under the Town Planning Act 1909’, Planning Perspectives 13, no. 4 (1998): 341–55. P. Booth, Planning by Consent: The Origins and Nature of British Development Control (London: Routledge, 2003), 76. M. Swenarton, Homes Fit for Heroes: The Politics and Architecture of Early State Housing in Britain (London: Heinemann, 1981). See also McDougall's (‘State, Capital and Land’) political economy analysis of the Act which emphasizes the tensions between ‘state, capital and land’ rather than the genesis of town planning. See M. Harrison, ‘Thomas Coglan Horsfall and the Example of Germany’, Planning Perspectives 6, no. 3 (1991): 297–314. T. Horsfall, The Improvement of the Dwellings and Surroundings of the People: The Example of Germany (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1904), 9. H. Aldridge, The Case for Town Planning: A Practical Manual for the Use of Councillors, Officers and Others Engaged in the Preparation of Town Planning Schemes (London: The National Housing and Town Planning Council, 1915); J. Nettlefold, Practical Housing (Letchworth: Garden City Press, 1908); J. Nettlefold, Practical Town Planning (London: The St Catherine's Press, 1914). Cherry, Urban Change and Planning; Sutcliffe, ‘Britain's First Town Planning’. Nettlefold in Cherry (Urban Change and Planning, 8); see also J. Nettlefold, Slum Reform and Town Planning: The Garden City Idea Applied to Existing Cities and Their Suburbs (Birmingham: District Housing Reform Association/Birmingham: Hudson & Son, c. 1907); Nettlefold, Practical Housing. Nettlefold, Slum Reform and Town Planning. Nettlefold, Practical Housing. Nettlefold, ‘Delay and Its Causes’. Aldridge, Case for Town Planning. R. Unwin, Town Planning in Practice: An Introduction to the Art of Designing Cities and Suburbs (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1909); R. Unwin, Nothing Gained by Overcrowding! How the Garden City Type of Development May Benefit Both Owner and Occupier (Westminster: P.S. King & Son for the Garden Cities and Town Planning Association, 1912a); R. Unwin, ‘The Town Extension Plan’, in Old Towns and New Needs: Also the Town Extension Plan: Being the Warburton Lectures for 1912, delivered by Paul Waterhouse, MA, and Raymond Unwin, FRIBA (Manchester: The University Press, 1912b), 33–62. Unwin, Town Planning in Practice, 4. See, e.g. Ashworth, Modern British Town Planning, Chapter 3; T. Hunt, Building Jerusalem: The Rise and Fall of the Victorian City (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 2004), Chapter 7. The Housing, Town Planning, Etc. Act 1909 9 Edward 7 c.44. Public Record Office HLG/4/1871; E. Culpin (ed.), The Practical Application of Town Planning Powers (London: P.S. King and Son, 1910), 71–2; Aldridge, Case for Town Planning. R. Douglas, Land, People and Politics: A History of the Land Question in the United Kingdom 1878–1952 (London: Allison & Busby, 1976). A.H.D. Acland, ed., The Land: The Report of the Land Enquiry Committee, vol. II, Urban (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1914). Hansard H C Debates, vol. 188, col. 949, 12 May 1908 (First Bill, Second Reading). H. Weinroth, ‘The British Radicals and the Balance of Power 1902–1914’, Historical Journal XIII, no. 4 (1970): 653–82. Hansard H C Debates, vol. 173, col. 979, 1 May 1907 (Resolution to seek legislation). Ibid. Hansard H C Debates, vol. 3, col. 734, 5 April 1909 (Second Bill, Second Reading). Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City, 73. See Aldridge, Case for Town Planning. Hansard H C Debates, vol. 188, col. 950–1, 12 May 1908 (First Bill, Second Reading). Hansard H C Debates, vol. 173, col. 987, 1 May 1907 (Resolution to seek legislation). Hansard H C Debates, vol. 188, col. 950, 12 May 1908 (First Bill, Second Reading). J. Burns, ‘Address to the Town Planning Conference, London 1910’, in The Royal Institute of British Architects Town Planning Conference Transactions (London: RIBA, 1911), 62–76. Hansard H L Debates, vol. 2, col. 1152, 14 September 1909 (Second Bill, Second Reading). Hansard H C Debates, vol. 188, col. 1041, 12 May 1908 (First Bill, Second Reading). See Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City. Hansard H C Debates, vol. 188, col. 1020, 12 May 1908 (First Bill, Second Reading). Hansard H C Debates, vol. 188, col. 1033, 12 May 1908 (First Bill, Second Reading). Hansard H C Debates, vol. 188, col. 1039, 12 May 1908 (First Bill, Second Reading). McDougall, ‘State, Capital and Land’. Hansard H C Debates, vol. 3, col. 762, 5 April 1909 (Second Bill, Second Reading). Hansard H C Debates, vol. 188, col. 956, 965, 12 May 1908 (First Bill, Second Reading). Burns, J. 1931 Report of Address, Journal of the Town Planning Institute, 17, 7: 171–72: 171; see also Burns 1911; 71. D. Cannadine, Lords and Landlords: The Aristocracy and the Towns 1774–1967 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1980). A. Offer, Property and Politics 1870–1914: Landownership, Law and Urban Development in England (London: Cambridge University Press, 1981). A.H.D. Acland, ed., The Land: The Report of the Land Enquiry Committee, vol. II, Urban (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1914). Hansard H C Debates, vol. 188, col. 1023, 12 May 1908 (First Bill, Second Reading). Aldridge, Case for Town Planning, 345. Booth, Planning by Consent, Chapter 3. For example, C.E. Curtis, The Valuation of Property Corporeal and Incorporeal (London: Horace Cox, 1891). Land Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 8 Victoriae c. 18 Section IX. Hansard: H L Debates, vol. 4, col. 668, 19 November 1909 (Second Bill, Consideration of Lords Amendments and Commons Consequential Amendments). Hansard 1908 H C Debates, vol. 10, col. 280, 31 August 1909 (Second Bill, Committee second day). Hansard: H L Debates, vol. 4, col. 671, 19 November 1909 (Second Bill, Consideration of Lords Amendments and Commons Consequential Amendments). Hansard H C Debates, vol. 3, col. 770, 5 April 1909 (Second Bill, Second Reading). Hansard H C Debates, vol. 10, col. 26, 30 August 1909 (Second Bill, Committee first day). A.A. Uthwatt, Expert Committee on Compensation and Betterment: Final Report, Cmd. 6921 (London: HMSO, 1942). Hansard H C Debates, vol. 188, col. 987, 12 May 1908 (First Bill, Second Reading). Hansard H C Debates, vol. 10, col. 737, 31 August 1909 (Second Bill, Committee second day), cited in Herbert-Young, ‘Central Government’, 343. See Hunt, Building Jerusalem, Chapter 7 on English (liberal) adherence to the mythology of Saxon self-government and the effect of this on attempts to introduce central regulations in the nineteenth century. Hansard H C Debates, vol. 12, col. 1452, 1 November 1909 (Second Bill, Lords Amendments considered). Hansard H C Debates, vol. 3, col. 852, 5 April 1909 (Second Bill, Second Reading). Hansard H C Debates, vol. 188, col. 993, 12 May 1908 (First Bill, Second Reading).
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